2023年外文文獻及譯文moban

本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目：TheＳｉgnifiｃanceoｆtheTenｄeriｎgＣontrａｃtｏntｈｅＯpｐoｒtuniｔieｓforＣｌiｅｎtｓtoＥncouｒａgeContｒaｃtor-lｅdInｎovatiｏn文獻、資料來源:國道數(shù)據(jù)庫文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版)日期:2023.１0.11院(部）:管理工程學院專業(yè)：工程造價班級:價本0504姓名：劉兆君學號:指導教師:黃偉典王大磊翻譯日期：20２3．6.1４外文文獻：TheＳｉgnificａncｅoftheＴenｄeriｎgContrａctｏnＴhｅＯpportuｎitieｓfｏrClieｎｔsｔoEｎｃｏuraｇｅＣoｎtractor－leｄIｎｎｏvatioｎA(yù)BSＴRACTDuｒingthｅtenderingpｒocｅsｓｆoｒmｏstmaｊorcoｎstｒucｔioｎcontracｔstherｅｉstheoｐporｔｕnityforｂｉddersｔｏsuggｅｓtalternativeinｎovatｉｖesolutｉｏnｓ.Clearlyclienｔsarekeｅntotａｋeadvanｔageoftheseopporｔuｎitieｓ,aｎdequaｌlyconｔｒactoｒｓwantｔousethｅirexpｅrtisetｏeｓtaｂlishcｏmpｅｔitiveadvａnｔage.Ｂothpartｉesｍａyvｅrywellbenｅfitfromtｈeeｎｃouragemｅntofsuｃｈinnoｖaｔiｏnanｄthｅavaｉｌaｂilitｙｏｆcheａpeｒｍethodsoｆconstructionthaｎhaｖebeｅｎcoｎtemplatedbythetｅndeｒｉnｇauthoritｙ．Howeverｒecenｔdｅｖeloｐmｅｎtsｉnｃｏmｍonlawhａveraisｅddoubtsabouttheaｂiｌityofoｗnerｓtoseekalteｒｎａｔiｖeｔｅndeｒswithoutplaciｎgtheｍselvesaｔriｓkofｌiｔｉｇatioｎ.Ｔhiscomｍonlawhａsｒecognｉｓeｄthｅeｘisteｎｃｅoｆthｅso-caｌled‘tendeｒingｃonｔｒaｃｔ’or‘procｅssｃｏntract’.Sincetheｔenｄerｉngprｏcessisiｎhｅrenｔｌypriｃｅcompｅｔiｔivｅ,theappｌicaｔiｏnoｆthetｅnｄerｉngcoｎtractcｏｎcｅｐｔiｓlikelytoｓｅvｅrelyinhiｂiｔtｈeoppoｒtunityforａlterｎatｉvetenders.Ｔhispapｅｒｉsｐrｉｍａｒilyｂaseｄｏnｔｈelitｅrａt(yī)ｕrerｅｖiｅw.Theａｉmofｔhisｐaperｉstｏhighlightｔｈｅproblemsｗithtｈecomｐｅｔitivetendｅｒingprocessiｎrelaｔionｔocoｎtractoｒ-ledinnovatioｎandｅxplorｅwaysinwhiｃhｏwnerscandｅｖeｌｏｐprocuｒementproceduresｔhatｗiｌlallｏwandencoｕraｇeinnoｖationfrｏｍｃonｔracｔｏrs.PROBLＥMＳWＩTHCＯMPETITIVETENDEＲINGＴhｅｔradiｔｉoｎaltenｄerｉngprｏcesswaｓdesｉｇnedtoｐｒoduｃｅｄｉrｅｃtpriｃecｏmpｅtiｔionforaspecifｉedproduｃt.Eｖaluatioｎoｆtenｄerｓcoｕldonｌybeｃonfineｄtopriceａloｎeｂycreａt(yī)iｎgaｓysteｍinwｈicｈpriｃeistheｏnｌycriteｒionthatcoulｄvarywhｉｌｅdesignａndtｅｃhｎicａlcontｅｎtarethesameｆorｅaｃｈｃoｍpeｔingtenｄer.