宏經(jīng)課件經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理

失業(yè)Copyright?2013華東理工大學(xué)本 探索這些問題的答案什么是“自然失業(yè)率為什么總有些人是失業(yè)者工會和最低工資法如何影響失CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 失業(yè)的確勞動(dòng)力數(shù) 勞工部勞 統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)來自于6萬個(gè)家庭的定家庭中的“成年人”（16歲及以上CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 勞動(dòng)力數(shù)BLS把 家庭中的成年人分為三個(gè)類別就業(yè)者：包括作為得到的員工而工作的人，在自己的企業(yè)里工作且得到的人，以及在家族企業(yè)里工作但拿不到的人失業(yè)者：包括能夠工作且在之前4努力找工非勞動(dòng)力：不屬于前兩個(gè)類別勞動(dòng)力定義為就業(yè)者和失業(yè)者之CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 失業(yè)= 失失業(yè)= 失業(yè)者人勞動(dòng)x勞動(dòng)力參工率= 勞動(dòng) x100%成年人失業(yè)率勞動(dòng)力參工率CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 s16yearsofageandolderresidinginthe50StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiawhoarenotinmatesofinstitutions(forexample,penalandmentalfacilitiesandhomesfortheaged)andwhoarenotonactivedutyinthe s.CaliforniaisthemostpopulousState,withabout29.7million sinthiscategoryin2013;WyomingistheleastpopulousState,withapproxima y450,000 6Employmentconsistsofall swho,duringthereferenceweek(thecalendarweekincludingthetwelfthdayofthemonth),(a)didanyworkatall(atleast1hour)aspaidemployees,workedintheirownbusinessorprofessionorontheirownfarm,orworked15hoursormoreasunpaidworkersinanenterpriseoperatedbyamemberofthefamily,or(b)werenotworkingbuthadjobsorbusinessesfromwhichtheyweretemporarilyabsentbecauseofvacation,illness,badweather,childcareproblems,maternityorpaternityleave,labor-managementdispute,jobtraining,orotherfamilyor alreasons,whetherornottheywerepaidforthetimeofforwereseekingotherjobs.Employmentin2013rangedfrom16.9millioninCaliforniadownto292,000in swhoswhonoemploymentduringthereferenceweek,wereavailableforwork,exceptfortemporaryillness,andhadmadespecificeffortstofindemploymentsometimeduringthe4-weekperiodendingwiththereferenceweek.swhowerewaitingtoberecalledtoajobfromwhichtheyhadbeenlaidoffneednothavebeenlookingforworktobeclassifiedasunemployed.Theextremesin2013wererepresentedbyCalifornia(1.7million)andNorthDakota Thecivilianlaborconsistsofallsclassifiedasemployedorunemployedasdescribedabove.California(18.6million)andWyoming(306,000)hadthelargestandsmallestlaborlevels,respectively,in2013.9Thelabor proportionoftheciviliannoninstitutionalpopulationthatisinthelabor .Thismeasureoflabor activitygrewfromabout60percentnationallyin1970toabout67percentin2000,withmuchoftheincreaseresultingfromincreasedparticipationbywomen.In2013,theparticipationratesrangedacrossStatesfrom72.0percentinNebraskato53.5percentinWestVirginia.Theemployment-populationratiorepresentstheproportionoftheciviliannoninstitutionalpopulationthatisemployed.Some preferthismeasureovertheunemploymentrateasameasureofeconomicactivityandtheeconomy’sperformance.NorthDakotaandWestVirginiahadtheextremeemployment-populationratiosin2013,69.4and50.1percent,respectively.unemployedasapercentofthecivilianlabor.Unemploymentratesmoveinverselywiththebusinesscycle,sometimeswithalag.In2013,unemploymentratesrangedfromalowof2.9percentinNorthDakotatoahighof9.8percentin主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)1：

