2023年重慶大學考博英語

20２3年GMAＴ考試閱讀材料５（附答案）Ｈoｗmanyreaｌlysｕｆferasaｒeｓｕltoflabｏｒｍarｋetproblemｓ?Thｉｓisoｎeoftｈｅmostcritｉcalyetｃoｎtenｔｉousｓocｉaｌpolicyqｕestiｏns．Ｉｎmａｎｙways，ｏurｓoｃｉalstａｔisticseｘaggｅratethｅdegｒeｅoｆｈardsｈip.Ｕneｍployｍentdｏesnotｈａvethｅｓamｅdｉreconsｅquenceｓtｏdayasiｔdidintｈe1９３0’swhenｍｏsｔoｆｔheuneｍｐloyedｗereprimａryｂreaｄwinnｅrs,wｈenｉｎcomeaｎdｅarninｇswereusuallｙmuchclosertothemarginｏfsuｂsiｓtencｅ,andｗheｎtｈｅｒewｅrenocountｅrｖaｉliｎgｓｏｃiaｌprograｍsfortｈｏsefaｉlｉnｇｉnthｅｌaborｍaｒkｅt.Iｎcreasingａｆflｕｅｎcｅ,thｅrｉsｅoｆfamｉliｅswithmｏｒethaｎoｎｅｗageeaｒner,tｈｅgroｗingｐrｅdomiｎanｃeｏfsecondaryearnerｓamongｔhｅunｅmployｅｄ,andimproｖedsociａlwelｆareprｏtｅcｔionhａveunｑuestｉoｎａｂｌｙmｉｔｉgatedtｈｅconsｅqueｎｃesofjobleｓsnesｓ.Earningsandiｎcｏmedataalsooｖersｔaｔetｈeｄimeｎsioｎsofｈardshｉp.Amongtｈｅmilliｏｎsｗｉthhourｌyｅarｎinｇsatorbeｌowthemiｎimumwａｇｅｌevel，theoverwhelmingmajorｉtyaｒefｒommultiple-ｅarner,rｅlaｔivelyａfflｕentｆamｉｌiｅｓ．Mostofthｏsｅcountｅdbythepｏｖerｔyｓｔatiｓticsａｒｅeｌderｌｙorhandicappedorhavefaｍilyreｓpｏnsiｂiｌitｉeswhicｈｋeeptｈｅmｏutoｆｔｈelaｂoｒfｏｒce,sotｈｅpoｖertysｔatｉstｉｃsarｅbyｎｏmeansanacｃurateindiｃatorofｌaｂormarketpatｈｏlogies.Yettherｅarｅalsomaｎywaｙsｏursoｃiaｌstａｔistｉcｓuｎｄｅｒestiｍａt(yī)ethｅdegｒｅeoflaｂor-maｒket-relatedhardｓｈip．Ｔheｕnｅｍpｌoyｍeｎtcoｕntsｅxｃlｕｄｅｔｈemiｌliｏnｓoffullyｅｍployedworkeｒswhoｓｅwａgesａrｅｓoｌoｗthaｔｔheiｒfamiliｅｓrｅmaininpoverｔy.Ｌowwａgｅｓａｎｄrｅpeatedorｐroｌonｇedunempｌoｙmentfｒｅqueｎｔlyintｅｒａcｔtounｄerminetheｃapａcityｆorｓｅlf-sｕpport．Siｎｃｅｔhｅnumbeｒｅxperiｅnciｎgｊobｌessｎessaｔｓometｉmeduriｎgtheyearisseveraｌtiｍeｓｔｈｅnuｍbｅrｕnemｐlｏｙedinaｎｙmｏnｔｈ，thosewｈｏsufｆerasarｅsuｌtoffoｒcedidlenessｃａｎequalorｅxｃｅedaverａgeanｎualuｎemploｙｍent,evenｔhoｕgｈｏnlyaminorityofｔheｊｏblessｉnaｎymonｔhreａlｌｙsuffeｒ.Foｒeverypeｒsｏncounteｄiｎtｈemonｔhlyｕnemploymeｎttaｌliｅs，thereisanoｔherｗoｒkｉnｇpart-timｅbecauｓeofｔheiｎaｂilitytofindfｕll-ｔimeworｋ,oｒelsｅｏutsidetｈelabｏrforcebutwaｎtｉngajob.Finalｌy，ｉncｏｍeｔｒansｆersinouｒｃｏunｔryｈａvealwaｙsfocusedoｎtheeldｅrly，disaｂlｅd,aｎｄdｅpendｅｎｔ,neｇｌｅctinｇtheneeｄsoｆtｈｅwoｒkinｇpoor，ｓｏtｈatthedramaticｅxpaｎｓionofｃaｓhａｎdin-ｋinｄtrａｎsfersdｏesnotnecｅssaｒiｌｙｍeanthａｔthｏｓefailingiｎtｈelabormarkｅtaｒeadequａt(yī)elyprotected.Ａｓａreｓuｌｔofsucｈｃoｎtradiｃtｏｒyevideｎcｅ,ｉｔｉｓunceｒtainwhetherｔhosesuffeｒｉngseriｏuslｙasaresultｏfｌaｂoｒmａｒketｐroｂlemsnumｂeriｎｔheｈundｒｅdｓofｔｈouｓandsortｈetensofmillｉonｓ,and，hｅnｃe,wｈeｔheｒhighlevelsoｆｊｏblｅssneｓscanbeｔoleｒatedormｕstbecounteredｂｙjobcreaｔionａndeconomｉcｓｔiｍuｌus．Tｈeｒeisonlyoneａreaofagreementｉnthｉｓdｅbａt(yī)e—ｔhattheexistiｎgpoverty,employmｅnt，andｅarningsstａt(yī)ｉsｔｉcsareiｎａdｅquateｆoroｎetheirpｒimaryaｐpliｃatiｏnｓ，meaｓuringthecｏnsｅquenｃesoｆlabormarkｅtproｂlems．1.Whichｏｆtｈefolｌowinｇistheprｉncipaltopicofthｅpassage?(A)Whaｔcausesｌabormarketpａｔhoｌoｇｉesｔhatresuｌtiｎｓuffｅring(B）Ｗhyinｃomeｍeaｓｕｒesareimpreciseinｍeasurinｇdｅgreeｓofｐoverty(C)Wｈicｈｏfthecｕrrenｔlｙusedstaｔistiｃａlproｃedureｓａｒeｔhｅbestｆoｒestｉmatiｎgtheｉｎｃｉdeｎceofhardｓhiｐｔｈａt(yī)isｄuｅtｏｕｎempｌoyment

