英語的發(fā)展歷史

ThehistoryofEnglishOldEnglishistostartfromthe449a.d，inthattimethechiefJitishlandinginBritishkent.古代英語是從公元449年日耳曼的首領(lǐng)Jitish在不列顛的肯特郡登陸時(shí)開始的BC,theCeltslivedontheislandofGreatBritain,infiveandsixthCenturytheAngloSaxonsbegantomove.公元前，大不列顛島上住著克爾特人等，公元五到六世紀(jì)盎格魯撒克遜人開始移入。AroundtheseventhCentury,therewere7AngleSaxonKingdom,thewordEnglishisevolvedfromAngle.公元7世紀(jì)先后出現(xiàn)了7個(gè)Angle—Saxon王國(guó)，English一詞就是從Angle演變而來的OldEnglish

TherearethreekindsoflanguagehadagreaterimpactontheancientEnglish.1.Celt.TheruinshasAvon,Kennet,DoveandLondon.凱爾特語。遺跡有Avon,Kennet,Dover和London2.Latin.Thesurvivingwordsare:ancor(anchor),flasce(flask),mil(mile),altar(altare),papaandetc.拉丁語。幸存的詞語有：ancor(anchor),flasce(flask),mil(mile),altar(altare),papa等等3.Aperiodoftimeafter1013,theDanishruledallofEngland,so,OldNorsehasinfluenceonOldEnglishasthethirdlanguage.1013年后的一個(gè)時(shí)期，丹麥人統(tǒng)治了全英格蘭，所以，古北歐語是對(duì)古英語有影響的第三種語言

Thethreelanguageswith/sk/audiogenerally,suchas:sky,skin,skull,scare,skill.TheearliestEnglishliteraturecanbetracedbackto750years,whichiscarvedinstoneonthe"DreamoftheRood"(十字架之夢(mèng))，thantheChinese"bookofsongs"inlate1000years.它們的影子多帶/sk/音，如：sky,skin,skull,scare,skill。最早的英語文學(xué)作品只能追溯到750年，即是刻在石碑上的“DreamoftheRood”（十字架之夢(mèng)）。比中國(guó)的《詩經(jīng)》晚了1000多年。*NormansconqueredEnglandfortheBritishkingHaroldisnotofroyalbloodgroundsduringtwocentury.諾曼人以英國(guó)國(guó)王哈羅德不是王室血統(tǒng)為由，對(duì)英國(guó)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩個(gè)世紀(jì)的出兵。*SotheFrenchleftdeepmarkinEnglish.Theprefixde-,dis-,in-,inter-,pre-,pro-,ad-,andthesuffix-able,-ment,-essareborrowedfromfrench.英語中留下了法語的深深的烙印，前綴de-,dis-,in-,inter-,pre-,pro-,ad-,-和后綴-able,-ment,-ess都是從法語中借來。*EarlyintotheEnglishFeenchwords：bacon,castle,market,prison,service，paradise,fruit。AndFrenchusuallyusedtodescribethelifeintheuppersociety.Forexample,EnglishmenliveinhouseswhileFrenchmenliveintowers.MiddleEnglishButafterthehundredyears'War(1337-1453)ofEnglishandFrench.EnglandreturnedtotheEnglishpeople,EnglishhasrediscoveredasMandarindignity.但是英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1337—1453）結(jié)束后，英格蘭回到了英吉利人手中，英語又找回了國(guó)語的尊嚴(yán)。After1489,FrenchisonlyusedforwritingthelawandtheCongressionalrecord.In1500,Londondialecthasbeenupgradedtoastandardenglish.

1489年后，法語只用于書寫法令與國(guó)會(huì)記錄。到了1500年，倫敦方言已升格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語。1350-1500isagreatmasterofliteratureofthetimes,courtpoetChaucer's"Canterburytales",LanGelun's"thePearce"of"theBible",WycliffehadarevolutionaryimpactonEnglish.1350—1500年是一個(gè)文學(xué)巨匠時(shí)代，宮廷詩人喬叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》，蘭格倫的《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》，威克立夫的《圣經(jīng)》對(duì)英語都產(chǎn)生了革命性的影響。

*OldEnglishandMiddleEnglishalmostlydescribethebirth,changeanddevelopmentofEnglish,whichresultsinthemcontainedbyBritishEnglishage(英國(guó)英語時(shí)期).Andthen,wewillseehowEnglishwalktowardstheworld.In1492theKolumbdiscoveredthenewcontinent,theBritishestablishedmanyoverseacompany,suchasEastAfrica,Ltd.(1579),(1588),EastIndiaCompany(1600),reachingouttotheworld.東陸公司（1579），非洲公司（1588），東印度公司（1600）,

In1517MartinLuther'sreligiousreformprovidesarareopportunityforEnglishdevelopment.

