考研管理類聯(lián)考綜合能力真題答案解析

Passage3Whatisablackhole?Well,itisdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.1).Ablackholeexertsastronggravitationalpullandyetithasnomatter.Itisonlyspace——orsowethink.Howcanthishappen?2).Fromearth,asupernovalookslikeaverybrightlightintheskythatshineseveninthedaytime.Supernovawasreportedbyastronomersintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.SomepeoplethinkthattheStarofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova.ThecollapseofastarmayproduceaWhiteDwarfofaneutronstar——astar,whosematterissodensethatitcontinuallyshrinksbytheforceofitsowngravity.Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun),thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.3).Amymatterneartheblackholeissuckedin.Itisimpossibletosaywhathappensinsideablackhole.Scientistshavecalledboundaryareaaroundtheholethe“eventhorizon”.Weknownothingabouteventsthathappenonceobjectspassthisboundary.Butintheory,mattermustbehaveverydifferentlyinsidethehole.4).Ourspaceandtimelawsdon'tseemtoapplytoobjectsintheareaofablackhole.Einsteinclaimedthatmatterandenergyareinterchangeable,sothatthereisno“absolute”timeandspace.Therearenoconstantsatall,andmeasurementsoftimeandspacedependonthepositionoftheobserver.Theyarerelative.Wedonotyetfullyunderstandtheimplicationsoftherelativitytheory;butitisinterestingthatEinstein'stheoryprovidedabasisfortheideaofblackholesbeforeastronomersstartedtofindsomeevidencefortheirexistence.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.5).Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholesesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.Binarystars,astheirnamesuggests,aretwinstarswhosepositioninspaceaffectseachother.Insomebinarysystems,astronomershaveshownthatthereisaninvisiblepanionstar,a“partner”totheonethatwecanseeinthesky.Matterfromtheonethatwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthepanionstar.Shouldthisinvisiblestar,whichexertssuchagreatforcebeablackhole?Astronomershaveevidenceofafewotherstarstoo,whichmighthaveblackholesaspanions.Thestoryofblackholesisjustbeginning.Speculationsaboutthemareendless.[A]Forexample,ifamanfellintoablackhole,hewouldthinkthathereachedthecenterofitveryquickly.However,anobserverattheeventhorizonwouldthinkthatthemanneverreachedthecenteratall.[B]Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecenterofourgalaxyswallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate.[C]Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint;theycollapseandsometimesasupernovaours.[D]InAugust1977,asatellitewaslaunchedtogatherdataaboutthe10millionblackholesthatarethoughttobeintheMilkyWay.Andastronomersareplanninganewobservatorytostudytheindividualexplodingstarsbelievedtobeblackholes.[E]Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastronggravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.