Ａｌｂeittｈecontrａctperｉodisstiｐuｌatedasconstant,ownersoｆtenencouraｇｅtendererstoｓubmitasecｏndtendeｒwhichoffersanaｌterｎativeprｉceforanalternatｉvｅtｉmｅｐｅrforｍaｎｃe.Tenderｅrswouldacｈieveｔｈiｓbｙrewｏrkingtheｉｒｔｅnderprｏｇraｍme,findinｇtheoｐtimumcontractperiod,andadｊustiｎgtheｔｅnderｐｒiceａccordｉｎgly.Eaｃhtｅnderｅｒwoulｄcompｅteｔofｉndｎovelwａysoforｇａｎｉsinｇthewoｒkｍetｈｏdｔhatｗouldallｏｗｎｏtonlytheminｉmuｍcｏnsｔructioncoｓtbuｔalsomaｘimumｐrofiｔmarginwiｔhｉnthepｒiceprｏposed．However,tｈisproｃessiｓalｗayscoｎfinedｂyｔhｅbｏundarｙoftｈeowner’sdeｓｉｇn.Inthｉsｗａy,theｓuccｅssfulteｎderｅr’sｓｃopetobeinｎｏvatｉvｅiｓvｅrｙｌimitｅｄ．Wｈeｎevalｕatiｎgaｌternativeｔenｄｅrs,theownerｉscｏnｆrontｅdｗiｔhtｈedutyofequaltｒｅatmentａｎdｆaiｒnesstｏalｌｔendereｒs.Ifｏneiｓtobeｐrｅferredｏnａｎalternatiｖetender，ｗｈｉcｈiｓｎｏtａｃoｎｆormingｔendｅrintermsoｆｔheoriginａlinvitatiｏn,hoｗcａnaｌltｅndｅrerｓbｅｔreaｔedequallyandfaｉｒｌy?Anｙindｉviduａlｉsmｅｘｈｉbitedoｎtｈepartｏfaｔendｅreｒoutsｉdetｈepeｒmｉttedｓcopｅofpｒｉceandtimeｍustdｉsquａlifythattｅndｅrfromthｅｏwｎeｒ’ｓcｏnsideratioｎbecａuｓeｉｔdoesｎotconfｏｒmtoｔｈeiｎvitａt(yī)ioｎ．Thereｆoｒｅ,theｔrａditｉoｎalｔenderｉngｐｒｏｃessｐrevents，rｅstrictsｏｒeｖendｉscoｕragescｏntractor-ｌedｉnnovaｔｉｏｎ.SongｅraｎdＩbbｓbｅｌiｅｖｅdtｈattheuseoｆｄｅｓign-anｄ-buiｌdproｃurｅmentｍetｈodwｏuldｅｎcouraｇeiｎnｏvａt(yī)iｏninthebuildinｇｐrocess.Thisprocuremenｔｍethｏｄimｐｏsessｉｎglepoinｔrespoｎsｉｂiliｔyonconｔracｔoｒforｔhｅcｏmｐletebuilｄingaｎｄitstenderiｎgprocｅsｓdｉfferｆｒｏmthatoｆｔhｅｔradｉtｉonalproｃuremeｎtmeｔhoｄinthａt(yī)itmusｔbｅｃａpableofevａluaｔiｎｇdesignａswｅllａsｐrｏｄuctiｏnｃapabilitｙ,tｉmeａｎdpｒiｃe，aｌlｏｎacｏmpetitiveｂasiｓ．Thisiｓnoteａｓy.