大學教學課件：國際商務翻譯教程

國際商務翻譯教程ContentsChapterIABriefIntroductiontoTranslationPart1WhatIsTranslation?Part2TypesofTranslationPart3TranslationIstheCombinationofScienceandArtPart4Effective（Meaningful）TranslationIsPossibleChapterIIBusinessEnglishandItsLanguageFeaturesPart1WhatIsBusinessEnglish?Part2TheLanguageFeaturesofBusinessEnglish

ContentsChapterIIICriteriaofTranslationPart1ABriefIntroductiontoTranslationStandardsBothatHomeandAbroadPart2StandardforBusinessEnglishTranslationChapterIVTheProcessofTranslationPart1ProcessPart2ComprehensionPart3ExpressionPart4Multi-expressions

ContentsChapterVTranslationTechniquesandMethodsPart1DictionPart2ExtensionPart3ConversionPart4AmplificationPart5OmissionPart6DivisionPart7TranslationofEnglishAttributiveClausesPart8TranslationofEnglishPassiveVoicePart9TranslationofEnglishLongSentences

ContentsPart10BusinessEnglishAbbreviationsandTheirTranslationintoChinesePart11TranslationofPracticalWritingPart12TranslationofEnglishAdvertisementsKeystoTranslationDrills

Part1WhatIsTranslation?Translationis,essentially,thefaithfulrepresentation,inonelanguage,ofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.By“faithfulrepresentation”,itismeantthattranslatingmustaimprimarilyatreproducingthemessageratherthanthekeepingoftheformoftheoriginaltext.AsEnglishandChinesebelongtoentirelydifferentlanguagefamilies,thereisagreatdiscrepancybetweentheminculturalsetting,wayofthinking,expressions,diction,sentencestructures,sentenceorder,etc.Hence,forachievingfunctionalequivalence,thatis,equalityofmeanings,itoftenrequiresadjustmentoftheoriginalform.ChapterI

ABriefIntroductiontoTranslationExample公司簡介，公司結構，業(yè)務范圍，公司歷程CorporateProfile/AboutUs;OrganizationChart;MajorBusinesses/BusinessLine;HistoryDifferentlanguageshavedifferentwaysofsayingthings.Forkeepinggenuineequivalence,sometimeswehavetotransferfromoneformintoanother.Theaboveservesasareadyinstance.ExampleThereisanhourly（1）shiftfromLondontoParis(2)knownastheAirbus（3）capableofseating521people.從倫敦到巴黎的航線上（2）有一種稱之為“空中巴士”的客機，(3)能夠乘坐521名乘客，（1）每小時一航班。Asimplesentenceasitis,theoriginalisabitcomplicatedinstructure,containingaparticipialphraseandanadjectivephrasecarryingmuchinformation.AsaChinesesentencetendstobeshortandlaconic,intranslationitisimpossibletokeeptheoriginalstructurebutnecessarytoseparateitintoseveralparts.Besides,asemphasisfallsonaction（shift）intheoriginalsentencewhichgoescontrarytotheusageofChinese,thereshouldbearearrangementofsentenceorderintheversion.ExamplesMattercanbeturnedintoenergyandenergy,matter.物質(zhì)能夠轉(zhuǎn)換成能量，能量能夠轉(zhuǎn)換成物質(zhì)。Youcanfindoutthewavelengthifyouknowthefrequency.知道頻率，就可以求出波長。I’mgoingtohavemymealsinthedininghall.我今天準備在食堂吃飯。Intheabovethreeexamples,toreproducetheclosestnaturalequivalents,someadjustments,includingamplification,omissionandconversionareneeded.Part2TypesofTranslationI.AccordingtoScopeFulltranslationPartialtranslationII.AccordingtoBasicMethodsFreetranslation（domestication）Literaltranslation（foreignization）Word-for-wordtranslationIII.AccordingtoWayofWorkTranslation/translatorInterpretation/interpreterIV.AccordingtoMaterialScientifictranslationLiterarytranslationDocumentarytranslationTranslationofpracticalwriting（includingBusinessEnglish,TourismEnglishetc.）V.LinguisticElementsOriginal（source）languageTarget（receptor）languagePart3TranslationIstheCombinationofScienceandArtTranslation,ononehand,hasmuchtodowithlinguistics,rhetoric,psychology,sociology,semiotics,etc,andshouldbegovernedbytheirrules.Forinstance,indoingtranslationwehavetofollowtheprinciplesandwayofworkoflinguisticstostudywordsandanalyzestructures.Onanotherhand,itseeksthehelpofpersons’inspiration,appreciationandartisticaccomplishment.Asaresultoftheabovetwofactors,itcanbeseenthattranslationisnoeasythingtodo,requiringpainstakingefforts,evenifwhatwetranslateisasimplesentence.ExampleHesentmeanoteofwelcome,assunnyashisface.他送給我一封短信，對我表示歡迎；那信寫得熱情洋溢，一如其人。Thoughthisisasimplesentence,itisnoteasytounderstandit,includingtherealordeepmeaningof“note”and“sunny”,astheformerisapolysemouswordandthelaterisafigurativeone.Wehavetomakesuretheexactmeaningof“note”（ashortletter）accordingtothecontextandtodigouttheextendedmeaningof“sunny”（warm）here.Part4Effective（Meaningful）TranslationIsPossibleA.humanexperienceismuchalikethroughouttheworld.Everyoneeats,sleeps,works,isrelatedtofamilies,experienceslove,hatred,jealousy,etc,iscapableofloyaltyandfriendshipandemploysmanyfacialgestureswhicharealmostuniversal（laughing,smiling,frowning,etc.）Infact,whatpeopleofdifferentcultureshaveincommonisfargreaterthanwhatseparatesthemfromoneanother.Thatis,thereisnormalorstandardbehaviorbetweenlanguages.B.peopletendtothinkmuchthesamewaythoughtheyhavedifferentcultures.Theyfollowthesametrainofthoughtandtrytobereasonable

