英漢語言對比與翻譯(總結(jié))

翻譯歡迎光臨Chapter4LinguisticDifferencebetweenEnglish-ChineseSummaryWhatIsLanguageTransfer?

Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)

遷移是由于目標(biāo)語與已經(jīng)習(xí)得的語言之間的相似和差異而產(chǎn)生的影響。

TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (負遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類推會產(chǎn)生錯誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯誤。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

對兩種語言相似與相異點的敏銳意識能促進外語學(xué)習(xí)。NegativeTransfer(負遷移):Interference(干擾)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母語先知結(jié)構(gòu)的類推運用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages對兩種語言的差異所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自覺地回歸母語的言語習(xí)慣ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

1.Thewriterlikeswritingatlight(night).

Phonologicaltransfer(語音遷移)

Thesound/n/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/servesasasubstitute. 在有些中國方言（如南京方言）中沒有/n/這個輔音，而用/l/來替代。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

2.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（詞形遷移）

NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.

在漢語中，名詞和動詞都沒有形態(tài)變化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

3.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配遷移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的漢語對應(yīng)詞“人口”在漢語中可以用前置數(shù)詞來修飾。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

4.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型遷移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的漢語對應(yīng)詞“建議”在漢語中可以用“動詞+賓語+補語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(語用遷移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 對贊揚的否定回答在漢語中被視為謙虛有禮貌。TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(負遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類推會產(chǎn)生錯誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯誤。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我們可以通過分析兩種語言的差異，提高學(xué)生避免或減少類推錯誤的意識，把負遷移（干擾）轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移（促進）。

PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英漢語對比研究Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense 缺少嚴(yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化老師們、同學(xué)們我的爸爸、你的媽媽認真的態(tài)度、 認真地學(xué)習(xí)Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形態(tài)變化v.（動詞）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名詞）:number,case,genderpron.（代詞）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容詞）:degreead.（副詞）

:degreeChineseEnglish病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在陣地在。人無遠慮，必有近憂。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我來他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition條件)(Contrast,Opposition對照、轉(zhuǎn)折)(TimeOrder時間先后)(Concession讓步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語義型語言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語言(以形馭意)Chinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion

樹一棵樹一棵大樹一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹臨港新城海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹

……English:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語言我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么樣？那你就試試吧！試試？哼，你等著瞧！等著瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。誰逃了？來呀，你揍??！“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”英語（視點固定)--漢語(視點游移）cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢試瞧怕逃ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點流動）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點固定）Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）從前這里有一個漁村，村里住著十戶人家，這十戶人家全靠打魚、種地為生，生活艱苦，但很安寧。開始家人是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。Thechunksofasentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained.English:tree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,

Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead. --JimmyCarter

Branchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesTrunkline:S+V+(O)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語序相對固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語序相對靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語義型語言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語言(以形馭意)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語言ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點流動）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點固定）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語序相對固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語序相對靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseAstonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.他感到驚訝甚至恐懼。我興奮得什么話都說不出來。我一看到那棵大樹就想起了童年的情景。Difference1English:Impersonal(物稱)Chinese:Personal(人稱)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?他們拿錢就是干這事的。困難克服了，問題也解決了。打乒乓球風(fēng)靡中國。為什么總要把這些麻煩事推給我？Difference2English:Passive(被動)Chinese:Active(主動)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseSheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.我所認識的人中數(shù)她最會記仇?，F(xiàn)在急需想出新法子來補救。要不是我能干重活，早就給辭退了。Difference3English:Static(靜態(tài))Chinese:Dynamic(動態(tài))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.頃刻之間，滾滾的濁水連人帶車一古腦兒都給沖走了。這情景，直到現(xiàn)在還印在我的腦海里。Difference4English:Complex(繁復(fù))Chinese:Simple(簡明)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHewasimpressedbyDengXiaoping’sflexibility.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.他對鄧小平的靈活態(tài)度印象深刻。他們的古怪行為常常令人皺眉。我們懷著謹慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的國土。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具體）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyoudon’tcompare,you’reinthedark,butthemomentyoudo,yougetashock.2.AsTomhasfailedtocomeduetohissuddenillness,wehavetoaskyoutotakehisplace.不比不知道，一比嚇一跳。（比較：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你會嚇一跳。）湯姆突然病了，沒能來，我們只好請你頂他。（比較：因為湯姆突然病了，所以他沒能來，因而我們只好請你頂他。）Difference6English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合)Explicitcohesion

（顯性聯(lián)接）Implicitcoherence

（隱性連貫）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHeisasmart,eloquent,uprightandwell-informedlawyer.2.Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctor.他是一位律師，腦子靈，口才好，為人正直，見多識廣。他是一位律師，聰明、善辯、正直，而且有見識。她聰明、漂亮、愛耍點小脾氣，是一個家道小康的醫(yī)生的女兒。Difference7English:plainandChinese:rhythmicandfactualsymmetrical

（講平實）（重韻律）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheonlookerseesmostofthegame.

旁觀者看比賽更清楚。（當(dāng)局者迷，旁觀者清。）2.Incalamity,oneseesthe