Ｃｏmｐeｔitiｖedesignｉsnoteａsytoｅvaluateinthecｏntｅｘｔoｆｔｅndering.Theｏbjectivｉｔｙappearｓtｏberｅplaceｄbysubｊectiｖityinｐicｋingｔhewｉnｎｅｒ,anｄｔｈeapparentｉntｅgrityoｆtｈebiddｉｎgprｏｃessｉｓlｏst,unlｅssｖeｒyclearcriteriaaｒeeｓｔａｂlisｈedattheoｕtseｔfｏｒeｖaluaｔioｎoｆcｏmpetｉngｄesiｇｎs．Tｈisalｓomeanstoｓayｔｈａｔtheteｎderprocｅssｒulesmｕstbedesiｇnedａｓｓucｈthatitencｏurａgescontraｃtor-lｅdｉnnovatｉon,yetatthesametimeplacessｏｍelimitｏnthｅsｃoｐeforsｕｃｈinｎovation.Ｔｈelimitsmustbesuchthatthepｒojecｔdeliveredisstｉｌlｔhｅprojectforwｈichtenｄerswｅrｅinviteｄ．ＳongｅｒａｎdIｂbｓ,wｉtｈresｐeｃttothiｓaｓｐeｃt,ａｓｓertｅｄtｈａt(yī)oneｃｏｎcernofpｕblｉcaｇeｎciesishowtoａllｏwforｉnnoｖationwhilemａinｔaiｎinｇappｒoｐｒｉａt(yī)ecoｎtｒolｏfceｒｔaindｅsignaｓｐｅｃｔｓoｆtheｐroｊｅｃt.Detｅrmｉｎinganapprｏpｒiateｂaｌaｎceｏfinｎovatｉoｎandcoｎtｒoｌindesignanｄadequatelycommuｎｉcatingｔhｅｄｅsiredｂalancｅtｏpｏtentialdesign－and-buiｌdtｅndeｒerｓprovidesaｓiｇｎiｆicanｔchaｌｌengetopubｌicsecｔorａgencies．THE‘TＥNDERINGＣONTＲAＣＴ’Deｖeloｐmeｎｔsinthelawｒeｌatingtotenｄerstradｉtiｏnaｌｌytreａｔedan‘iｎvitationtoｔenｄer’oｒa‘ｒeqｕeｓｔｆortｅｎderｓ’aｓnoｍorethａnaninvｉtatioｎｔotreat,ａniｎdicationtｈaｔtheowｎeｒwasreadｙtodobusｉneｓs–soｍeｔｈingpｒioｒｔoandsｈortofanoffer.Inoｔherwｏrds,anｉnvitatｉontotreaｔｗasｎｏtａnoffertomakeacontｒaｃtwithanypｅrｓoｎwｈomightａctontheinviｔａt(yī)ioｎ,butmerｅlyafｉrsｔｓｔepｉnneｇotiationwhichmay,orｍaynｏt,lｅadtoacｏｎtrａct.Whｅneachtenderersuｂｍitｔeｄｉｔｓtｅndｅrinｔhｅprｅscriｂedform,itamouｎteｄtｏａnoｆferwhｉcｈcｏｕｌdｂerｅgａｒdedａsａnoｆｆertomaｋeacｏntｒacｔ.Iftｈｅofｆｅrmeｔwithunequｉvocalacｃeptaｎce，coｎtrａctｕａlobligaｔionarosｅbeｔweeｎtheｏｗnｅrandthｅｓｕccｅｓｓfultｅｎdｅrer.Receｎｔly,ｔhｅmodeｒｎviewtuｒnsthiｓtｈeoryuｐsidedown.Theｒeｅxistｓwhaｔiskｎoｗnasｔｈe‘twocｏntｒact’aｎａlｙsisiｎvolvｉｎｇtheemergenceoftｈe‘teｎｄｅringcoｎtｒact’.Theinvitatiｏntotｅndeｒｉsnowiｎsｏｍeｃｉrcuｍsｔaｎcｅｓｔobetreaｔedasanoffertｏmaｋeaｃｏｎtractwhiｃhａt(yī)enderｅracｃｅptswhenｉtsubｍｉtsacｏnｆｏｒmｉngtender.Theownｅrmakｅsanoffｅｒtoeａchteｎｄererｗhichmightbewoｒdedａｓfollows:“Iｆyouｓubmitatｅnｄeriｎrｅsponsetomｙinvitationａｎｄwhiｃhcｏmplieswithtｈesｔiｐulatｉonsmａde,Iwｉｌｌcoｎsidｅrthatｔｅndeｒ…”.Theｒｅisｎoｏbligatｉoｎatallatｔｈiｓpointontheｓideofthetｅndeｒerｓ，butifaconformiｎgtｅndeｒｉssubmitteｄ,acｏntractisformeｄbetweenｏwnｅrandtendereｒwhiｃhhaｓbeendescｒibｅdhereａsｔhe‘tendｅriｎgconｔrａｃt’ｏrｄeｓｃriｂedｅlsｅwhereasa‘prｅ-aｗardｃonｔract’or‘pｒoｃeｓsｃoｎtracｔ’．Thiscoｎtｒacｔisquiｔedistinctｆroｍthｅcontrａｃtevenｔualｌyｅnｔｅrｅｄintoｗｉｔhｔｈesuccｅssｆulｔenｄerer,ｃalledthemaincontｒact.Ｏblｉgaｔiｏnsｏfacｏntｒactuaｌnatureｔhｅreforearisebeｔwｅｅnｔheowneraｎdeachteｎdｅrerwhｏhaｓｓubmitｔedaｐrｏposal.Justasｔｈｅtenｄｅｒcontｒaｃtplaceｓoｂligationsontｈeowner，ｅachtendｅrａlsoimｐosesobｌigationsｏnthetendeｒｅr.Oncｅthｅｔendｅrhaｓbeｅｎsubmｉtｔeｄtotheｏｗｎeｒ,meaｎｉngｔheｔｅndｅrorfirsｔcoｎtracthａsbeenformeｄ，ｔhｅowｎerbecomesｏbligedtｏeacｈｔendｅrｅrｔopｅrfoｒmitｓｓidｅofｂargain,wｈｉchaｔthiｓｓtageｉsａnｏbｌigａｔｉｏｎtｏｃonsiｄｅraｌlｃonfｏrmingtendeｒs.Ｂｙｔhｅsａmetoken，tendeｒersbecomｅoｂｌigeｄｔonotsiｍplywitｈdｒaｗｔheirtender，thetenderｗｉlｌｒｅmainopeｎforaｓtipulateｄperiｏdｏfｔｉme.Unｄertｈｅ‘ｔwoｃoｎｔract’ｐriｎｃiｐle,ateｎｄererwhｏmakeｓamｉstaｋemayｆinｄtｈaｔthetｅｎderisａcｃeｐtedｗithnooｐｐｏｒtｕnitytoｅｓｃapeｅvｅnifｔhereiｓanerrorｉntenｄeｒcompｉlation．Ｆorｔhesakeofｃｌarity,iｔｍaybｅstateｄtｈatｔhesubmｉｓsionofaｃonforminｇtenderinｒeｓｐｏnsetｏaninvitaｔｉoｎcancrｅatecontrａctuａlobｌiｇａt(yī)ionsforbothpaｒtiｅｓ.Iｎthecａse：Onｔarioｖ.RonEngｉneering&ConstruｃtionＥaｓｔeｒｎＬtｄ,ｔheCourｔofCａnadaｈeｌｄthatａcｏntrａctwａsｂroughtiｎtoｂeiｎgaｕtｏmaticａllyｕｐｏｎtｈesuｂmiｓｓiｏnｏfarespｏｎsivetｅｎｄeｒbyeａchtｅnｄeｒeｒ.Hａｖiｎgesｔablisｈedｔhaｔa‘ｔenderｉngcontract’exｉｓts,ｉｔistｈｅnimpｏrtaｎtｔocｏnsｔｉtｕtewhatthetｅｒmsareofthatcontract.Tｈetｅrｍsareｄeｒivedfroｍthetenderconditｉoｎs,the‘tenｄerｃｏde’,andｏtherreｌｅvaｎtｍａt(yī)eｒialsuｃｈaslegｉslatｉoｎandcｏrｒespoｎdence．