高中英語牛津譯林版Unit4Behindbeliefs unit4sectionⅲ

SectionⅢWordpower&Grammarandusage(教材P54)ThereligionofJewsisJudaism，whichbeganover3,000yearsago.猶太人的宗教是猶太教，它開創(chuàng)于3000多年前?！揪涫椒治觥勘揪渲泻幸粋€(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，既可以指代先行詞，也可以指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容；which從句只能置于主句后。HewaschosenchairmanoftheStudents'Union，whichmadeusveryhappy.他被選為學(xué)生會(huì)主席，我們?yōu)榇硕己芨吲d。完成句子①他聽了這個(gè)消息高興地跳起來，這很自然。Hejumpedforjoyatthenews，________________.②我在那個(gè)公司工作，它是去年建的。Iworkinthatcompany，________________.【答案】①whichwasnatural②whichwassetuplastyeardescribevt.描寫；描繪；形容(教材P55)ThewordangelmeansamessengerorhelperfromGod，butitisalsousedtodescribeasweetorverygoodperson.“天使”這個(gè)詞表示上帝的使者或輔助者，但天使還可以被描繪成討人喜歡或非常善良的人。Shedescribedthemanshehadseenatthegateoftheshop.她描述了她在商店門口看見過的那個(gè)人的模樣。Hewasdescribedasbeingveryclever.人家說他非常聰明。describesb./sth.to/forsb.為某人描述某人/某事describesb./sth.as...把某人/某物描述成……describe＋從句描述……describe＋v.-ingdescribableadj.可描述的descriptionn.描述，說明descriptiveadj.敘述的，描寫的Canyoudescribehimtome?你能向我描述一下他的樣子嗎？Jimwasdescribedbyhiscolleaguesasan“unusual”man.吉姆被同事們稱為“不尋?！钡娜?。Severalpeopledescribedseeingstrangelightsinthesky.幾個(gè)人都說看到天上出現(xiàn)了奇異光芒。完成句子①西湖風(fēng)景美得難以形容。ThesceneryoftheWest②他把他所看到的向我作了充分的描述。He______________whathehadseen.③在這個(gè)故事中他被描述成一個(gè)英雄。He______________aherointhestory.【答案】①beyonddescription②gavemeagooddescriptionof③wasdescribedas(教材P57)Theybelievethatthespiritsmustallbegivenpresentsoffoodbecauseiftheyarehungry，therewillbegreatsufferingandburdensforpeopletobear.他們認(rèn)為一定要給鬼怪奉送食物作為禮物，因?yàn)槿绻切┕砉逐I了，人們就得承受巨大的災(zāi)難和壓迫。(1)burdenn．擔(dān)子；負(fù)擔(dān)；包袱；重任Itisaburdentothepeople.這對(duì)人們來說是一種負(fù)擔(dān)。Adonkeycancarryaheavyburden.驢子能馱很重的東西。Theburdenfellonme.責(zé)任落在了我身上。burdenvt.使負(fù)重?fù)?dān)；煩勞burdensb./oneselfwithsth.(使)擔(dān)負(fù)(沉重或艱難的任務(wù)，職責(zé)等)beburdenedwith擔(dān)負(fù)……Shegotoffthebus，burdenedwithtwoheavysuitcases.她提著兩只沉重的手提箱下了公共汽車。Hewasonlytwenty-two，andtobeburdenedwithafamily！他才只有二十二歲，竟要擔(dān)負(fù)起養(yǎng)家的重?fù)?dān)！完成句子①我不想再多提問題，以免增加你的負(fù)擔(dān)。Iwillnot________you________morequestions.②他們擔(dān)負(fù)了一筆很高的按揭借款。Theyhave____________withahighmortgage.③我不想在年老時(shí)成為孩子們的累贅。Idon'twanttobe________________ofmychildrenwhenI'mold.【答案】①burden；with②burdenedthemselves③aburden(2)bear(bore，borne或born)作及物動(dòng)詞用，意為“擔(dān)負(fù)；承擔(dān)；生產(chǎn)；生育”。用于否定句和疑問句中，常與can，could連用，意為“忍受，忍耐”。Thepainwasalmostmorethanhecouldbear.這種痛苦幾乎使他無法忍受。Heborethepainbravely.他勇敢地忍著痛。can'tbeartodo/doing忍不住做bearaheavyburden擔(dān)負(fù)重荷；承擔(dān)重負(fù)bearout證實(shí)；為……作證bearup承受；挺住bearwith耐心對(duì)待；容忍完成句子④我不忍看人在陽光下受罰。Ican'tbear__________________.⑤他無法忍受遭人嘲笑。Hecan't__________________at.⑥這次跌倒后他是如何堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地站起來的？Howishe__________________sincethefall?⑦有證據(jù)顯示，學(xué)生以小組方式學(xué)習(xí)效果最佳。Evidence__________________theideathatstudentslearnbestinsmallgroups.【答案】④tosee/seeingpeoplebeingpunishedinthesun⑤bearbeinglaughed/beartobelaughed⑥bearingup⑦bearsoutsacrificen．犧牲；犧牲品；祭品；祭祀(教材P57)ThemostimportantpersoninaKarenvillageisthepriestandheisconsultedregularlyaboutsacrificesandotherceremonies.在Karen村中最重要的人是牧師，他負(fù)責(zé)日常的祭祀和各種慶典活動(dòng)。Hegavehislifeasasacrificeforhiscountry.他為國犧牲了。Parentsoftenmakesacrificesinordertoeducatetheirchildren.父母為了教育孩子常作自我犧牲。Isthesacrificeofone'shealthtomoney-makingworth-while?犧牲健康去賺錢值得嗎？Theykilledasheepasasacrifice.他們?cè)琢艘恢谎蜃鳛榧榔贰akesacrificestodo/for...為……作出犧牲atthesacrificeof...以……為代價(jià)(相當(dāng)于atthecost/expenseof...)atasacrifice虧本地sacrificev.犧牲；獻(xiàn)出sacrificesth.為……獻(xiàn)出……sacrificedosth.為……犧牲了……Parentsoftenmakesacrificesfortheirchildren.父母常為子女做出犧牲。Shehassacrificedherpleasuresandlifeforherhusband'sinterestsandwelfare.她為了丈夫的利益和幸福，犧牲了自己的快樂和生命。完成句子①哈利做出重大犧牲，把弟弟送去美國。Harry______________sendhisbrothertoAmerica.②我們絕不能犧牲環(huán)境來發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)。Nevercanwedevelopeconomy______________theenvironment.【答案】①madebigsacrificesto②atthesacrificeofcounton指望，依靠(教材P57)Theproverb‘don'tcountyourchickensuntiltheyarehatched’means‘don'tcountonsomethinggoingwelluntilithappens’．諺語“不要在小雞孵出之前計(jì)算它們的個(gè)數(shù)”意指“不要過早打如意算盤”。Youcancountonmedoingmybest.請(qǐng)相信，我一定盡全力。Wecan'tcountonthiswarmweatherlasting.我們不能指望這暖和的天氣會(huì)持久。countv．計(jì)數(shù)；算數(shù)；包括；看作；重要；有價(jià)值count...from...to...從……數(shù)到……countout逐一地?cái)?shù)；不包括Billycancountfrom1to10.比利能從1數(shù)到10。Ifyou'regoingouttonight，you'llhavetocountmeout.假如你今晚要出去，就別把我算在內(nèi)。Firstimpressionsreallydocount.第一印象真的很重要。完成句子①我就靠你幫我了。I'm______________youtohelpme.②幾乎沒有人能指望一輩子都干一個(gè)工作。Fewpeoplecan______________havingajobforlife.【答案】①countingon②counton句子結(jié)構(gòu)英語閱讀中碰到復(fù)雜句時(shí)，我們往往要分析其句子結(jié)構(gòu)，才能更好地理解句子。按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來分，英語句子有以下四類：一、簡單句從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，有些句子可能有兩個(gè)或更多的主語，也可能有兩個(gè)或更多的謂語，只要句子只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣的句子就是簡單句。簡單句有5種基本句型：1．主語＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語Heisagoodteacher.他是個(gè)好老師。2．主語＋不及物動(dòng)詞Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。3．主語＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語WestudyEnglishveryhard.我們努力學(xué)英語。4．主語＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語Wegavehimsomemoney.我們給了他一些錢。5．主語＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)Wefoundthefilmveryinteresting.我們發(fā)覺電影很有意思。二、并列句并列句由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立分句并列在一起構(gòu)成。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：分句＋并列連詞＋分句。最常用的并列連詞有and，or和but。注意從屬連詞because不能與并列連詞so連用，although不能和but連用，但可以與yet連用。TherearemanyidiomsusedinEnglishandquiteafewofthemcomefromtheBible.英語中有許多的習(xí)語，而且許多習(xí)語來源于《圣經(jīng)》。Heoftengetsupearly，orhewillbelateforschool.他經(jīng)常早起，不然就會(huì)上學(xué)遲到。三、復(fù)合句一個(gè)分句不能獨(dú)立存在而是依附于另一分句，成為后者的一個(gè)組成部分，這種句子叫作復(fù)合句。引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞有because，when，where，if，since，that，unless，whereas，whose，which，while，what，who，whom，although等。復(fù)合句由主句和從句構(gòu)成，從句可以分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。1．名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetingisstillaquestion.(主語從句)Wearediscussingwherewehaveoursportsmeeting.(賓語從句)Thefactthatourteamwonthegameistrue.(同位語從句)—Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterday'sgame?—Oh，that'swhatmakesmefeelexcited.(表語從句)2．形容詞性從句又叫作定語從句，在句子中起定語作用，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)可修飾一個(gè)句子。引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞that，which，whom，who，whose，as和關(guān)系副詞when，where，why。Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisited.Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasvisited.Theexamswereputoff，whichwasexactlywonderful.issuchagoodteacherasweallrespect.Theplaceatwhichthebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbewherethecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.3．副詞性從句也稱狀語從句，在句子中起狀語作用，通常由一個(gè)連詞或一個(gè)起連詞作用的詞組引導(dǎo)。狀語從句可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、讓步和比較等。狀語從句可位于主句前，也可位于主句后。Ihadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.(時(shí)間)Sincenobodyisagainsttheplan，let'sbegin.(原因)Hesenttheletterbyairmailinorderthatitmightreachthemingoodtime.(目的)Hedidn'tstopworkingthough/althoughhewasbadlyill.(讓步)四、并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句是并列句和復(fù)合句在同一個(gè)句子中存在的句式。Althoughhestudiedveryhard，hefailedintheexam，butwestillrespectedhim.盡管他學(xué)習(xí)非常刻苦，但考試卻失敗了，可我們?nèi)匀痪磁逅W(xué)業(yè)分層測評(píng)(十一)Ⅰ.單詞拼寫1．Shefoundhernecklace(項(xiàng)鏈)gonewhenshearrivedathomeaftertheparty.2．Whenhisoldfatherfallsill，hehastoshouldertheburden(重?fù)?dān)，負(fù)擔(dān))alone.3．Hehasfrequently(頻繁地)beencomparedtohisclassmatesbyhisteacher.4．Hiscareerwasshortened(使變短)becauseoftheterribleaccidenttenyearsago.5．Birdsareflyingintheforestlookingforworms(蠕蟲)．6．Milkcontains(含有)manyimportantvitaminsandminerals.7．Theoldmanhassuffered(遭受)fromaterribleillness，sohecan'tgoouttowork.8．Canyoudescribe(描述)thesceneryoftheWestLake?9．Hemadeagreatsacrifice(犧牲)forhischildren.10．Shecounted(數(shù))thepupilsinherclass，thentookthemtotheplayground.Ⅱ.單句語法填空1．Afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages，whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.2．Thereissomuchsuffering(suffer)inthisworld.3．Thebeautyofthesunriseisbeyonddescription(describe)．4．Heburdenedhimselfwithaheavyovercoat.5．Hesucceededintheexperimentatthesacrificeofhishealth.6．Youcancountonhimforatruthfulreportoftheaccident.7．IturnedontheTVandwesatdownandwatchedit.8．Youmaygowithus，oryoumaystayathome.9．WehavestudiedEnglishforonlyayear，yetwecanactEnglishplaysalready.10．Itwasalreadyratherlate，sowedecidedtogohome.Ⅲ.閱讀理解(2023·重慶高考)InancientEgypt，ashopkeeperdiscoveredthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsbusinesseshavebeenfollowinghislead，withmoretactics(策略)．