(Ｄ)Ｗhereｔｈeaｒeasofaｇreｅｍｅｎtareａｍｏngｐoverty,eｍｐlｏymｅnt,ａｎdearningｓfｉgures?（E）Howsｏciａlstａｔｉｓtｉcsgiveａnuncｌｅarｐicｔureoftｈedegｒeｅofｈardshipcausedbyｌowwagesanｄｉnｓufficienｔemplｏyｍｅntｏpｐｏｒtunities?2.Ｔheautｈorusｅｓ“l(fā)aboｒmａrketpｒobｌems”inlines1-2toｒefeｒtowhichｏｆthefｏlｌｏwiｎｇ?

(A）Thｅｏverallcａusesｏｆｐoｖｅrty?(B)Ｄeficienciesinthetrａinｉｎgoｆthｅｗｏrkｆｏrce

（C）Ｔradeｒelationshiｐsamoｎｇｐｒoducersofgｏods?（D)Shorｔaｇｅｓｏfjobsｐrｏvidinｇadｅquateinｃome?(E）Stｒikesａndinａｄequatesuｐpliｅｓoflaboｒ?3．Theauｔhｏｒcontrasｔｓｔhe1930’sｗiththepresｅntinｏrderｔoｓhｏwtｈat?(A)morepeopleｗｅreunｅmｐｌoｙedｉnthe19３0’s

(B）uｎｅmpｌoymｅntnowhaｓｌessseverｅｅffeｃｔs?(Ｃ)soｃiａlprｏｇramｓａremorｅneedeｄnow

(D）thｅrenoｗiｓａｇreａt(yī)erproportｉonｏｆeldｅrｌyandhandｉｃaｐｐeｄpeopｌｅamongｔhｏseiｎpoveｒtｙ?（E)povｅrtｙｈasinｃreａsedsｉｎcｅthe19３0’s

4.Wｈichoｆthefollowinｇproposａlsbestｒesｐoｎdｓtoｔheiｓsuｅsｒaisｅdbytｈeaｕthｏr？

(A)Innovaｔiveprograｍsｕｓｉｎgmｕltipｌｅapproachesshouldｂeｓetuptoｒｅducetｈeleｖelofuｎemｐｌoymｅnt．?(B）Acompｒomiｓeｓhoｕldbefoundｂｅtweｅnｔhｅｐｏｓiｔｉoｎsofｔhoｓewhovieｗjｏblesｓnｅssasanevilgｒeatｅrｔhaneconomiccontrolａｎdthosｅｗhohｏｌｄtheoｐpoｓitｅview.

(C)Ｎｅwsｔaｔisｔｉcａｌindiｃeｓshoｕldbｅdevelｏpedtoｍeasｕｒethedegreeｔowhiｃhuneｍplｏymenｔandiｎadeqｕatelｙpaidemｐloymeｎtcａusesｕfｆeｒiｎg.?(D)Consideｒaｔｉoｎｓｈｏuｌdbeｇiｖｅntotｈeｗａysｉnwhichｓtatisticscａnａctaｓpartialcａusesｏfthｅphenomenａt(yī)hattｈｅypｕｒpoｒttomeasuｒe.

(E)Tｈelaborforcｅshoｕldｂerestｒｕcturedsothａt(yī)itcorrespｏndsｔotherangeofｊobvａｃaｎcｉes.5.Thｅauthoｒ’spuｒposｅinｃiｔiｎgthosewhoaｒerepeaｔedlyｕnemployeｄdｕriｎgatwelve-mｏntｈperiodiｓｍosｔprobablｙtｏｓhowthaｔ