Alloｒsｏｍeofｔhepｒｏvｉsionsofｔhｅ‘tenderｃｏdｅ’maybｅinｃorporateｄinthｅ‘tendｅringcｏntracｔ’ｂｙrｅferｅnceand/orbyiｍｐlｉｃatｉon．Ａtermsmaybｅimplｉeｄtoｔｈeefｆecｔｔhａt(yī)theownermustcoｎsideraｌlcoｎfoｒmingｔendｅrｓ,ｍusttreａt(yī)ａｌlｔendereｒsｅqualｌyandfaｉrlｙ,ａnｄmuｓtawａrｄｏnlyacontractforｔhｅprｏjeｃｔtｅndereｄfor.GUIDＡNCＥONCONＴＲACTORSELＥCTIOＮTheSignificanｃeofProｂｉtyinTeｎdｅrinｇProbitｙｉsdeｆｉnedinｖarｉｏusｄｉｃtiｏｎａｒiesａs“moｒalexcellｅnce,integrｉty，ｕpｒiｇhｔness,coｎscientiousness,hoｎeｓty,ｓinｃeritｙ”.Iｎtheｔenｄeｒingｃｏｎｔext,ｉtgｅｎeralｌydepeｎｄｓuponｃonfiｄｅｎtialityofdoｃuｍentatioｎanddｅcisioｎmａｋｉnｇ，objｅcｔivｅａnｄcｏnsｉsｔentaｓｓesｓmｅntateachpｈａseofdｅｃisionmａkｉnganｄresolutionoｆanｙｐosｓiｂle,pｅｒceiｖedorａcｔuａlｃoｎflictsｏfintｅrｅst．Thus,oｎｅoｆtheprimaｒｙoｂjｅｃｔivｅsｏfｐrobityiｎtenｄeringisｔomainｔainthｅｉnteｇrｉtyoｆthebiddinｇpｒoｃｅss.TheCanadｉancouｒtintｈeＲoｎEngiｎｅｅｒingcasｅrｅfｅrreｄtoｔhisａstｈeobligatiｏｎofｏwnerstotｒeａt(yī)ａlｌtenｄererseｑuａlｌyａnｄfairly.Johnsｔonｅassertsthatｔｒanｓpareｎcyｉntheentirecontｒactingoutprocesｓiｓｅssｅntialsothaｔpoｔｅｎｔialｃｏnｔractoｒｓandmemｂｅrｓoｆthepｕbliccanhaｖeconfｉdencｅinｔheoｕtcoｍes.Iｆｉnｔegrｉｔyanｄimｐartialityarenotevｉdent，ｔｅｎdeｒerｓmaybereluctanttoｍａkｅabid,tｈｅfｏrmuｌaｔionｏfwhiｃhｒequｉresｓignificａntamountofｔimeandrｅsoｕrｃｅs.Iｎtｈatcase,ｃｏmpetiｔionisｌikelｙｔobeleｓｓenedandｔhｅｂestｖalｕefoｒmoｎeymａynotｂeａchiｅｖｅd.Inprinｃiplｅ，ｒecenｔdeveloｐｍｅｎtincommonｌａwaｔteｍｐｔｓtomaｉｎtainｓoｍeinｔegrｉtyｉｎthｅtenｄeｒiｎｇpｒｏｃeｓｓbyｒeｃognisｉngtheexisteｎceofthｅpａrｔｉes’obliｇatioｎstoｏneａｎoｔｈersotｈattheownerｃanｎotｓimplｙｒｅjectｏraccｅpttｅndersaｓiｔplｅaｓeｓ,orcanｎoｔｎeｇｏtiatewｉｔhoneｏrmｏretｅndeｒｅrｓtoproducesatisfactorydeaｌ．Ａｓmeｎｔionｅｄprｅｖiouｓｌy，ｔhｅconｔracｔｕaｌobligationbetweentｈeｐartｉesisreferrｅdtoａsthｅ‘tｅｎdｅrｉngcontｒact’.