第三章 定語從句

第八章定語從句作者：徐英（廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院培訓(xùn)部）1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞that,who,whom,whose,which,as,than,but等引導(dǎo)定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞除了在被修飾詞和從句之間起連接作用，還代替現(xiàn)行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。

1.先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語 當(dāng)先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語時，我們通常用關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等引導(dǎo)定語從句。先行詞是人的時候，用that,who引導(dǎo)，現(xiàn)行詞是物的時候，用that,which引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：

Theletterthat/whicharrivedjustnowisforMrSmith. Doyouknowthescientistwho/thatgaveusthetalkthisafternoon? Laughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanface. Thoughtisthekeywhichunlocksthedoorsoftheworld. Hethatwalkswithwisemenshouldbewise.

2.先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語

當(dāng)先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)動詞賓語時，通常用關(guān)系代詞that,who,whom,which等引導(dǎo)。先行詞是人的時候，用that,who,whom引導(dǎo)，現(xiàn)行詞是物的時候，用that,which引導(dǎo)。充當(dāng)動詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。 Peopledon’tappreciatethings(that)theydonotunderstand. Don’texpectpeopletodothings(which)youwouldnotdoyourself.Heistheprofessor(that/who/whom)wehavebeenexpecting.Thepeople(that/whom/who)

wevisitedyesterdaywereverynice.

當(dāng)先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)介詞賓語時，介詞可以放到從句里面。這時，關(guān)系代詞的選擇與動詞賓語一樣，關(guān)系代詞也可以省略。但有時候介詞可以提到關(guān)系代詞前面，尤其介詞與關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系緊密的時候，常常提前。這時，關(guān)系代詞只能用which,whom。而且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：Heshouldthankthepeople(that/who/whom)hegotmoneyfrom.Heshouldthankthepeoplefromwhomhegotmoney.Moneyisabottomlessseainwhichhonor,conscienceandtruthmaybedrowned.Defeatisaschoolinwhichtruthalwaysgrowsstrong.3.先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)名詞的定語

當(dāng)先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)名詞的定語時，我們通常用關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)。whose既可指人，又可指物。如：ThegirlwhosehairisgoldenisfromEngland.IcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsThehousewhosedoorsaregreenisanofficebuilding. 有時whose可以與ofwhom和ofwhich互換使用。尤其是在非限制性定語從句中，表示“部分與整體”的關(guān)系時，指人用…ofwhom，指物用…ofwhich。表示部分的可以是具體數(shù)目或百分?jǐn)?shù)，也可以是few,several,some,half,many,much,most,all,none,either,neither,aquarter,anumber,thelarger,thesmallest,themajority等。如：

Thereisabookshelfinthestudywhosedoorismadeofglass.Thereisabookshelfinthestudythedoorofwhichismadeofglass.Intheroomarelotsofpeople,manyofwhomIdon’tknow.Hehasalotofstory-books,afewofwhichIhaveneverread.Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghardTheoldmanhasthreechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudentsandoneofwhomisamanager.4.關(guān)系代詞as,than,but引導(dǎo)的定語從句

由關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，但as代替的不是先行詞所指的那個人或物，而是指這一類的人或物。常與thesame……as,such……as,as……as,so……as等搭配。如： Ireadthebooksasarerecommended. HehasthesamecomputerasIboughtyesterday. Hisparentsdon’tlikesuchpeopleashemakesfriendswith. Hisparentsgivehimasmuchmoneyasheasksfor. Don’tgivethepetsomuchfoodasitwantstoeat.試比較下列句子，感受as與that(which,who)的用法。I’dliketoreadthebooksasyou’verecommended.I’dliketoreadthebooksthatyou’verecommendedHeisridingthesamebikeasIlostyesterday.HeisridingthesamebikethatIlostyesterday.先行詞前面是比較級修飾的時候，我們通常用than代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語。如：Tosavemoneyformyeducation,Motheroftentakesonmoreworkthanisgoodforher.Thestudentsareoftengivenmorehomeworkthantheycanfinish.MedicalcareintheUnitedStatesisexpensiveandnowlivingwellafteraworkerretiresrequiresmoremoneythanwillbepaidthroughtheSocialSecuritysystem.but引導(dǎo)定語從句，往往和具有否定意義的主句連用，but本身也具有否定含義，相對于that(who,which)……not……。如：Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.沒有不愛自己孩子的母親。Therearefewofusbutadmireyourdetermination.我們當(dāng)中有很少人不欽佩你的決心。Thewoman_____talkedtomejustnowismyteacher.Thepoints______theprofessorstressedinclassareveryimportant.Achild______parentsdiediscalledanorphan.Idecidedtobuythebook_____theteacherrecommendedtous.Heisn’tsuchaman_____heusedtobe.Canyoulendmethebookabout______wetalkedtheotherday?Iwanttobuythesamedictionary_____youboughtlastSunday.Idon’tlikesuchnovels_______youread.whowhichwhosewhichaswhichasasIneverforgetthedays_______wespenttogether.Thenumberofthepeople______owncarsisincreasing.Thepen__________writeswellismine.Thefood________canbeeatenhasbeeneatenup.Hisparentswouldn’tlethermarryanyone_____familywaspoor.Hecan’thavesomuchmoney______hewantstohave.Ihavereadmorebooks________myfatherhasread.Heisagoodteacher.Therearenostudents_______admirehim.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’taperson_______shecouldturntoforhelp.whichwhowithwhichwhichwhoseasthanbutwhomHeisthedangerousmanfor_____thepolicearelooking.Theplace______intereststhechildrenmostistheChildren’sPalace.Thebook_______coverisblueismybirthdaypresentfrommysister.Theyraisedeer______hornsprovidevaluablemedicine.Those______behaveandworkwellreceivebonusesandhonors.Awidowisawoman______husbandisdead.Abookwormisaperson_______isunusuallydevotedtoreadingorstudyingbooks.Therearefewtrafficaccidents______injurepeople.whomwhichwhosewhosewhowhosewhobut2.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句定語從句可以由關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系副詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。