（Ａ）thereareseverａｌfactorsthaｔcausethｅpａｙmeｎtoｆlｏwwagestosoｍemembersofthelaｂoｒforce?（B)ｕnｅmplｏymentｓｔaｔisｔｉｃsｃａnunｄerｅstimａｔethehardsｈipｒesulｔingｆrｏｍｊｏblｅssneｓs?(C)recｕrrenｔinadeqｕacｉesｉntｈelabormarketcaｎｅxｉｓｔandcanｃausｅhardｓhipsforindｉviｄｕalwoｒkers?(D)amａjｏrｉｔｙofｔｈoｓｅwhｏareｊoblessatanyｏnetiｍetoｎotsｕfｆeｒsevｅrehaｒdsｈip?(E)thereａｒefeweriｎdivｉdualｓｗhoarｅwiｔhouｔｊoｂｓatsomeｔimｅduringayｅarｔhanwｏｕldbｅeｘｐectｅdonthebasｉsoｆｍonthlｙunemploｙmentfｉｇures6.Tｈｅauｔｈorstatestｈattheｍitigatingeffｅctｏfsocｉaｌprｏｇｒａmsinｖolｖiｎginｃometranｓfｅrsonｔｈeincｏmeｌeveｌoflow-iｎcomepeopleisofｔennotｆelｔby(A)theemployｅdpｏｏr?(B）depenｄｅnｔchildreｎinsingle-ｅarnerｆａmilies

(C)wｏrkerｓwhoｂｅcomｅdisａｂｌｅd

(Ｄ)retiｒｅdworkｅrs

(E)fuｌl-timewｏｒｋｅrswhobecoｍｅuｎeｍplｏyed

7.Accordingtoｔｈepasｓａge,ｏｎeｆactorｔｈatcauseｓuｎemplｏymentaｎdeaｒniｎgsｆiｇurestooverprｅdicｔtｈｅａmｏuntofｅｃonｏmiｃｈaｒdshipｉsthe?(A)ｒecuｒｒenceofperiｏdsoｆunemｐｌoｙmenｔｆoragroｕpofｌow－wageworkｅrs

（Ｂ)pｏssｉｂilｉtythateａrnｉnｇsmayｂｅreceivedfrommoｒｅthａｎonejobpｅrｗorｋeｒ

（C)facｔｔhａt(yī)ｕnempｌoymeｎｔcｏunｔｓｄｏnotinｃｌｕdeｔhｏsｅwhoworkfoｒｌｏwwagｅsaｎdrｅmａｉnpoｏr

(Ｄ)esｔａblishmeｎtｏfaｓystｅｍoｆrｅｃorｄ－keepingｔｈatmａkesitpｏssibｌetocｏmpilｅｐovｅrtystatistics?(Ｅ)ｐrevａｌence,amｏｎglow-waｇewｏrkerｓａndtheｕneｍployed,ofｍembersoｆfamilｉesinwhｉchoｔhｅrsaｒeempｌoyed?8．Theconclｕsionstatｅdinlines33-39abｏutthenumｂerofpｅoplewhoｓufｆerasaｒesultoｆｆorcediｄｌｅｎｅssdepeｎdsprimarilyonｔhepｏiｎｔthａt(yī)?(A)intimesofhigｈunemｐｌoyment,therｅareｓｏmepeopleｗhoｄｏnoｔｒeｍａiｎunemployeｄｆorｌong

(B)ｔheｃapaｃitｙfｏrｓelf－sｕppｏｒtdｅｐendsonreceiｖｉnｇmoｄerate－to-ｈigｈｗａgｅs

(C)ｔhosｅｉnforceｄｉdｌenessincｌudｅ,besidestheｕnemｐloyed,bｏtｈuｎderemploｙedpart-tiｍeｗｏｒkersandｔｈosenotactivｅlysｅekｉngworｋ

(D）aｔdｉfferｅnttｉmesduｒｉnｇtｈｅｙear，differenｔpeopleａｒeunemploｙed?（E)maｎｙｏｆtｈｏsewhoaｒeａffｅcteｄbｙuneｍploymentａredｅpendenｔｓofunempｌoyedworkers?9.Whichofｔheｆollowiｎg,ifｔrue,isthebesｔcrｉticismoftheauthoｒ’sarguｍenｔconcｅrninｇwhｙpovertysｔatiｓticscannotpropeｒlyｂｅusedｔoｓhｏwtｈｅefｆｅcｔsofpｒoblemsinｔhelabｏｒmarket?

(A）Aｓhｏｒt－ｔeｒmiｎcreａseinthenuｍbeｒofthoseinpｏｖertｙcaninｄicateａshortageofjｏｂsｂecauｓｅｔｈeｂaｓｉｃｎｕｍberoftｈosｅunaｂletoａｃceｐtemployｍeｎtｒemaｉnsapｐroｘｉmａｔelyｃonstａnt.

(B）Ｆoｒtｈoseｗhoａreinpoｖeｒtyaｓaｒｅsｕltofｊobleｓsnｅss,therearｅsoｃialｐrｏgramsavａｉlablethatpｒovidｅａminiｍumｓtandardｏflivｉng.

(C)Povertｙsｔatisticｓdonｏtｃonsistenｔlyaｇreｅwitheａrniｎgｓｓｔａｔistics,whenｅaｃｈｉsｔakeｎaｓａmeａsureｏfhａｒdshiｐrｅsｕlｔｉngfromｕｎemployment.?(Ｄ)Theelderlｙanｄhaｎdicappedcategoｒiｅsincludemanywｈopreviouslｙweｒeemploｙedintheｌaｂorｍａrkｅt.?(Ｅ)Sｉｎceｔhelａｂｏrmarketisglobaｌｉｎnature，poorworｋerｓinonecoｕｎtryarecomｐeｔingｗitｈpoorwoｒｋｅrｓｉnanotｈerｗｉｔhrespecｔtotheleｖeｌｏfwageｓandtheｅxｉｓtenceofjobs.

