考研英語真題及答案

2002年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題（一）

NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）

考生注意事項(xiàng)

1.考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考人員指令后方可開始答題。

2.答題前，考生應(yīng)將答題卡上的“考生姓名"、“報考單位“、“考試語種“、"考生

編號”等信息填寫清楚，并與準(zhǔn)考證上的一致。

3.全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語分為試題（一）、試題（二）。

4.本試題為試題（一），共4頁（1?4頁）?？忌仨氃谝?guī)定的時間內(nèi)作答。

5.試題（一）為聽力部分。該部分共有A、B、C三節(jié)，所有答案都應(yīng)填寫或填涂在答題

卡1上。A、B兩節(jié)必須用藍(lán)（黑）圓珠筆答題，注意字跡清楚。C節(jié)必須用2B鉛筆按

照答題卡上的要求填涂，如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。

6.聽力考試進(jìn)行時，考生應(yīng)先將答案寫或標(biāo)記在試題上，然后在聽力部分結(jié)束前專門留

出的5分鐘內(nèi)，將答案整潔地譽(yù)寫或轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡1上。僅寫或標(biāo)記在試題上不給分。

SectionIListeningComprehension

Directions：

ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.You

willhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat

accompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartAfPartBandPartC.

Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersin

yourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave

5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.

NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.

PartA

Directions：

ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.

Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou，veheard.Someof

theinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumber

ineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25seconds

toreadthetablebelow.（5points）

Welch,sPersonalInformation

PlaceofBirthPhiladelphia

YearofBirth1901

2大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920

MajoratUniversity1

FinalDegreePhD

YearofMarriage1928

GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2

FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3

MainInterest4

ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5

Death(Age)77

PartB

Directions：

Forquestions6-10fyouwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.While

youlisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3

wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25seconds

toreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)

Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecamped

outfordaysoutsidethespeaker?shome?

Onereportergottothespeaker's

apartmentpretendingtopay.

Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwanted

apictureofherlooking

Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestory

usuallyplaced?

Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswill

losereadersunlesstheeditorsandthe

newsdirectors

PartC

Directions：

Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,you

willhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereach

questionbychoosing[A],[B]f[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimeto

checkyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)

Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.You

nowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.

11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?

[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.

[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.

EC]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.

[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.

12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo.

[A]getenoughentertainment

[B]havemoreactivities

[C]receiveearlyeducation

[D]haveregularcheckups

13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould.

[A]benoplaceforplay

[B]benearacommonarea

[C]havenoTVsets

[D]haveacomputerforstudy

Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younow

have15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.

14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewants

tosaveup?

[A]Familydebts.

[B]Banksavings.

[C]Monthlybills.

[D]Spendinghabits.

15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?

[A]$190,000.

[B]$330,000.

[C]$500,000.

[D]$1,000,000.

16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?

[A]Investintoamutualfund.

[B]Usethediscounttickets.

[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.

[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.

Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,a

domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.

17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer?spredictionofthechangeindivorce

4大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

rate?

[A]Fall

[B]Rise

[C]V-shape

[D]Zigzag

18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?

[A]Toembracechangesofthought.

[B]TOadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.

[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand’70s.

[D]TOcreatestabilityintheirlives.

19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?

LA]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.

[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.

[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.

[D]theywerewillingtostaytogether.

20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave.

[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.

EB]haddifficultybeingpromoted.

[C]enjoyedahappierlife.

[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.

Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWER

SHEET1.

THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONI

DONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTION

UNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE

全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題（二）

NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）

考生注意事項(xiàng)

1.考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考人員指令后方可開始答題。

2.全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語分為試題（一）、試題（二）。

3.本試題為試題（二），共11頁（5?15頁），含有英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解、寫作三個部

分。英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)的答案必須用2B鉛筆按要求直接填涂在答題卡1上，

如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。閱讀理解B節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍(lán)（黑）圓珠筆在答

題卡2上答題，注意字跡清楚。

4.考試結(jié)束后，考生應(yīng)將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，將試題(一)、試題(二)

交給監(jiān)考人員。

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

[A],[B]f[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcentury

andthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened

21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthe

newspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23followinginthewakeofthe

pamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesame

timethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,the

railway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotion

pictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Not

everyoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29thattheintroductionofthecomputerin

theearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduring

the1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnot

immediately32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,

andtheybecame“personal“too,aswellas33withdisplaybecomingsharper

andstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,

withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm^informationsociety”beganto

bewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunications

revolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothabout

placeandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,

socialandculturalimplications."Benefits”havebeenweighed40"harmful”

outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between

[B]before

[C]since

[D]later

22.[A]after

[B]by

[C]during

[D]until

6大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

23.[A]means

[B]method

[C]medium

[D]measure

24.[A]process

[B]company

[C]light

[D]form

25.[A]gathered

[B]speeded

[C]worked

[D]picked

26.[A]on

[B]out

[C]over

[D]off

27.[A]of

[B]for

[C]beyond

[D]into

28.[A]concept

[B]dimension

[C]effect

[D]perspective

29.[A]indeed

[B]hence

[C]however

[D]therefore

30.[A]brought

[B]followed

[C]stimulated

[D]characterized

31.[A]unless

[B]since

[C]lest

[D]although

32.[A]apparent

LB]desirable

[C]negative

[D]plausible

33.[A]institutional

[B]universal

[C]fundamental

[D]instrumental

34.[A]ability

EB]capability

[C]capacity

[D]faculty

35.[A]bymeansof

[B]intermsof

[C]withregardto

[D]inlinewith

36.[A]deeper

[B]fewer

[C]nearer

[D]smaller

37.[A]context

[B]range

[C]scope

[D]territory

38.[A]regarded

[B]impressed

[C]influenced

[D]effected

8大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

39.[A]competitive

[B]controversial

[C]distracting

[D]irrational

40.[A]above

[B]upon

[C]against

[D]with

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

[A]t[B],[C]or[D]MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhow

toidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttothe

audienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstand

theirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhom

youareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroup

ofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries；

alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheir

disorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanursesJconvention,ofastorywhich

workswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.Amanarrives

inheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,

beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeand

friendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushed

asidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfood

andstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.

Peter."Oh,that'sGod,“camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sa

doctor.”

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinaposition

toknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'11be

appropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodor

thechairman?snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn't

attempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparaging

remarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergroundifyou

sticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmore

natural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucan

deliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcauses

theaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworan

unbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliar

quoteuIfatfirstyoudon,tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.

Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafew

wordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.

[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience

EB]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople

[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople

[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.

[A]impolitetonewarrivals

[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole

[C]entitledtosomeprivileges

[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople

[B]arethefocusofpublicattention

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor

[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.

[A]inwell-wordedlanguage

[B]asawkwardlyaspossible

[C]inexaggeratedstatements

ED]ascasuallyaspossible

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

[A]UseHumorEffectively

[B]VariousKindsofHumor

[C]AddHumortoSpeech

[D]DifferentHumorStrategies

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtools

10大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

tocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.That

compulsionhasresultedinrobotics一一thescienceofconferringvarioushuman

capabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanical

versionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmos

whosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhuman

labor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdone

atautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthe

transaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthanks

tothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,thereare

alreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywith

submillimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscan

achievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywill

havetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafew

decisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.uWhileweknowhow

totellarobottohandleaspecificerror,saysDaveLavery,managerofarobotics

programatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliably

interactwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixed

results.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappeared

thattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionof

thehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthat

forecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain's

roughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhuman

perceptionfarmorecomplicated-一thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobots

thatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterin

acontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychanging

sceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneously

focusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspicious

faceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan,tapproach

thatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.

46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.

[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

EB]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork

47.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.

[A]programs

[B]experts

[C]devices

[D]creatures

48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobot

thatcan.

[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally

[C]havealittlecommonsense

[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld

49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.

[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

[C]improvefactoryenvironments

[D]cultivatehumancreativity

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreed

tosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,

upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscary

memoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalso

almosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobal

economicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.

Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthern

hemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobeless

severethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsfor

asmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxes

accountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesin

thepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsoless

sensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuels

andadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereduced

oilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthan

12大家版詞典級22年考研英語真題及答案逆序版

steelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomies

nowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomic

Outlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith

$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly

0.25~0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.

Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhas

shifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriously

squeezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unlike

therisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneral

commodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworld

isonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist7scommoditypriceindex

isbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,and

in1979byalmost30%.

51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.

[A]globalinflation

LB]reductioninsupply

[C]fastgrowthineconomy

[D]Iraq,ssuspensionofexports

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoup

dramaticallyif.

[A]priceofcruderises

[B]commoditypricesrise

[C]consumptionrises

[D]oiltaxesrise

53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.

[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive

[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices

EC]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed

[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow

[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices

[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry

55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

LA]optimistic

[B]sensitive

[C]gloomy

[D]scared

Text4

TheSupremeCourtJsdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportant

implicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assisted

suicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofudoubleeffect,w

acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-一agood

onethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleifthe

actorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdoses

ofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasing

dosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthatthe

principlewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsisted

thattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainif

thatmighthastendeath.”

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintains

that,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,the

doctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.

“It'slikesurgery,hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecause

thedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.

Ifyou,reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon,t

intendtheirsuicide.”

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethatthe

assisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhom

modernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,the

NationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath：

ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainand

theaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolong

andevendishonortheperiodofdying“asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,

totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicare

billingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessing

andtreating