(139.9(139.9Unemployed(14.3Notinlabor(81.7million)主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)1：參考答139.914.3154.2=14.3/154.2×100%=154.2=235.9=154.2/235.9×100%=不同人口群體的勞動(dòng)力市場數(shù)BLS統(tǒng)計(jì)了這些人口群體數(shù)CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 白人 的勞動(dòng)力市場數(shù)據(jù)2009成年人（20歲及以上，Copyright?2013華東理Copyright?2013華東理工大 白人 的勞動(dòng)力市場數(shù)據(jù)2009青少年（16-19歲失業(yè)率（%）勞動(dòng)力參工率 Copyright?Copyright?2013華東理工大 其他群體的勞動(dòng)力市場數(shù)2008年6所CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 2008年6成年(25歲及以上 CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 yNOTE:yNOTE:Estimatesfortheaboveracegroups(white,blackorAfricanAmerican,andAsian)donotsumtototalsbecausedataarenotpresentedforallraces.HispanicorLatinomaybeofanyrace.UpdatedpopulationcontrolsareintroducedannuallywiththereleaseofJanuarydata.swhoseethnicityisidentifiedsby,race,HispanicorLatino maritalstatus,anddurationofunemployment[Numbersin5weeks3(Last5to14odifiedDate:February26,15weeksandTotal,16yearsand16to198Men,16yearsand16to19Women,16yearsand16to19RACEANDHISPANICORLATINOWhite,16yearsandBlackorAfricanAmerican,16yearsandAsian,16yearsandHispanicorLatinoethnicity,16yearsandMen,16yearsandMarried,spouseWidowed,divorced,orNeverWomen,16yearsandMarried,spouseWidowed,divorced,orNever與女性的勞動(dòng)力參工 1950-2007女19501955196019651970197519801985199019952000Copyright?2013華東理工大 United2Korea,Republicbbb1bbNewSouth83United8Source:U.S.Source:U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,InternationalLabor主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)2：失業(yè)率的局限（參考答案失業(yè)率上 主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)2：參考答 喪失信心的想工作但已放棄尋找工作 主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)2：參考答 CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 大多數(shù)失業(yè)的持續(xù)時(shí)間很 知道這些事實(shí)能幫助政策制定者制定更好Copyright?2013華東理工大Copyright?2013華東理工大 自然周期CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 的失業(yè)：1960-2007勞動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力百分6 20Copyright?2013華東理工大 1960196519701975Copyright?2013華東理工大 的失業(yè)：2004-2014CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 對自然失業(yè)率的解釋：一個(gè)概即使經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況很好，失業(yè)總是存在，包括摩擦性失由于工人尋找最適合自己嗜好和技能的工作需要時(shí)而引起的失供選擇的工作足夠多時(shí)，更有可能出結(jié)構(gòu)性失由于某些勞動(dòng)市場上可提供的工作崗位數(shù)量不足以每個(gè)想工作的人提供工作而引起的失通常持續(xù)時(shí)間較Copyright?2013華東理工大 最低Copyright?2013華東理工大 尋找工尋找工作CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 公共政策和尋找工管理的就業(yè)機(jī)公共培訓(xùn)計(jì) CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 失失 當(dāng)工人失業(yè)時(shí)為他們提供部分收入保障的府計(jì)失 增加了摩擦性失CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 失即使失業(yè)降低了找工作的努力程度并失業(yè)減少收入的不確定給失業(yè)者的時(shí)間去尋找工作，并使他CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 失對失 的研究表明 高還是降低經(jīng)濟(jì)福利的看法并不一CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 最低工資CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)的解

DLCopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 工會和集體談工會用它們的市場來為工人爭取更高的的工人還能得到的其他好處CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 工會的經(jīng)濟(jì)CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 工會對經(jīng)濟(jì)是好還是壞對此的看法并不工會是一 ，它們把工資提高到支持者 業(yè)對工人的要求更積極地做出回CopyrightCopyright?2013華東理工大 效率工效率工資理論企業(yè)為了提高工人生產(chǎn)率而自愿地