參考答案：EDBCBADEAModｅrｎｍanufacturｅrs,ｗhｏneｅdrelｉablｅsourceｓｏfmateｒialｓandtechｎologiｃａｌlyａｄvancedｃｏmｐonentstoｏperaｔeprｏfitably，faｃeａnincrｅasｉngｌydiｆficultｃhoiｃebetweｅnownｉngtheproｄucerｓｏftheseiteｍｓ（apraｃtｉｃeknowｎａsbackｗaｒdinteｇratｉon)ａndbuyingfｒomiｎdeｐendentproduｃeｒｓ．Maｎufactuｒｅrswhointeｇrａt(yī)eｍayreａpsｈort-termrｅｗards,buttheyｏfteｎｒestriｃｔｔhｅirfutｕreｃaｐａcitｙforiｎnoｖativepｒoｄｕctｄeveｌopment.Backwardｉntegratｉonremoveｓｔhenｅedforｓomｅｐｕrchasiｎgａndmarkｅｔiｎgｆunctions,ｃeｎtrａlｉzerｓｏｖerｈead，andｐｅrmitｓｍaｎuｆacｔurerｓｔoeliｍｉnaｔeｄuplicａt(yī)edeffｏrtｓinresｅａrｃhaｎdｄeｖelopmｅnt.Wｈeｒecｏmpoｎenｔsａｒeｃoｍmoditieｓ(ferroｕsmｅtaｌｓorｐeｔroleum，ｆorexamplｅ),bａckwardintegratｉｏｎalｍostcertａiｎｌyｂｏｏstｓproｆits．Ｎｅｖertheless,becausｅprｏdｕctinnoｖａt(yī)ioｎmeansadｏｐｔｉｎｇthemｏｓｔｔechnoｌogicａllｙaｄvanｃedａndcoｓｔ-effectivｅｗaysofｍakingcomponentｓ,bacｋwａｒｄintegraｔionmａyentailａsｅrｉｏusriskfoｒatechｎologicａllyａctivecｏmpanｙ-ｆorｅxamｐle,apｒodｕcｅrｏfsｏphisｔｉcatｅｄｃｏｎsｕmｅreｌectｒｏｎics.Acｏｍpaｎythaｔdｅcｉdesｔoｍakeｒａt(yī)heｒthanbｕyｉmportanｔpartscanlｏｃkitｓｅlｆintoanoｕｔdaｔｅdｔｅchnｏｌogy．Ｉｎdependentｓuppliersmaybeunｗilｌiｎｇtoshａｒeinnovatｉoｎsｗitｈassemblerｓwiｔｈwhｏmtheｙａｒｅｃomｐetiｎｇ．Ｍoreoveｒ,wheｎａnaｓｓｅmblersetｓouｔｔomasterthetechnｏlogyｏfproduciｎgａdvancedｃomｐoｎｅｎtｓ,theresulｔingdemandsｏnitｓrｅsourｃeｓｍaycompｒｏｍisｅitsabiｌityｔoassｅmｂlｅtｈeseｃomponｅntssｕｃｃｅssfulｌyintoｅndprｏdｕｃtｓ.Loｎg－tｅrmconｔrａctsｗithｓuｐpｌｉerscanachievemａnyofthｅsameｃostｂeｎｅfiｔsaｓbackwａｒdiｎtｅgraｔionwiｔｈoｕtcｏmproｍｉｓinｇaｃomｐany’ｓabilitｙｔｏinｎovaｔe．However,moｖingawayfｒombａｃkｗardintegrationｉsｎｏtａｃomｐleｔesolｕｔionｅｉther.Develoｐinｇｉnnovatiｖｅteｃhnologiesｒeqｕireｓinｄepｅｎｄentｓuppliersoｆcｏmpoｎentsｔｏｉnvｅsthugesumsinreｓｅａｒcｈａｎddeveｌｏｐmeｎt．Theｒesｕlｔｉngｌowprofｉtmarginsｏntｈｅｓａleofcｏmponenｔsｔhrｅａt(yī)ｅｎｔheloｎg-termfinancialsｔabｉlｉtyofｔheseｆirms.Ｂecauseｔｈeabiliｔyofend-pｒoducｔassｅｍblerｓtorespoｎdtomaｒkｅtopportunitｉｅsdepeｎｄｓhｅavｉｌyonsuppｌierｓofｃomponｅnts,assembleｒsareoftenｆorcedtｏintegrａt(yī)ｅbypurｃhasingtheｓupplieｒsofcompoｎeｎtsjusttoｋeeptheiｒｓupｐlｉersｉnbusｉneｓｓ．AnsweｒstｏSamplｅGMＡＴRｅadingCｏmprehensｉonＱueｓｔｉoｎｓ９.Accｏｒdingtoｔｈｅｐassagｅ，alｌoｆｔｈeｆollowingarebeｎefitsassociａt(yī)ｅdwｉｔhbacｋwardｉｎtegrationEXCＥＰT:?(Ａ)ｉmprovｅmentinthemanageｍenｔofｏveｒhｅａdｅxpｅnses?(B)enhancemenｔofｐroｆitｍarginsonsａlｅｓｏfｃomｐoneｎts?（C）siｍｐlificaｔionoｆｐｕrｃhasinganｄmarketingopeｒatｉons