1.when引導(dǎo)的定語從句

當(dāng)先行詞是表時間的詞，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語時，我們用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。如： Springisatimewhenyouthdreamsandoldageremembers. Istillrememberthedaywhenshecametomyhouseandborrowedanecklace.When引導(dǎo)的定語從句如果先行詞是明顯表時間的詞，可以省略when,特別在某些句型中，間或還可以用that。如： Hegetsnervouseverytime(that)thedoorbellrings. Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihavedrivenalone. IgainedfivekilosinweightinthetwomonthsIwasinEurope. ItrainedheavilythroughouttheweekIwasthere.2.where引導(dǎo)的定語從句 當(dāng)先行詞是表地點的詞，在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語時，我們用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。如：Ahomewhereloveisgivenandreceivedbyallmembersofthefamilyisahappyhome.Wehavetoconsiderwhattodoinsituationswheretherearemanypeopleinvolved.如果先行詞是theplace等明顯表地點的詞，where可以省略。如：Futureistheplaceyou’regoingtospendtherestofyourlife.Startinanareayouknowyoucansucceed.3.why引導(dǎo)的定語從句當(dāng)先行詞是thereason，在定語從句中作原因狀語時，我們用why引導(dǎo)，why常省略。如：Thereasonwhywethinklifeissouglyisthatweimagineittobetoobeautiful.Thereasonwhythegrassisgreenwasamysterytothelittleboy.ThereasonIwanttotakethatclassisthattheprofessorissupposedtobeveryeloquent.4.先行詞為theway當(dāng)先行詞是theway,在定語從句中作方式狀語時，我們通常不用關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。如果要用，通常用that,或inwhich引導(dǎo)。如：Brendaisalwaysfindingfaultinherson;sheevencriticizestheway(that)hecleanshiscar.Oneway(inwhich)bothFrankandHannahdidshowtheirlovewasintheirwillingnesstomakesacrificesfortheirchildren.1. Thereareoccasions_______onemustyield. A.which B.why C.when2. Thosearetheoccasions________theylike. A.where B.when C.that3. Itisthesecondtime_______IhavevisitedthePalaceMuseum. A.when B.that C.which4. Thisisthehousefrom_______sheranaway. A.which B.where C.that5. Thatistheway______hetreatspeople. A.how B.that C.whereCCBAB6. Igotalotofhelpfromtheteachersandclassmatesfromtheday______Ienteredtheuniversity. A.which B.inwhich C.X7. Thereason________heobjectedtotheplanwasthattherewasn’tenoughmoneyforit. A.which B.why C.how8. Thehospital______hevisitedlastmonthisthebesthospitalinthearea. A.where B.that C.inwhich9. Thehospital______hestayedforaweekisthebesthospitalinthearea. A.where B.that C.whichCBBA10. Wewillpaymoreattentiontothepoints_______theteacherstressedintheunit. A.that B.onwhich C.where11. Wewillpaymoreattentiontothepoints________theteachergaveussomeadvice. A.that B.which C.where12. It’stheday_____wewillneverforget. A.that B.onwhich C.when13. It’stheday________youforgottoattendthemeeting. A.that B.which C.when14. Hisbirthdayistheday_____wespentinthepark. A.when B.where C.XACACC15. Hisbirthdayistheday_________wespentalotofmoneybuyingfood. A.when B.that C.X16. Thewords_______youunderlinedareimportant. A.which B.where C.atwhich17. Thewords______youmarkedredlinesareimportant. A.where B.which C.that18. Wewillkeepcalminthesituation_______occurrencehappensunexpectedly. A.when B.where C.whichAAAB19.Thatwasthereason_______heexplainedtome. A.why B.which C.forwhich20. Thatwasthereason________hewasabsentfromschool. A.why B.which C.forwhichBA