AtthebeginningoftheseventeenthCentury,Britainestablishedacolonialstrongholds(殖民據(jù)點(diǎn))inAsia,Africa,NorthAmerica,theWestIndiessuccessively.Renaissancewritersusemethodofborrowing,creationandsoontoexpandtheEnglishvocabulary,theEnglishriverisconstantlyinjectedinvariouscountriesandregionsofthelanguage.文藝復(fù)興的作家們用外借和造字等方法擴(kuò)大了英語詞匯，各個(gè)國(guó)家地區(qū)的語言不斷地注入英語的河流。ModernEnglish近代英語Thisisthecentury(1800--1900)Englishspreadextensivelyandwontheworld.

AfterthemidnineteenthCentury,Britaingraduallybecamethe"empireofthesun",andEnglishisusedbytheworld.America.Englishbegantoform美國(guó)英語開始形成。ModernEnglishstartedin1900.Duringthisperiod,theUnitedStatesdefeatedSpaintobecomeaworldpower.AndintheAngloBoerWar,theBritishroutedtheBoers,establishedtheunionofSouthAfrica.Intheresult,EnglishreplacedFrenchasadiplomacy

language,hasbecomeaninternationaltrademedia.而在英布戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，英國(guó)擊潰了布爾人，建立了南非聯(lián)邦。結(jié)果，英語取代法語作為外交用語，成了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的媒介。Fromthegeographicalpattern,Englishkingforcehasbeenformed.從地理格局上看，英語的王者之勢(shì)已經(jīng)形成。ContemporaryEnglishIntheSecondWorldWar,therearesomeuncomprehendingvocabularyinBritishandAmericanlanguages,causeingalotofmisunderstanding.

Inordertoreduceunnecessarytrouble,1942U.S.militaryissueda"AshortGuidetoGreatBritain",theBritishRoyalAirForcealsocompiledthe"NotesforYourGuidance".第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，英美兩國(guó)的語言里都有一些互不了解的詞，曾給雙方造成了不少的誤會(huì)。為了減少不必要的麻煩，1942美軍印發(fā)了《AshortGuidetoGreatBritain》，英國(guó)的皇家空軍也編制了《NotesforYourGuidance》Publishedin1951,"ADictionaryofAmericanisms"collectealargeofAmericanEnglishwords.1951年出版的《ADictionaryofAmericanisms》，收集了大量的美式英語單詞。InAnalysis,AmericanEnglishwordsderivedfromthefollowingfouraspects:1.oldwordnew,suchasSwan(claims),Bluff(cliff)...舊詞表新意，如swan（宣稱），bluff（懸崖）...2.Composite,suchasterrainVocabulary:backwoodswatershed.Spokenwords:Almightyhighbrow,paleface......復(fù)合，如地形詞匯backwoodswatershed,口語詞匯：almightyhighbrow,paleface......3.Borrowedwords.BorrowingthemeaningoftheEnglishInmanyparts.FromtheIndianlanguagewords:totem,persimmon,pone(cornbread),FromtheSpanishwords:ranch,patio(courtyard).....借用詞。對(duì)許多地區(qū)的語言和意思的借用。來自印地安語的詞匯有：totem,persimmon,pone（玉米面包），來自西班牙詞匯有：ranch,patio（天井）......4.Newwords(neologism),suchas:PEP(勁頭),chunky(矮胖的),blurb(newbook)......新創(chuàng)詞（neologism），如：pep（勁頭），chunky（矮胖的）,blurb（新書簡(jiǎn)介)......Whatneedpointsoutis:aftertheSecondWorldWar,thespreadofEnglishismainlycarriedbytheUnitedStates.Television,newspapersandothernewsmediareportedtheUnitedStatesofAmericaalldaylong,theclassroom,music,tourism,commerceandtrade,everywherecanheartheUnitedStates.AmericaEnglishlanguagewasofficiallyformed.電視、報(bào)紙等新聞媒介整天都少不對(duì)美國(guó)的報(bào)道，課堂上、音樂里、旅游、商貿(mào)到處可以聽到美國(guó)的聲音，美語正式形成。Since1900,thedeepstructurerulesofEnglishalmostnochange.Changeseemstobeactiveonvocabulary,vocabularygrowrapidlyinarateabout5000wordsayear.自1900年以來，英語的深層結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則幾乎沒有發(fā)生變化。詞匯方面的變化似乎要活躍的多，詞匯以每年5000左右的新詞迅猛增長(zhǎng)。ThroughoutthehistoryofEnglishforthousandsofyears,theriseofEnglishhasa"threejump".In1588,theBritishdefeatedtheSpanishArmada,tookafirmfoot

intheEuropean,whichisthefirstjump;1640-1660theBritishbourgeoisrevolutionandtheendoftheeighteenthCenturytothebeginningofthenineteenthCentury,capitalismdeveloprapidly,totheendofnineteenthCentury,theBritishbecametheworld'slargestcolonialempire--"daydoesnotfalltheEmpire",whichisthesecondjump;afterthetwoWorldWar,theUnitedStatesanewforcesuddenlyrises.English,tookthebaton,completedthethirdle