(D)rｅliabiｌiｔyofasoｕrｃeofnecessａrycoｍpoｎents

(E)eliｍiｎatioｎoｆunneceｓsaｒyresearchefｆorts10.Accordinｇｔｏpaｓsａgｅ,wｈenanassemblｅrbuysafirｍｔｈatmａkeｓsｏｍeｉmpｏrtａntcompoｎｅntofｔheenｄprodｕｃｔthattheassemblｅrprodｕｃｅs,iｎdependentｓuppｌiｅrsｏｆtｈesamｅｃｏｍpoｎentｍａy?（A)withhoｌdtechnｏloｇｉcａliｎnovａｔｉoｎｓfromｔｈｅassembｌｅr?(B)expeｒieｎceimpｒoｖｅdｐｒofitmargiｎsofonsaｌesoftheirｐroducｔs?(Ｃ)lowerｔheｉrpricestｏproteｃｔｔｈemseｌvｅsfｒomcompｅｔitｉon

(D)suｆｆｅｒfｉnanicaldifficｌｕｔiｅsａndgｏoutｏfbｕｓineｓs

(E)sｔopdevｅlopingnewversionsoｆthecｏｍpoｎeｎt11．Wｈichoｆthefoｌlｏｗingbesｔdｅscrｉbestｈewａｙtｈelastparａgraphfｕｎｃtionsiｎthecｏnｔｅxtｏｆthepassage？?(A)Ｔhelaｓtinasｅriesｏｆaｒgｕmｅntssupportinｇtｈeceｎｔｒalarｇｕmentｏftｈepasｓageｉspreｓenteｄ.

(B)Avｉewpointisｐreｓenｔedwhichqｕａｌiｆiesonｅprｅsentedｅａrliｅrinthepassaｇe.?（C)Ｅvidｅncｅispreｓeｎtedinsupｐorｔofthｅaｒｇumentdeveｌopedintheprecedingparaｇrap.?（D）Qｕestｉonsａrisinｇfromtｈｅｅａrliｅｒdiｓcuｓsionareｉdｅnｔifiedaｓｐoiｎtsofdepartuｒeｆorfurtheｒｓtuｄyoｆthetoｐｉｃ．

（E)Asｐecifiｃｅｘampleisｐreseｎtedtoillusｔratetheｍainｅｌemeｎtsofaｒgumeｎtpｒesｅnｔｅdinｔheearlierparagｒaphs.12．Aｃcorｄｉｎgtotｈｅｐassaｇｅ，whichofｔｈefｏｌloｗｉngrｅlatiｏnsｈipsｂetｗeenpｒｏｆｉtsanｄｉｎveｓtmeｎtｓinresearcｈanddevｅlｏpmeｎtｈｏldstrｕefｏrproducerｓｏfteｃhｎｏｌogiｃａllyａdvancedcomｐonents？

（A)Ｍodestiｎvestmenｔｓarｅｒeｑuｉredanｄthｅprｏｆitmarｇiｎsoｎcｏmpoｎentsａlｅsaｒelowｌ.

(B)Modesｔinvｅｓｔmenｔsarerequiｒedbutthepｒｏfitmarｇinｓoｎcomｐｏnｅntsalesareｑuiｔehigｈ.?(C)Dｅspitetｈehｕgｅiｎｖｅｓtmentstｈataｒerequiｒｅd，theprofｉtmａrginsoｎcomponentｓｓalesａrehigh.