inwritingortalking.Theyhavethecapacitytoimaginewhatotherpeoplethinkandact.C.differentlanguageshavedifferentforms,buttheyenjoythesameeffect.Inotherwords,differentformscanbeusedtosuggestthesameobject,ideas,etc.Forexample,theEnglishword“school”anditsChineseequivalent“學?！盿redifferentinformbutareusedforexpressingthesameidea,namely,“aplaceforpeople,usuallychildren,tolearn”.ChapterIIBusinessEnglishandItsLanguageFeaturesPart1WhatIsBusinessEnglish?TheEnglishconcernedwithvariousfieldsofcommercialactivitiessuchasthetechnologytransfer,foreigntrade,theintroductionofforeigninvestment,internationalfinancing,transnationaltourism,internationaltransportation,isasawholecalledbusinessEnglish.BusinessEnglishletters,contracts,telexesandtelegrams,documents,advertisementsallbelongtothiscategory.BusinessEnglishisabranchofspecialEnglishinuseandanapplicationofEnglishinabusinessoccasion.ItisclassifiedbymanylinguistsintoEnglishforSpecialPurposes（ESP）

Part2TheLanguageFeaturesofBusinessEnglishI.ExpositoryBusinessEnglishmainlybelongstoexpositorywriting,givingexplanation,illustration,classification,instruction,definition,etc.Itfollowsaprincipleofpresentinginformation,facts,figures,numbers,termsinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.Examples“Deliverydate”meanstheseconddayofthedeadlineoftheoperationperiod.“轉(zhuǎn)讓日期”指運行期最后一天的第二天。（definition）Acontractshallbeanagreementwherebythepartiesestablish,changeorterminatetheircivilrelationship.合同是當事人之間設立、變更、終止民事關系的協(xié)議。（definition）Businessisacombinationofalltheseactivities：production,distributionandsale,throughwhichprofitoreconomicsurpluswillbecreated.商務是指生產(chǎn)、配送、銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動，創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余。（definition）TheresultingGeneralLedgersubsystemhasfourparts:entryprocessing,financialreporting,accountdetailinquiryandperiodendprocessing.因而總賬的子系統(tǒng)包括四部分：記錄處理、財務報告、賬戶詳細查詢、期末處理。（classification）Generallyspeaking,Englishcanbedividedintotwokinds:BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.一般而言，英語可分為兩種：英式英語和美式英語。（classification）ThiscontractismadeoutinduplicateinChineseandinEnglishLanguage,oneChineseoriginalcopyandoneEnglishoriginalcopyforeachparty,bothtextbeingequallyauthentic.本合同用中文和英文書寫，一式二份，雙方各執(zhí)一份中文正本和一份英文正本。兩種文本具有同等效力。（illustration）Inlanguage,thereisthewideuseofsimplepresenttense,passivevoice“,it”structure...e.g.Itisheld/suggested/admitted/acknowledged...Itisexpectedthatthefranchiseeshouldunderstandandsupportallcorporategoals.期待特許加盟人理解、支持公司所有的目標。Itissuggestedthatthisyear’sannualmeetingofourcompanybeputofftillnextmonth.建議敝公司本年度年會延期至下月舉行。II.SpecializedBusinessEnglishisthecombinationofEnglishandtheknowledgeofmanybranchesoflearning,suchasmarketing,economics,finance,accountancyandmanagement,asaresultofwhichthereisaheavyuseofrelatedtechnicalterms（includingconversionofcommonwords）.Exampleanoutstandingcheck未兌現(xiàn)支票“Outstanding”incommonEnglishmeans“excellent”or“remarkable”,butinfinancialEnglishitsuggests“unpaid”.Examplesfutures/drugs/buy期貨、滯銷貨、便宜貨ForceMajeure（不可抗力），draftatsight（即期匯票），letterofcredit（信用證），billoflading（提單），documentsagainstacceptance（承兌交單），billofexchange（匯票），fixedcapital（固定資本）offer（發(fā)盤）；afirmoffer（實盤）,counteroffer（還盤）Quotation,pricelist,performainvoiceandsoforthallbeusedinan“offer”.報價單，價格單，形式發(fā)票等都可以用作“發(fā)盤”。offer（要約）;offeror（要約人）;offeree（受要約人）；accept（承兌）；acceptor（承兌人）；acceptee（接受承兌人）Beingthebestmeansensuringthatourowner/operators,employees,andsuppliersreflectandrepresentthediversepopulationsMcDonald’sservesaroundtheworld.（成為最佳）還意味著確保我們的業(yè)主/經(jīng)營者、雇員、供應商能折射出并代表麥當勞全球服務各式各樣的人群狀況。