Onetacticinvolveswheretodisplaytheexample，storesplacefruitsandvegetablesinthefirstknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuymorejunkfood(垃圾食品)laterintheirdepartmentstores，thewomen'sshoesectionisgenerallynexttothewomen'scosmetics(化妝品)section：whiletheshopassistantisgoingbacktofindtherightsizeshoe，boredcustomersarelikelytowanderoverandfindsomecosmeticstheymightwanttotrylater.Besides，businessesseektoappealtocustomers'noticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsencouragesshopping，sotheymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughoutthesellsgoods，inBritainfoundthatwhenFrenchmusicwasplayed，salesofFrenchwineswentup.Whenitcomestothesellingofhouses，businessesalsousehighlyrewardingfindthatcustomersmakedecisionsinthefirstfewsecondsuponwalkinginthedoor，andturnitintoabusinessCaliforniabuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousesenteringthehouse，thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows，andthenthepoolthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。你知道現(xiàn)在的商家是怎么吸引顧客的嗎？他們效仿古埃及店主的做法，通過對(duì)商店的環(huán)境做一些改變來吸引顧客。1．Whydostoresusuallydisplayfruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection?A．Tosavecustomerstime.B．Toshowtheyarehighqualityfoods.C．Tohelpselljunkfood.D．Tosellthematdiscountprices.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的舉例內(nèi)容可知，商家如此擺放水果和蔬菜的目的是讓先買健康食品的顧客感到高興，這樣他們稍后就會(huì)買更多的垃圾食品了。解題時(shí)不能憑主觀臆斷選擇答案，B項(xiàng)干擾性很強(qiáng)，商家展示自己商品的高質(zhì)量是毋庸置疑的，但本文并未提及?！敬鸢浮緾2．AccordingtoParagraph3，whichofthefollowingencouragescustomerstobuy?A．Openingthestoreearlyinthemorning.B．DisplayingBritishwinesnexttoFrenchones.C．Invitingcustomerstoplaymusic.D．Fillingthestorewiththesmelloffreshbread.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的．..theymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday.可知，商家知道烤面包的味道對(duì)顧客的感官有誘惑力，于是他們就整天用風(fēng)扇把面包味吹進(jìn)商店。【答案】D3．WhatistheCaliforniabuilder'sstoryintendedtoprove?A．Thehousestructureisakeyfactorcustomersconsider.B．Themorecostlythehouseis，thebetteritsells.C．Anoceanviewismuchtothecustomers'taste.D．Agoodfirstimpressionincreasessales.【解析】推理判斷題。最后一段中的aCaliforniabuilder這個(gè)故事是一個(gè)例子，用來說明前面的內(nèi)容，因此根據(jù)該例前面的inthefirstfewseconds可知應(yīng)該選擇D項(xiàng)。該段主要是說顧客在進(jìn)店的頭幾秒鐘就會(huì)做出是否購買的決定，因此良好的第一印象自然會(huì)有助于增加銷量?！敬鸢浮緿4．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers.B．Tointroducehowbusinesseshavegrownfromthepast.C．Toreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior.D．Toshowdishonestbusinesspractices.【解析】目的意圖題。文章的第一段就點(diǎn)明了主題。本文主要介紹的是商家是通過哪些手段把人們變成顧客的。因此答案選A。文章雖然提到了古埃及，但并不是介紹商家是如何從過去發(fā)展而來的，因此B項(xiàng)不對(duì)；文章主要聚焦在商家的一些做法上，因此C項(xiàng)有誤；D項(xiàng)的dishonest一詞與全文的基調(diào)不一致，文章只是客觀介紹，并沒有暗示商家不誠實(shí)?！敬鸢浮緼Ⅳ.完形填空(2023·全國卷Ⅰ)MykidsandIwereheadingintothesupermarketoverthetheway，wespottedamanholdingapieceofpaperthatsaid，“__1__mytoFeed.”Atthisstore，a__2__likethisisnot10-year-oldnoticedhimandmadea__3__onhowbaditmustbetohavetostand__4__inthecoldwind.Inthestore，Iaskedeachofmykidsto__5__somethingtheythoughtour“friend”theregotapples，asandwichandabottleofmy17-year-oldsuggestedgivinghimthoughtaboutwere__8__oncashourselves，but...well，sometimes__9__fromourneedinsteadofourabundanceis__10__whatweneedtodo!Allthekids__11__somethingtheycoulddoawaywithfortheweek.Whenwehandedhimthebagof__12__，helitupandthankedusIhandedhimthegiftcard，sayinghecoulduseitfor__14__hisfamilymightneed，heburstintotears.Thishasbeenawonderful__15__forourdaysthekidshavebeenlookingforotherswecan__16__！