(D）Becａuseｈugeiｎｖestmentsａrereｑuired,tｈeproｆitmaｒginｓｏncoｍponeｎtｓaｌesａｒelｏw.?(E)Ｌonｇ-ｔermｃonｔraｃtｕａlrelatiｏnsｈipswitｈｐｕｒcｈａsersｏfcomponｅntseｎsurｅａhighｒatiooｆproｆitｓtoiｎvestmenｔｃosts.9.?ThｉｓquestiｏnasksyoutｏｉｄeｎｔifｙwhichonｅoftｈefiveａnsｗｅrchｏicesisNOTｍｅntioneｄｉnthepａssageaｓaｂｅｎｅfｉtassociateｄwiｔhbaｃｋwａrdintegratiｏn.TheｂeｓtanswｅｒｉｓB.Thｅｐassagｅｄｏｅsnｏtｉndｉcａt(yī)ehowbackwarｄintegraｔionaffectstheprofitmaｒｇiｎsonsaleｓｏfcomponentsbyiｎdｅpendｅｎｔｓupｐｌiers.ＣhoiｃesA，C，andＥaremeｎｔionedｉntｈeｐasｓａgｅａsａbenefitoｆbacｋwardｉntｅｇratioｎ.CｈoicｅDisinｃorreｃtbｅcaｕｓｅthｅｐassagｅiｎdiｃaｔestｈaｔbackwaｒdintegratｉonisaｗayoｆhａvingaｒeliableｓourcｅｏfnｅcｅｓsａｒyｃomｐonｅnts.10.?Tｈisquestｉonａsｋｓyｏutｏidentｉｆｙinfoｒmationpｒｅｓeｎｔedinｔhepaｓsａｇｅaｂoutｉｎdependenｔsuｐpｌiersofprｏductcｏmｐonｅnts．CｈｏｉcｅAisthebestaｎswer．Ｔｈepａsｓageａssertstｈatiｎｄepeｎdentsuppｌiesmａkiｎgthｅｓameｃompoｎｅnｔsaｓassemｂlersmaynｏtｓhareteｃｈnoｌoｇicalinｎｏvatiｏnｓwithassｅｍblerｓ.ＣhoiｃesB,C,D，ａndEcanbeelｉminatedbecauseｔhereｉsｎoindicａt(yī)ionｉnｔhepａssageasaｓｓembｌeｒsexperiｅnceimprｏｖedproｆitmａｒgiｎｓ，ｌoｗerthｅirprｉｃes,ｓuffｅｒｆｉｎａnｃｉaldifｆｉculｔies,ｏrｓｔoｐdｅvelｏｐingｎewｖerｓiｏnsoｆthecoｍponent.11.?Thｉsｑｕeｓtiｏnasｋsyouｔochooseｔhｅｓtaｔeｍｅntｔhatbestｄｅscribestｈefunｃｔｉonｏfthelastparaｇraｐhofthｅpassａｇe.ＴｈｅbestaｎsweriｓB.Aｔtheenｄofｔheｔhｉrｄparagraph,theauthorindiｃaｔesthａt(yī)aｓsｅmblersｂenefitfromcｏntraｃｔiｎgwｉth,rａt(yī)ｈerthanowｎing，ｉndｅpeｎdentsuppliers.Ｉｎthelasｔｐaraｇｒaph,hoｗｅvｅｒ，thｅauthorｉnｄicaｔestｈatconｔｒａctingwitｈindｅｐendeｎtｓupplｉersｃａnｉtsｅlfprｅsｅntpｒｏblems.Ｔhusthｅlastｐaｒagraｐhqualiｆieｓtheviewｐｏｉntｐresenｔedatthｅeｎdofthｅthiｒdparagｒaph.ＣhoicｅAiｓnotｔheｃorｒectaｎｓｗeｒbecauｓethepaｓｓagemakesｓevｅｒaｌpｏｉnｔsaｂoutbackwａｒdintegrａt(yī)ｉon,ｂutｄoesnotpresｅntacｅntｒalaｒｇuｍｅnｔａboutthiｓtopic．ＣhoicｅCｉsｎoｔｔhecｏrｒectaｎsweｒbecａｕseｔhefinalｐaragrａphｑualiｆｉesratherｔhansuｐｐｏrtsanargumeｎtmadeiｎｔhetｈirdpａragrａpｈａboutcoｎtｒacｔｉｎgwitｈindepｅndｅntsｕpplieｒｓ.ChoicｅsDaｎｄＥareｉncorreｃｔbecａusｅthefｉnaｌｐａragrａｐhdｏｅsnotidｅntiｆyqueｓtｉonsｏrpresentasｐecificexample．12.?Thisｑueｓtioｎａsksyｏｕtoidenｔｉfyinfｏrmationｐreｓeｎtｅdinｔheｐaｓsａgｅabouttherｅlationｓｈipbetweenpｒｏｆiｔsaｎdiｎvesｔmeｎtsforｐroｄucｅrｓoftecｈnologicallyadvanｃedcｏｍponｅｎts．ThebｅstansweｒiｓＤ．Theｐaｓsaｇeｉndicaｔｅｓthaｔthehighiｎｖｅｓtmentsｒequｉｒedtodeveloptｅchnｏlｏgicallyaｄvaｎcedcompｏnｅntｓ.ＣｈoiceAisｉncorrectｂecauseｔhｅpａｓsａgeｉndiｃateｓthatlargｅ,notmｏdｅsｔ,investmｅntsｉnｒesearｃhanddevelopmenｔarｅｒequｉred.ＣhｏiｃesBanｄCarｅiｎcoｒrectbecａuｓethepaｓsaｇｅindｉcａt(yī)esthaｔprｏｆitmaｒｇinsfoｒｐｒoｄucersofteｃhnｏｌogiｃａllyadvaｎｃedcoｍponentsａreloｗ，nothigｈａsthｅseanswercｈoiceaｓsert.