定語從句的分隔 定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后面，但如果先行詞同時有其它的短語修飾限制它，往往把短語放到定語從句前面，從而造成定語從句與先行詞分隔開來。如： Imetachildaboutfiveoldyearsinthestreetwhowasbegging. Heisthemanagerinthecompanywhoisinchargeofpersonnel. 有時候，我們?yōu)榱吮３志渥悠胶?，也把定語從句與先行詞分隔開，把定語從句放到句末。如： Allisnotgoldthatglitters. Awarbrokeoutwhichlastedeightyears.3.非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句是用來對先行詞進行解釋說明，而不是修飾限制。先行詞與定語從句之間往往用逗號隔開。根據(jù)先行詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞植煌?，可選擇關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,as,或關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等引導(dǎo)，非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不能省略，也不能用that引導(dǎo)。翻譯時采用分譯法。Thatmanoverthere,whosenameIdon’tremember,isanartist.對面那人，他的名字我不記得了，是一個藝術(shù)家。Wedecidednottoswiminthelake,whichlookedratherdirty.我決定不在這個湖里游泳，這湖看起來太臟。1.先行詞為名詞

非限定性定語從句可以是對一個名詞進行解釋說明。這時先行詞是一個名詞，我們根據(jù)這個名詞在從句中的作用，我們可以選擇關(guān)系代詞who,whom,which,whose,或關(guān)系副詞where,when,why。如：Beidaihe,whereIwentlastsummer,isafamoussummerresort.IliketoreadnovelsbyLuXun,whowasoneofthegreatestChinesewriters.Helivedahardlifein1970s,whenhewasonafarm.2.先行詞是一個句子或句子的一部分

非限定性定語從句的先行詞除了名詞之外，還可以是一個句子或句子中的一部分。這時，關(guān)系代詞用which引導(dǎo)。如： Hepassedtheentranceexam,whichmadehisparentsexcited. Sheoverindulgesherchild,whichherhusbandisdissatisfiedwith. Womenteachersarepatientwiththechildren,whichmenteachersseldomare.非限定性定語從句如果先行詞在從句中作狀語，根據(jù)情況有時可以用atwhichpoint/time,bywhichpoint/time,duringwhichtime,inwhichcase等引導(dǎo)。如：Imightfailthetest,inwhichcaseI’dprobablyre-sititnextyear.Thesportsmeetlastedthreedays,duringwhichtimeIwenthometoseemymother.Thebandageswillbetakenoffafewdaysaftertheoperation,atwhichtimewewillbeabletojudgehoweffectivethetreatmenthasbeen.3.由as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句

關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中，as和which一樣，代替現(xiàn)行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。先行詞可以是名詞、句子或句子的一部分。但as引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句往往表示這事提早就有預(yù)知，譯為：“正像……一樣”。而which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句是解釋這事情引起的結(jié)果。如： Theearthisround,asweknow. Hequarreledwithhisbossyesterday,whichallofhiscolleagueshaveknown. Sheleftherkeybehind,asoftenhappens. Shefellbehindherclassmates,whichmadeherdismayed. Shemarriedagain,aswasexpected. Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句有時還可以放到句子前面或插到句子當(dāng)中。如： Ashehadexpected,hegotanopportunitytostudyabroad. Asweknow,theearthisround. We,ashasbeenpointedout,shouldpaymoreattentiontoourenvironment.AsIwaswalkingbytheshops,Ihappenedtoseeadisplayofflightbags,_________remindedmeofmybriefcase.It’sthethirdinasequence(系列)ofthreebooks,thefirstof________Ireallyenjoyed.We’vejustinstalledcentralheating,________shouldmakeatremendousdifferencetothehousenextwinter.Veryfewpeopleunderstoodhislecture,thesubjectof_________wasveryobscure.whichwhichwhichwhichTheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwayofdoingthings,________isoftenthecaseinothercountries.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesintheregion,theresultsof_________weresurprising.Hecamebacklate,by_______timealltheguestshadalreadyleft.Thecompetitionfromexperiencedstaffmembers,someof_________arehigherinrank,workstomydisadvantage.aswhichwhichwhomTheonlyobjectionstotheReformationcamefromthenorth,________someoftheabbeysstilldidgoodworkamongthepoor.Theresidents,allof__________homeshadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.__________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome__________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.wherewhoseAswhen__________ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorschoolisincreasing.HewasveryrudetotheCustomsofficer,__________ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,__________wehadn’texpected.Aswhichwhich定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別 定語從句與同位語從句從形式和翻譯方法上都很相似，怎么樣來區(qū)分它是定語從句還是同位語從句呢？如果是定語從句，前面的現(xiàn)行詞在從句中要充當(dāng)成分；而同位語從句前面的先行詞在從句中不作任何成分，先行詞與從句是等同關(guān)系，說的是同一件事。如： Ihadheardthenewsthatyoutoldmejustnow. Ihaveheardthenewsthatourteamwonthegame. Idon’tbelievethereasonthatheexplainedtome. Thisisthereasonwhyheislate. Idon’tbelievethereasonthathedidn’tknowtherewasameeting.Thattheearthandthemoonformedsimultaneouslyisatheory________accountsfortheheatoftheearlyatmospheresurroundingtheear