[F]Thetheoryofblackholesinspaceisaeptedbymanyserious.Scientistsandastronomers.Theyshowusaworldthatoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofspaceandtime.[G]Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)intowhichmattershavefallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape-notevenlight.Sowecan'tseeablackhole.【文章大意及構(gòu)造分析】本文是一篇關(guān)于“黑洞”的科普性文章，考研綜合演練與答案詳解（3），考研英語《考研綜合演練與答案詳解（3）》。文章開頭先給黑洞下了定義，即“黑洞是一個(gè)任何物體，包括光線一旦掉入就無法逃脫的地區(qū)”。第二段開始講黑洞的形成，首先從理論上進(jìn)展闡述，并以地球?yàn)槔齺韼椭x者進(jìn)展理解，即黑洞是星體到達(dá)一定密度后本身會在自己的引力作用下不斷縮小，此過程會強(qiáng)烈到產(chǎn)生黑洞。然后介紹有關(guān)黑洞周圍的“視界”和愛因斯坦的相對論對黑洞研究的幫助。文中指出科學(xué)家在對黑洞的研究方面已經(jīng)取得了成就。最后講人們對黑洞的研究永無止境。從體裁上，本篇屬于“觀點(diǎn)論證型”說明性論述文，文章主要采用“提出理論—做出定義—舉例說明”的行文格式，講述了天文學(xué)上的黑洞理論。文章的第一段提出黑洞這一理論并給出其定義。第二段到第四段是以超新星和雙星系統(tǒng)為例證，從兩個(gè)方面對黑洞的形成進(jìn)展了理論上的論述。最后一段講黑洞的才剛剛開始。關(guān)于它們的設(shè)想是永無止境的。【解題思路與答案詳解】1)【答案】[G]。此題在文章第一自然段的中間。我們要根據(jù)它的前后文義來做出選擇。文章開始提出問題：什么是黑洞?接著說這個(gè)問題難以答復(fù)，因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＫ鶕碛械脑~匯缺乏以描繪這一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象。接著就是空白，空白后面又說，黑洞會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的引力，但它卻沒有物質(zhì)，只有空間。這是對黑洞的進(jìn)一步解釋。顯而易見，空白處應(yīng)該是對“什么是黑洞?”這一問題的答復(fù)。這類科普文章常常是先提出問題，然后給出定義或答案，再做進(jìn)一步闡述。選項(xiàng)[G]符合這種順承關(guān)系，它是從科學(xué)家和天文學(xué)家的角度給出看法，正與此相符合，所以選項(xiàng)[G]是正確答案。2)【答案】[C]。此題在文章第二自然段的開始。在上一段提出了黑洞是如何產(chǎn)生的問題。本段是上一段的延續(xù)和擴(kuò)展，要在理論上對黑洞進(jìn)展解釋。再看問題后面的內(nèi)容，講到超新星：Fromearth,asupernovalookslikeaverybrightlightintheskythatshineseveninthedaytime.（從地球上看，一個(gè)超新星就像天空中一束明亮的光，有時(shí)甚至在白天也很耀眼）。這正是選項(xiàng)[C]內(nèi)容的延續(xù)和擴(kuò)展，兩者正好形成順承關(guān)系。所以，選項(xiàng)[C]是正確答案。3)【答案】[E]。此題在第二自然段的中間。要根據(jù)上下文來判斷其內(nèi)容，而后進(jìn)展選擇。上文提到了黑洞的產(chǎn)生，下文提到了靠近黑洞的任何物質(zhì)都被吸進(jìn)去，可以推斷空白處還應(yīng)該是與黑洞的吸力有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。這樣，行文才連貫，構(gòu)造才嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，意義才流暢。選項(xiàng)[E]講：設(shè)想一下地球縮小到彈子球的大小，但仍然有同樣的質(zhì)量和引力，你就能對黑洞的力量有所了解了（Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofastillhavingthesamemassandastronggravitationalyouwillhavesomeideaoftheforceofablack要求，所以選項(xiàng)[E]是正確答案。4)【答案】[A]。此題在一個(gè)段落的開始。上一段最后講到：物體一旦跨過邊緣之后，我們就不知道發(fā)生了什么。但從理論上講，物質(zhì)在黑洞內(nèi)的表現(xiàn)會明顯不同（Weknownothingabouteventsthathappenonceobjectspassthisboundary.Butintheory,mattermustbehaveverydifferentlyinsidethehole.）?？瞻缀竺娴膬?nèi)容是：我們的“時(shí)間和空間法那么”并不適合于黑洞內(nèi)的物質(zhì)。并進(jìn)一步用Einstein的相對論來證明這一點(diǎn)。由此推斷，空白處應(yīng)該用一個(gè)通俗易懂的例子來進(jìn)一步解釋這些理論。選項(xiàng)[A]就是以一個(gè)進(jìn)入黑洞的人和一個(gè)觀察者的不同感覺來說明這一點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)[A]與前面的內(nèi)容形成例證關(guān)系。前面提出觀點(diǎn)，接著給出論證。所以，[A]是正確答案。5)【答案】[D]。此題要與上一題結(jié)合起來解答，因?yàn)榇祟}在上題所在段落的結(jié)尾處。該段以論證說明我們的時(shí)空法那么不適合于黑洞里的物質(zhì)，接著又講到：愛因斯坦的理論在天文學(xué)家拿出證據(jù)證明黑洞的存在之前就提供了理論根底。只是最近天文學(xué)家才開始對黑洞進(jìn)展詳細(xì)研究（butitisinterestingthatEinstein'stheoryprovidedabasisfortheideaofblackholesbeforeastronomersstarted