ＣhｏicｅＥisincorrect:althｏughtheauthorclａimｓthatlonｇ-terｍcｏntrａctswithsuppliｅrsａrebeneficialtoaｓsemblers,thepasｓageｄoesnotindicaｔｅthatlong－tｅrｍcoｎtraｃtsｗithpuｒｃhaｓersｌeadｔohighｐｒofitsforpｒoducｅrｓｏｆtｅcｈｎoloｇicallyadvancedｃoｍpoｎｅnts.ＲEADIＮGＴESＴ４PＡＳSＡＧＥ3Yoｕshouldｓｐeｎｄabout20mｉnｕtesｏnＱuestions27-40,whｉcｈaｒebａsedｏｎＲeadiｎｇPaｓｓage3oｎｔhefoｌｌowinｇpages.Ｐeｒsisｔeｎtｂullyｉngｉｓoｎeofｔhewｏrsｔexperｉenceｓachｉldｃａｎfaｃe.Hｏwcanitbepｒevented?PeｔeｒSmith,ＰrｏfeｓsｏrofPsychｏlｏgyaｔtheUniｖersityｏｆHereherepoｒtｓｏnｈiｓｆiｎdinｇs.AＢullyingcaｎtakｅａvarｉeｔyoffｏｒms,fｒｏｍthｅｖerbal-beiｎｇtauntedorcalledhurｔｆｕｌｎaｍes-tothephyｓicaｌ－beiｎｇkｉckeｄorshoved-ａｓｗellasindｉreｃtfｏrｍｓ,suchasbeingeｘcｌuｄｅｄｆromsｏciａlgroups.AsuｒveｙＩｃoｎduｃｔeｄwｉｔhIｒｅneWhｉtｎeyfounｄtｈaｔinBritishpｒimａryschooｌsｕｐtoaqｕarterｏｆpupｉｌｓreportedeｘperｉeｎceoｆｂuｌｌyｉng,whichｉｎaｂoutoneinｔｅｎcaseswaｓpｅｒsisteｎt．Tｈeｒｅwaslessbullyｉngiｎsecondａryｓｃｈools,ｗｉthａｂoutｏneintｗentｙ-fivesufｆｅrｉｎgpeｒsistｅntbuｌlying,butthesｅｃaｓeｓmayｂepａrｔiculａrlｙｒecalｃitｒanｔ.BBulｌyingisｃleａrlyｕnpｌｅａsanｔ，andｃanｍakethechildexpeｒieｎcｉngitfeelｕnｗｏrtｈyａｎddepｒesｓed.Iｎextrｅmecasesitcanevｅnleａｄtｏsuiｃidｅ,tｈｏugｈｔhiｓisthａnkfuｌlｙrare.Ｖictｉmiｓedpｕpｉlsａrｅmoｒelikelｙtoeｘpｅriencedifｆicultｉeｓwｉthｉnｔerpｅrsｏｎalｒｅlａt(yī)ionｓhipsａsａdｕｌｔｓ，whilｅcｈildrenwhoｐerｓｉsteｎtｌｙbullyaremｏｒｅlikeｌyｔogｒowuｐtｏｂｅｐhｙｓｉcallyｖｉｏｌeｎt,aｎdconvｉｃtedofaｎti-sociａｌoffenｃes.CUｎｔilreceｎｔｌｙ,nｏtmuchwａsknowｎabｏuttｈetopｉc,andliｔtlehelpwａsavaｉlabletｏteaｃhersｔｏdeａlｗithｂulｌyinｇ．Ｐerｈapsasaconｓeqｕenｃｅ,schoolsｗoｕｌdoｆtenｄeｎｙtheｐroblem.‘Thereiｓｎｏbullｙingatthisscｈool＇ｈaｓbeｅnacommonrefｒain,aｌmosｔceｒｔaiｎlyuntrue.Ｆortunatｅlｙmoreｓcｈoｏｌｓａrｅnowｓayinｇ:‘Therｅiｓnoｔｍｕchbullｙinghere，bｕtwheniｔoｃcuｒswｅhaveaclｅarｐoliｃｙfordeａlingｗｉtｈit.'DThrｅeｆactorsａreｉnｖoｌveｄinthischange.Ｆirsｔｉsａｎａwareｎessoｆｔheseverityｏfｔhｅｐroｂleｍ.Sｅcond,ａnumbeｒofresourｃｅｓtohelptaｃkｌｅbulｌyinghａveｂeｃomeａvailableｉnBritain.Ｆorexamｐle,thｅSｃｏttｉshCouncｉｌfｏrＲeｓearｃｈinＥduｃatｉonpｒｏdｕceｄａｐackageofｍaterｉaｌs,AｃtionAgaｉnｓtＢuｌlying，cｉrcｕlatｅdtoaｌlschｏolsｉnEnglanｄandＷａｌesａswellａsｉｎＳcｏtlanｄinsummｅr199２,withａsecondpａck,SuｐpoｒtｉｎgScｈoolsAｇaｉnｓtＢullｙing,produceｄｔｈｅfolｌoｗingyear．InIrelａnd,GuiｄelｉnesonCｏuｎtｅrinｇBuｌlyinｇBehaviourinＰoｓt－PriｍarySchoolswａsｐublｉｓｈeｄin199３．Ｔhｉrd，theｒeisevidｅnｃeｔhａt(yī)ｔheｓematerialswoｒk,ａndthatschoｏｌsｃａnaｃhｉｅｖｅｓomething.Thisｃｏｍesfroｍｃａrｅfullyconducteｄ‘ｂｅｆoreandaｆｔer'eｖaluａt(yī)ionsｏfｉnｔeｒventionsｉnschoｏls，monitoredbyareseaｒchteａｍ.IｎNorway，afteraninｔerventioｎcaｍpaｉｇｎwasintｒｏdｕceｄnａt(yī)ionally,ａneｖaｌuａt(yī)ionoffoｒty-twoｓchoolsｓuggeｓtｅdthat,overａｔwo-yearperiod,ｂulｌyinｇwasｈaｌved.TheSheｆfiｅldinveｓtigation,whicｈｉnvｏｌvedsixteenprimａrｙｓchｏolｓandsｅvensecｏndaryschools,founｄtｈaｔｍostschｏolssuccｅｅｄｅｄinreｄucinｇｂｕllｙing.EEvidencesｕｇgeststhatakeｙsteｐiｓtｏdevelopaｐolicyｏｎｂuｌlｙｉnｇ,sａyingclｅarlywhatisｍeaｎtbybullying,andgｉvingeｘpｌicｉtｇuideliｎesonｗhatwｉllbedoneifiｔｏccｕrs，ｗhatrｅcorｄswilｌbekeｐt,whowｉllbeinforｍed,whaｔsanctiｏnswillbeemployed.Thepｏlicｙｓhｏulｄbeｄeveloｐedthrｏughcoｎｓultation,overａｐeｒｉoｄoftiｍe－notjｕｓtiｍｐoｓｅdfｒｏmｔheheａdｔeaｃhｅｒ＇soffiｃｅ!Pｕpils,ｐarｅntsanｄsｔａffshoｕldfeeltｈeyhａvebｅenｉnvolvediｎthepoｌicy,whiｃhnｅedsｔobeｄiｓseminateｄandｉmplemenｔedeｆfｅctｉveｌｙ．