-新教材高中英語(yǔ)Unit3CONSERVTIONSectionⅢGrammar-定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)案北師大版選擇性必修第一冊(cè)

PAGEPAGE7Grammar——定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法圖解探究發(fā)現(xiàn)①DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish?②Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.③Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.④Amiddle-agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.⑤Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.[我的發(fā)現(xiàn)]1．限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約的作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確，因而不能被省略，否則句意就不完整。2．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中主要起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間往往有逗號(hào)隔開，獨(dú)立存在，省略也不會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子的意思。一、限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句，是對(duì)先行詞從本質(zhì)或特征上進(jìn)行限制的一種定語(yǔ)從句，它所修飾的詞代表一個(gè)(些)或一類特定的人或事、物。限制性定語(yǔ)從句與被修飾詞之間的關(guān)系密切，對(duì)其起限定作用，因此不可缺少，否則會(huì)影響全句的意義。限制性定語(yǔ)從句前不用逗號(hào)。引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who，whom，that，which，whose；關(guān)系副詞有：where,when,why。Thegift(that/which)Igavetoherisapetdog.我給她的那份禮物是一只寵物狗。(thegift在后面從句中相當(dāng)于gave的賓語(yǔ)成分，所以關(guān)系代詞that/which可以省略。)Amanwhoislazycan’tlearnmuch.一個(gè)懶的人學(xué)不了多少東西。(aman在后面從句中相當(dāng)于主語(yǔ)成分，所以who不能省略。)Theyarethepeoplewhosehousesweredestroyedintheearthquake.他們是他們的房子在地震中被摧毀的那些人。Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichmyfatherworks.這是我爸爸工作的地方。Shestillrememberedthedayswhen/duringwhichshewasstudyinginChina.她仍然記得在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的那一段日子。Couldyougivemethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwaslateforschool?你能給我解釋一下你為什么遲到嗎？[即時(shí)演練1]用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空①Septemberisthedaywhenstudentsgobacktoschoolafterasummervocation.②Idon’tlikethewaythatyoutreatanimals.③Thereasonwhyhewonthefirstplaceinthecompetitionisthatnotonlydidhefollowtheteacher’sadvice,butalsohetrainedhard.二、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與被修飾詞之間的關(guān)系松散，不能對(duì)其起限定作用，而是提供有用的補(bǔ)充。在口語(yǔ)中用停頓表示，在書面表達(dá)中用逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分分開，因此句中的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who，whom，which，whose，as；關(guān)系副詞有：where,when。Igaveheragift,whichisapetdog.我給了她一份禮物，是一只寵物狗。(先行詞為物，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用which而不用that。)Hedidn’twinthechampionship,whichIhadn’texpected.他沒(méi)獲得冠軍，這一點(diǎn)是我沒(méi)預(yù)料到的。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整個(gè)句子的含義。)Heisalazyman,whocan’tlearnmuch.他很懶，學(xué)不了什么東西。Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother,whomhelovedandrespectedashisownmother.他急于想去醫(yī)院看望他的繼母，他把他的繼母當(dāng)作親生母親一樣熱愛和尊敬。Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinChongqing,whereIspentmychildhoodandfouryearsofcollegelife.畢業(yè)后，我決定留在重慶，在那里我曾度過(guò)了我的童年和四年大學(xué)生活。Hewillcomeheretomorrow,whenhewillbefree.他明天有空的時(shí)候會(huì)來(lái)這里。[即時(shí)演練2]用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空①Wefinallygottothevillage,wherewesawrowsofnewly-builthouses.②Hismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestivals,whichwasbeyondhiswildestdream.③Itwasagreatjoytoworkwithallthesepeople,everyoneofwhomissuchaniceperson.④HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoorisnowexcellent.三、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1．在句中作用不同(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整。Doyouremembertheboywhoplayedfootballyesterday?你還記得昨天打籃球的那個(gè)男孩嗎？(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其作一些附加說(shuō)明，不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語(yǔ)從句省去，主句的意義仍然完整。Mr.Wang,whogaveaspeechyesterday,isanexpertinthehospital.王先生是這家醫(yī)院的一位專家，昨天做了一個(gè)演講。2．外在表現(xiàn)形式不同限制性定語(yǔ)從句因與先行詞關(guān)系密切，所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切，所以可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.這是他曾經(jīng)居住的地方。TheywentbacktoLondon，whichwastheirhometown.他們回到了倫敦，那里是他們的家鄉(xiāng)。3．先行詞內(nèi)容有所不同大多數(shù)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞往往為某一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，而特殊情況下非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞也可為整個(gè)主句，此時(shí)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常由which引導(dǎo)。Afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.一個(gè)五歲的孩子會(huì)說(shuō)兩門外語(yǔ)，這讓在場(chǎng)的人都很吃驚。4．關(guān)系詞的使用情況有所不同(1)that不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句誤：HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,thatpleasedheralot.正：HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.[名師點(diǎn)津]值得注意的是，不少同學(xué)誤認(rèn)為只有which才能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如果先行詞指人，則用who,which或whose引導(dǎo)；先行詞指物可用which引導(dǎo)；先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用when,where引導(dǎo)。We’llgraduateinJuly,whenwewillbefree.我們將于七月份畢業(yè)，到那時(shí)我們就自由了。