Ｂｒeachofｔhｅ‘tenderiｎgｃoｎtract’entｉｔlｅstheinjurｅdｐartytｏｔｈenｏrｍaｌrｅmeｄyｏfｄamages.Ｐroｂityiｎｔheteｎｄeringprocｅｓsensurｅｓthatfａirａndequaltreaｔｍenｔtｏaｌltｅnderｅrｓispｕtinｐlaceanｄmaintaｉnedsothatnotｅrｍｏfｔｈe‘teｎdｅｒingcontracｔ’ｉsｌｉkeｌytoｂebrｅａchｅｄ.AccorｄinｇtoJohnｓtonｅ，cｏmmonprobｉtyｏｂjeｃtiｖesａre:·toｅnsureallresｐoｎdeｎtsａrｅassesｓedobｊectivelyandconsistｅnｔly·tｏeｎsｕreｉntｅgritｙinallevaluationaｎdselectiｏnprocess·tｏｅnsuｒｅallｃoｎｆideｎtialinformaｔionisｓｅcｕｒｅd·toaddrｅssaｎｙpｏteｎｔiａｌ,oractuａlcｏnflictsoｆinteｒest·toprｏｍotｅｄefensibｉlｉｔｙofｐrｏcess．GuidｅｌinestoAvoidBreaｃhofｔhｅ‘TｅndeｒｉngＣoｎtract’inｔheCompetiｔiｖｅBｉddingＰｒoｃｅsｓOncoｎcluｓioｎ,Ｃraiｇsuｇgestｓsoｍeguidelｉnesｏnhowａlteｒnatｉveｔeｎdersaｎdｔendersinvolvingdesiｇnproｐosalｓmightbetakenｌegitiｍatｅlybytheｏwneｒｓｏａstoaｖｏidoｒmｉniｍiｓｅthelikelihｏodoftheclientsplacingthemseｌｖesatｒiskoflitigatiｏnｄueｔoaｂreachｏfｔhecoｎtraｃtuａlobｌigationｓａrisingoｕtofthｅ‘ｔendｅriｎgｃontrａct’.Ｔheyａreｓpｅciｆiedasfｏlｌows.·Underｔhe‘ｔenderiｎgcoｎtｒact’theowneｒisobliｇedtｏtｒeatalｌtｅndeｒｓeｑｕａllyaｎdfairｌy.Allconｆｏｒmｉｎｇtendersmｕsttheｒeforebｅｃoｎｓiｄerｅd.·Aneffectiｖｅ‘privilegeｃlaｕse’ｗhichsaｙssoｍethingｌike“anｙtｅnderwｉllnotneｃessariｌybeａcｃepteｄ”wilｌnorｍａllyｐrｅventanoｗneｒbｅcｏmiｎgobliｇeｄｔｏaｃceptａnytenｄｅｒ.Alｌtｅndeｒsmaythereforebｅproperlyrｅjeｃted．Oｎtheotherhａnd，atermtothｅｅffecttｈatacontractwillbeａｗardｅdtothｅlｏwest,orｈiｇhesｔ,ｂｉdderisenforceablｅ.Thｉｓｉmpｌｉｅsｔｈatanownercanｎotuｓethｅ‘privilｅgeｃlaｕse’asａｎexcｕseｆｏrｄeviatingfromtheｃoｎtractevａｌuationandawａrdcriteriaｓｅtdowninthｅｔｅndｅrinvitatiｏnordocumｅnts.Oｒ,pｕtiｔanotheｒｗａy,the‘pｒivｉlegecｌause’doｅｓnotalloｗｔｈeowneｒto：(i)choosecoｍｐaｒatｉｖｅlyａmｏngthｅtｅnｄerersbasedoncriter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