Ｏtheｒａcｔionsｃａｎbetakenｔｏbaｃｋuｐｔheｐoｌｉcｙ．Thｅｒｅareｗaysoｆdeaｌingｗitｈtｈetopicthrouｇhｔheｃｕrriｃuｌｕm，usｉｎｇvideo,ｄrａmaａｎｄliteratuｒｅ.Thｅsearｅuｓefuｌｆorrａisｉngawarｅnｅss，aｎdcａnbeｓtbetieｄintoearlｙphaseｓofdevelopment,whiletheｓｃhoｏｌissｔartiｎｇtoｄｉsｃｕｓstheiｓsｕｅofｂuｌlｙing.Theyaｒealsouseｆulｉｎreｎｅｗingｔheｐoｌｉｃyｆornewpupｉls,orrevisiｎgitintheｌigｈtofexperｉeｎce.Ｂuｔcuｒｒicｕlumworｋalonemａyonlｙhavesｈort-termeffｅcｔs;itshｏｕldbeanadditiｏｎｔopolicywork，ｎotａｓｕｂstｉｔute．Therｅarｅalsｏwａysｏfworｋingwitｈindiviｄuａlpupｉｌs,ｏrinsmaｌlｇroups.Ａsｓｅrｔivｅnｅsstraininｇforpupiｌswhｏarelｉabletobeｖiｃtimｓisｗoｒthwhile，ａndｃeｒtaｉnapproaｃｈeｓtｏgroupbullyｉngsｕchas‘nobｌame＇,canbeusefulｉncｈａｎgｉｎgｔhebｅhaviouｒofbullｙinｇｐupilsｗｉthoｕtcｏnｆrｏntingthemｄｉｒectly,ａｌthoughotｈeｒsａnｃtiｏnｓｍaybenｅｅdedfｏrthosewhoconｔinｕｅwiｔhpeｒsistentｂuｌlｙｉnｇ.Woｒkｉnｔheplａygroｕnｄisiｍpｏrtant,too.Oneheｌpfuｌstepistotrａinlunｃhtimesupervisoｒｓtoｄｉstinｇｕishｂｕllyiｎgｆromｐlayfulfｉghting,aｎｄhｅlpthｅmｂreakupcoｎflｉcts.Ａnoｔheｒpｏssibilｉtyistoｉmｐroｖｅｔｈｅplａyｇroundenviroｎｍent,sothａt(yī)pupｉlsarelｅsslikelｙtｏｂeledintobullyingｆromｂorｅdomorfrusｔration.FWiｔhｔhesedｅｖｅlｏpments,sｃｈoolscaneｘｐｅctthaｔatｌeasｔthemosｔserｉouskiｎdsoｆbullyingcanｌarｇeｌybeprevented.Tｈemoreeffortpuｔinａｎdthewiｄeｒｔhewholｅschoolinｖｏlvｅｍent,theｍoresubstantialthereｓｕlｔsarｅlｉｋelytobe.Tｈeｒeｄuｃｔioninbullying-aｎdthecoｎsequｅnｔimproveｍentinpｕpｉlhappineｓs-issuｒelyaｗorthwhileobjｅctive.Questions2７-30RｅadｉｎｇＰassage3haｓｓiｘｓectionｓ,A-F．ＣhoｏsethecorrectheaｄｉngｆorsectiｏnsA-Dfｒｏmtｈｅlistoｆｈｅadingsbｅloｗ．Wｒitethｅcorrectｎuｍbeｒ,ｉ-vｉi,ｉnbｏxｅｓ2７－3０onyoｕransｗeｒshｅeｔ.LiｓｔｏfＨｅadiｎgsiThｅrｏleoｆvｉdeｏｖiolｅnｃｅiiThｅfailureofgoveｒnmｅntpolicｙｉiｉRｅasoｎsfｏｒtｈeｉｎcreasedrateofｂｕllyingｉvRｅsｅaｒｃhｉntohowcomｍonｂuｌlyingｉsｉnBriｔishsｃｈoolsvＴhｅreactionｆromsｃhｏolstoenquirieｓａｂoutbｕllyingviTheeffecｔofbulｌyｉngｏｎthｅchiｌdreniｎｖolveｄｖiiＤevelopｍentsｔhａt(yī)haveledｔoａnｅwapｐroacｈbyｓchoolｓ2７SｅｃｔioｎＡ28SecｔioｎＢ29SectionＣ30ＳectｉonDQueｓtions31-３4Ｃhｏosｅthecｏrｒectｌetter，Ａ,Ｂ,CorD．Writetｈeｃorrectleｔterｉnｂoxes31-31Ａrecentｓuｒｖeyfouｎｄｔｈａt(yī)inＢritiｓhｓecondarysｃhｏｏlsＡtheｒewasmｏrｅｂｕlｌyingｔhanhadｐｒeｖiouｓlybeenｔhecase.Bthereｗａslessbｕllyingｔｈaninprimaｒｙschooｌs.Ｃcasesoｆperｓisｔenｔbulｌyｉｎgwerｅvｅrｙcoｍmｏｎ.Dｉndirecｔfｏrｍsofbullyｉｎgwereｐarｔｉcularｌydiffｉcuｌttodeaｌwith.3２CｈildｒenｗhoａｒｅbｕlliｅdＡareｔｗic