Thingswouldhaveplayedoutso__17__ifIhadsimplysaid，“No，wereallydon'thave__18__togivemore.”Steppingoutnotonlyhelpedabrotherin__19__，italsogavemykidsthe__20__tasteofhelping'llgoalongwaywiththem.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。作者周末帶著幾個(gè)孩子去超市購物，在去的路上，他們遇到一個(gè)乞討者，這個(gè)乞討者失去了工作，但還有一家人要養(yǎng)活。孩子們一起行動(dòng)起來，共同幫助這位乞討者?？靵碜x一讀文章，看看他們是如何幫助那位乞討者的吧！1． B．ChangedC．Quit D．Finished【解析】根據(jù)后句FamilytoFeed.及下文可知，他丟掉了工作，處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)，需要外界幫助來養(yǎng)家糊口，因此選擇lost。change改變；quit停止；finish完成?！敬鸢浮緼2． B．placeC．sight D．show【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，在這個(gè)商店里，像這樣的情景(sight)是不正常的，所以我十歲的孩子注意到了他。condition條件，place地方，show表演，均不符合題意?！敬鸢浮緾3． B．commentC．decision D．call【解析】根據(jù)后面howbaditmustbe...可知，這個(gè)十歲的孩子是對(duì)這個(gè)人的行為作出了評(píng)論(comment)。makeacommenton對(duì)……作出評(píng)論，符合語境。makeasuggestion提建議；makeadecision作決定；makeacall打電話?！敬鸢浮緽4． B．proudlyC．by D．a(chǎn)ngrily【解析】由inthecoldwind可推測這個(gè)乞討者應(yīng)是站在外面(standoutside)。【答案】A5． B．sayC．a(chǎn)rrange D．pick【解析】根據(jù)下文Whenwehandedhimthebagof...(當(dāng)我們遞給他一包……時(shí))可知，此處說的是我要求每個(gè)孩子挑選出(pick)一樣?xùn)|西送給他。draw畫，say說，arrange安排，均不符合語境?！敬鸢浮緿6． B．supplyC．a(chǎn)ppreciate D．discover【解析】根據(jù)語境可知，孩子們挑選出那邊的那位“朋友”會(huì)喜歡(欣賞/感激)的禮物，所以選C項(xiàng)(appreciate)。order訂購；supply提供；discover發(fā)現(xiàn)?！敬鸢浮緾7． B．jobC．hotmeal D．giftcard【解析】根據(jù)14題前面的giftcard(禮品卡)可知，這里選擇D項(xiàng)(giftcard)，做題時(shí)要注意后文的提示。此題屬于原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)?！敬鸢浮緿8． B．lowC．soft D．loose【解析】根據(jù)上句的意思“我(對(duì)送其禮品卡這件事情)考慮了一下”可知，作者考慮到了他們碰到的不太好的情況“我們本身帶的現(xiàn)金不足(lowoncash，即手頭拮據(jù))”。此處low意為“少，低”，符合原文語境。easy容易的；soft柔軟的；loose松的?！敬鸢浮緽9． B．savingC．spending D．begging【解析】根據(jù)7空前的giving以及此處語境可知，此處表達(dá)“把我們需要的，而不是富足的東西給別人，這正是我們需要做的”，所以選擇giving。save節(jié)省，spend花費(fèi)，beg乞求，均與語境不符?！敬鸢浮緼10． B．evenC．still D．just【解析】用“just(正是，恰是)”能夠體現(xiàn)出作者此處的情感，即：突出強(qiáng)調(diào)“就是需要這樣做”。yet仍然；even甚至；still仍然?！敬鸢浮緿11． B．sharedC．ignored D．expected【解析】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，孩子們都給那個(gè)人選了禮物，所以他們宣布(declare)這周他們放棄某些東西。theycoulddoawaywithfortheweek是定語從句，修飾something，doawaywith為固定搭配，意為“擺脫，舍棄”?！敬鸢浮緼12． B．medicineC．food D．clothes【解析】結(jié)合上文Theygotapples，asandwichandabottleofjuice.可知孩子們給那個(gè)人的是食物(food)?！敬鸢浮緾13． B．wateryC．curious D．sharp【解析】根據(jù)后文的heburstintotears可知，看到食物，那個(gè)人眼睛濕潤(watery)了。sleepy困乏的；curious好奇的；sharp敏捷的?！敬鸢浮緽14． B．whateverC．whichever D．whenever【解析】此處表達(dá)“用于買他的家庭可能需要的任何東西”，故whatever符合語境。注意本句是介詞的賓語從句，從句缺少賓語?！敬鸢浮緽15． B．exampleC．message D．a(chǎn)dventure【解析】根據(jù)全文敘述的這件事情的經(jīng)過以及后文的italsogavemykidsthe__20__tasteofhelpingothers可知，這件事對(duì)作者一家來說也是一次不錯(cuò)的經(jīng)歷(experience)。example榜樣；message信息；adventure冒險(xiǎn)?！敬鸢浮緼16．on B．respectC．learnfrom D．help【解析】由于孩子們從幫助別人的經(jīng)歷中得到了快樂，所以幾天來他們一直在尋找可以幫助(help)的人。relyon依賴；respect尊重；learnfrom向……學(xué)習(xí)。【答案】D17． B．vividlyC．differently D．perfectly【解析】如果作者當(dāng)時(shí)說他們真的沒有錢提供更多的幫助，結(jié)果會(huì)是完全不同的，所以選擇differently。suddenly突然；vividly生動(dòng)地；perfectly完美地?！敬鸢浮緾18． B．powerC．patience D．money【解析】這里是作者的一種假設(shè)，如果當(dāng)時(shí)作者說他們真的沒有錢(money)