LastSundaytheyreachedNanjing,whereaconferencewastobeheld.他們上周日到達(dá)了南京，有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。(2)關(guān)系代詞替代情況不同關(guān)系代詞whom在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可用who代替，但whom在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不可用who來(lái)代替。Thisisthegirl(whom/who)Imetinthestreet.這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。ThisisJack,whomyouhaven’tmetbefore.這是杰克，你以前沒(méi)見過(guò)。[名師點(diǎn)津]在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞指人時(shí)可用that代替who/whom,但在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞指人時(shí)，不可用that代替who/whom.誤：Shehasasister,thatisateacher.正：Shehasasister,whoisteacher.(3)關(guān)系代詞省略情況不同關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省略。Thisisthebook(which/that)helostyesterday.這就是他昨天丟的那本書。Thebook,whichhelostyesterday,hasbeenfound.他昨天丟了這本書，但現(xiàn)在已找到了。[即時(shí)演練3]用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空①HaveyoueverbeentoXi’an,whichIlefttenyearsago.②Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.③I’llfindanicegirl,whomIwanttomarry.④I’llcomeatten,whenI’llbefree.⑤Istillrememberthedays(that/which)IspentinBeijing.⑥Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily,wheretheparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.四、which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的異同1．相同點(diǎn)兩者引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可指代主句中的部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，位于主句之后有時(shí)可互換。Themeetingwasputoff,as/whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.會(huì)議被推遲了，這正是我們所希望的。2．區(qū)別(1)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性從句只能位于主句之后。Asisknowntoall,fishcan’tlivewithoutwater.眾所周知，離開了水，魚兒無(wú)法生存。Shetoldmeshewonthematch,whichwasalie.她告訴我她贏得了比賽，這是一個(gè)謊言。(2)as常用“正如”含義，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有asweknow/asisknowntoall(眾所周知)；asoftenhappens(正如常發(fā)生的那樣)；asisoftenthecase(情況常常如此);asweallcansee(正如我們看到的);asbeannounced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported,asthesayinggoes(俗話說(shuō))等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)常放在句首，偶爾也可以放在句中或句末。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Asthesayinggoes,“AllroadsleadstoRome”.俗話說(shuō)，“條條大路通羅馬”。[即時(shí)演練4]用as或which填空①Katewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.②Hedidn’tsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichseemedverystrange.③Mybrotherenjoyedplayingbasketball,whichhereallyplayswell.④Air,asweallknow,isgas.Ⅰ.用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空1．Occasionsarequiterarewhenmyparentssharetheiropinionswithme.2．Canyoutellmeasituationwherebodylanguageistheonlyformofcommunication?3．I,whoamyourclosestfriend,willalwayssupportyou.4．Wewentthroughaperiodwhencommunicationisdifficultintheearthquakestrickenarea.5．Itisreportedthattwoschools,bothofwhicharebeingbuiltinourhometown,willopennextyear.6．Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,duringwhichtimehestudiedhardandwaselectedchairmanoftheStudents’Union.7．InChinathereismid-autumnfestival,whenpeopleadmirethemoonandgivegiftsofmooncakes.8．Signsandpostersshouldbeputupinareaswheresmokingisnotallowed.9．Heisoneofthestudentswhoaregoodatclassicalmusic.10．Therainwashedawaythetrack,whichpreventedthetrainfromrunning.Ⅱ.補(bǔ)全句子1．IwillneverforgettheautumnwhenIwenttotheFragrantHilltoseetheredleaveswithyou.我將不會(huì)忘記和你一起去香山看紅葉的那個(gè)秋天。2．Astheteachertoldmeyesterday,weshouldbeconfidentofourfuture.正像老師昨天說(shuō)的那樣，我們要對(duì)未來(lái)充滿信心。3．Inourclass,wehavesomestudentswhosecompositionsarewellwritten.我們班有很多作文寫得好的學(xué)生。4．ThisisthemostimpressiveTVthathasneverbeenputonshowbefore.這是一部以前從未上映過(guò)的給人印象最深刻的電視劇。5．Hardworkistheonlywaythatleadstoyoursuccess.努力工作是引導(dǎo)你成功的唯一辦法。6．Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太陽(yáng)溫暖了地球，使得萬(wàn)物得以生長(zhǎng)。7．Iwillkeepyouinformediftheplacewherewe’retohavetheSpeechContestisdecided.如果我們舉辦演講比賽的地點(diǎn)定下來(lái)，我會(huì)通知你的。8．Thisisthepainterwhosehousealotofpictureswerestolenfrom.這就是那位家里有許多畫被盜的畫家。9．Thebridgeonwhichtheywerestandingcollapsed.他們站在上面的那座橋倒塌了。10．Thechildwasaddictedtocomputergames,whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.這孩子沉迷于玩電腦游戲，這使他父母很擔(dān)心。Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空Asthenamesuggests,SichuanHotPotwasborninSichuanProvince,1isknownforitsThe3(common)acceptedtheorytracestheSichuanHotPotbacktoearly20centurywhentheportworkersandfishermenwhoworkedandlivedalongtheYangtzeRivercouldnotafford4(eat)theregularcutsofmeatsotheyfiguredoutawaytocookcheapmeatsandoffal(內(nèi)臟)5boilingtheminapotofextremelyspicysoup.Theuseofspicysoupwasfirst6(intend)tocoverthetastefromtheoffal.However,aftersome7(adjust)offragrantspices,thisonepotmealbecameapopulardishinSichuanregion.Afteryearsofcontinuousdevelopment,eatingSichuanHotPottoday8(be)nolongerwhatthepoorlike.Offalstillremainsasclassichotpotingredients,9highqualitymeatsandseafoodingredientsarealsocommononthemenu.The