研究生學(xué)術(shù)英語答案

Unit1英譯漢：15發(fā)言提綱是有效發(fā)言的基礎(chǔ)。通過寫發(fā)言提綱，你可以確保你的想法是關(guān)聯(lián)的，你的思路從一點(diǎn)談到另一點(diǎn)，你的講話結(jié)構(gòu)是連貫的，通常準(zhǔn)備演講你可以采用兩種提綱方式：詳細(xì)準(zhǔn)備提綱和簡(jiǎn)單發(fā)言提綱。aayas時(shí)，可采用準(zhǔn)備提綱的模式，盡可能使你的發(fā)言提綱簡(jiǎn)要，同時(shí)，要確保提綱清晰、易于辨認(rèn)。漢譯英：層次要清楚。演講時(shí)，語速不要過快，語言要清晰。不要總是在讀你準(zhǔn)備好的稿子。最后，你應(yīng)該經(jīng)常看一下你的聽眾。這樣，一方面你對(duì)你的聽眾表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更順利地進(jìn)行你的演講。Beforeyoudeliveranacademicspeech,firstlyyoushouldgetwellpreparedforit.Then,youshouldmakeyourmajorpointsclearinyourspeech,andyourspeechshouldbewellorganized.Whenspeaking,youshouldnotspeaktoofast,andyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Dontalwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbeforehand.Fromtimetotime,youshouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehand,youcanshowyourrespecttoyouraudience,andontheotherhand,youwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmoresmoothly.Unit2英譯漢：48Energyhasadualrelationshipwithhumanwell-being.Formostofhumanhistory,manhasbeenconcernedmainlyaboutthebenefitsideoftheenergy-well-beingequationthanktothelowcostsinvolvedinenergyuse.However,withthestaggeringscaleofenergydemandbroughtforthby100yearsofunprecedentedpopulationgrowth,coupledwithanequallyremarkablegrowthinpercapitademandofindustrialenergyforms,energyentailsincreasinglyhighercosts,bothexternalandinternalized.Ontheonehand,energyresourcesarereducingatanacceleratingspeedandenergysupplyrequireshigherinput.Ontheotherhand,theexternalcostsseemmoreworrisomebecauseenergyuseposesseriousthreatstopublichealthandsafety,keepsdisruptingtheglobalecosystem,andmaytriggerlarge-scalemilitaryconflict.前速度增長(zhǎng)，引起了能源需求的激增，同時(shí)，人均工業(yè)能源需求亦急劇增長(zhǎng)，因此，能源利用所需成本越來越高，無論是外延成本還是內(nèi)涵成本。一方面，能源資源加速減少，能源供應(yīng)所需投入越來越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢統(tǒng)，并可能引發(fā)大規(guī)模軍事沖突。漢譯英：國，過去20年中由于環(huán)境影響，石油產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)的資金成本至少上升了25%，而火電和核電生產(chǎn)的資金成本則上升了40%，甚至更多。Itisdifficulttoquantifythetotalcontributionofallthesefactorstothemonetarycostsofenergysupply,inpartbecausefactorsnotrelatedtotheenvironmentareoftenentwinedwithenvironmentalones.Forexample,constructiondelayshavebeencausednotjustbyregulatoryconstraintsbutalsobyproblemsofengineering,managementandqualitycontrol.Nevertheless,intheUS,environmentalimpactshaveincreasedthemonetarycostsofsupplyingpetroleumproductsbyatleast25percentduringthepast20years,andthecostsofgeneratingelectricityfromcoalandnuclearpowerby40percentormore.Unit3英譯漢82Twofatalwrecksinlessthana24-hourperiodovertheThanksgivingweekendkolledthreepeople,bringingtosixthenumbeiofdeathinthepasttwoweeksonSpringfieldcitystreets.Withonemonthleftintheyear,atleast17peoplehavebeenkilledinfatalityaccidentsinSpringfield,includingthethreemembersofaChicagofamilywhodiedtheweekendbeforeoninterstate44.OnSunday,springfieldhusbandandwifeJonBauer,58,andJuanitaBauer,59,diedinthe2400blockofSouthGlenstoneAvenue.Accordingtopolice,JonBauer’ssouthbound2001HyundaiSantaFesideswipeda1995ChryslerCirrus,alsoheadingsouthbound,drivenbyChaddRohde,27,ofMountainHome,Ark,ataround10:30a.m.JonBauer’svehiclecontinuedsouthandstruckabrickwallandutilitypoleatSpringfieldNationgalCemetry.TheSpringfieldFireDepartmentextractedthecouplefromthevehicle.JuanitaBauerwaspronounceddeadatthescene.JonBauer,whowanunconscious,wastransportedtoSt.John’sRegionalMedicalCenter,wherehewaslaterpronounceddead.Trafficwasshutdownforfourhoursaspoliceinvestigatedthecrash.24小時(shí)內(nèi)發(fā)生了2起車禍，撞死了3個(gè)人，使得過去兩周里斯普林菲爾德城市道路上死亡人數(shù)上升到6人。17上周在44號(hào)洲際公路上撞死的來自芝加哥的一家三口。周日，斯普林菲爾德的一對(duì)夫婦，58歲的喬恩鮑爾和59歲的詹尼特。鮑爾在南格林斯頓大道的2400街區(qū)被車撞死。2001現(xiàn)代圣達(dá)菲擦邊撞上了一輛同樣往南開的1995年生產(chǎn)的克萊斯勒斯柔斯，司機(jī)是27歲的查德。羅德，來自阿肯色州的山居。喬恩。鮑爾的車?yán)^續(xù)南行，撞在斯普林菲爾德國家公墓的磚墻上，有撞上了一根公用電線桿。斯普林菲爾德消防隊(duì)把這對(duì)夫妻從車?yán)锢鰜恚蔡啬?。鮑爾被當(dāng)場(chǎng)宣布死亡，喬恩。鮑爾不省人事，被送到圣約翰地區(qū)醫(yī)療中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在調(diào)查現(xiàn)場(chǎng)時(shí)交通被關(guān)閉了四小時(shí)。漢譯英美國的研究人員使用了一種模擬駕駛器，觀察40名志愿者分別在手持手機(jī)事故，司機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)均在打手機(jī)狀態(tài)下。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：無論手機(jī)是否處于免提狀態(tài)，司機(jī)在通話狀態(tài)下會(huì)放慢車速。此外，采取剎車措施的反應(yīng)速度也會(huì)減慢9%，二剎車后加速的速度又會(huì)減慢19%。Usingadrivingsimulator,someUSresearchersstudiedthedrivingof40people.Someofthemdrovewhiletalkingonacellphone,othersnavigatedwhiledrunk,andothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsorimpairments.Theresultsshowedthattherewerethreeaccidentsinwhichthedriversweretalkingoncellphones--alloftheminvolvingarear-ending.Theresearchhasfoundthatthosetalkingonthephonewhiledrivingaremoresluggish.Inaddition,talkingonthecellphonecanreducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbrakingand19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbrakingUnit4英譯漢118Perhapsitisoursocialconceptofwhatisfeminineandwhatismasculinethatreinforcesthestereotypethatwomentalkmorethanmen,andevencausesthesedifferentpatternsofcommunication.Maybeawomanislabeledtalkativeoriscriticizedforinterruptingifshedoesitatall,becauseourculture--aswellasmanyothercultures--teachesthatwomenshouldbequietiftheywanttobe“feminine.”Perhapsmasculinecultureencouragesboysandmentodominatetalkandtointerruptmoreoften,andmaleswhotalkalotandinterruptoftenarenotcriticizedfordoingso.Thesedifferencesinthepatternsofcommunicationandstylesofcommunicatingarestudiedbyexpertswhostudytheeffectsofgenderoncommunication.Theystudytheseeffectsinordertounderstandwhymisunderstandingsoccurbetweenmenandwomeninconversation.Often,it’sbecausetheirstylesandpatternsofconersationaresodifferent.Itisimportantthatwelearntorecognizethesedifferencessothatwecanlearntocommunicatebetterwithpeopleoftheothergender.——還有其他許多文化——們有必要認(rèn)識(shí)這些差異。中譯英DeborahTannen雖然男孩和女孩確實(shí)在一起玩某些游戲，但他們最喜歡的游戲常常是不一樣的。Tanen和其他這方面的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，男孩（比如8至12歲的男孩）喜歡在室孩按規(guī)則游戲，男孩子們?cè)谒麄兊耐姘槟抢铽@得更高度更重要的地位。Inherbest-sellingbookYouJustDon’tUnderstand,DeborahTannenpointsoutthat,althoughAmericanboysandgirl