III.FormalandStandardinStyle1.BeingComplete,LongandComplicatedinSentenceStructureExamplesWithaviewtoexpandinginternationaleconomiccooperationandtechnologicalexchange,thePeople’sRepublicofChinapermitsforeigncompanies,enterprisesandothereconomicorganizationsorindividualsto

establishequityjointventurestogetherwithChinesecompanies,enterprises,orothereconomicorganizationswithintheterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheprincipleofequalityandmutualbenefitandsubjecttoapprovalbytheChineseGovernment.中華人民共和國為了擴大國際經(jīng)濟合作和技術交流，容許外國公司、企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟組織或個人，按照平等互利的原則，經(jīng)中國政府批準，在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)，同中國的公司、企業(yè)或其他經(jīng)濟組織共同舉辦合營企業(yè)。cf.IwaswalkingbytheThames.Halfpastmorningonanautumnday.Suninamist,likeanorangeinafriedfishshop.Allbrightbelow.Lowtide,dustywater,andacrookedbar

ofstraw,chicken-boxes,dirtandoil

from

mudtomud.Likeaviperswimminginskimmilk.Theoldserpent,symbolofloveandnature.（from“TheHorse’sMouth”）我沿著泰晤士河行走。一個秋日的早晨，已過一半時分。太陽蒙上了一層薄霧，像是炸魚店里的一只橙子。下面整個世界一片明亮。落潮了，河水布滿了灰塵，水上漂著一只歪歪扭扭的稻草把，幾只雞籠子。油污蠕動著流過一灘灘爛泥，宛如脫脂乳里游動的一條蝰蛇。這個撒旦，大自然和愛的象征。

Theabovetwoexamplesstandinstrikingcontrastinlanguagestyle.Theformerbelongstotypicalcontractuallanguage,beinglongandcomplicated,containingalotofinformationwiththebasicstructureexpressingmainideaandseveralprepositionalphrasesandoneadjective

phraseusedasadverbialsserving“purpose,mannerandconditions”.ButthelatterisclearlycommonEnglish,usedasliterarylanguage.Thewholepassage,exceptforthefirstsentence,belongstonominalstructure,beingincompleteandshort,withemphasisfallingonimages.2.UseofFormalStructuresExamplesIfPartyBshouldfailtocommittheContract...Should/IncasePartyBfailtocommittheContract...InBusinessEnglish,formalstructuresalsofindexpressionin:

1）UseofFixedSentencePatternsExamplesINWITNESSWHEROF,thiscontracthasbeenexecutedbythepartiesasofthedatefirstabovewritten.本合同于合同簽署之日生效，以此為證。由

與

同意按下列條款，簽訂本合同。TheContractismadebyandbetween

andaccordingtothetermsandconditionsbelow.根據(jù)

,本著

，經(jīng)過

，雙方同意

。茲訂立本合同。Inaccordancewith

,adheringto

andthrough

,bothpartiesagree

.

TheContractisworkedoutthereunder.我們已收悉你們第A3481號信用證，非常感謝。Weareinreceiptof/admit/acknowledge/receiptof/havereceivedyourL/CNo.A3481withthanks.我們已收到用以支付你們第162號訂單的第D76385號信用證。WehavereceivedyourL/CNo.D76385coveringyourOrderNo.162.我們很高興收到你們第712號訂單，再次訂購電動打字機。WearepleasedtohavereceivedyourOrderNo.712forafurthersupplyofelectrictypewriters.隨函附上發(fā)票和提單。Weareenclosingtheinvoiceandthebilloflading.一接到你們回信，我們即電報開出信用證。UponreceiptofyourreplywewillopenanL/Cbycable.根據(jù)貴方5月6日來函，我方樂意訂購下列貨物。Withreferenceto/Regarding/Inreplyto/referringtoyourletterofMay6,wearepleasedtogiveanorderforthefollowinggoods.鑒于甲、乙雙方就合作建設××縣××生物化工有限公司（位于指定地點××省××市）以玉米為原料10萬噸/年無水酒精裝置中脫水裝置工程達成一致。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國合同法》及有關規(guī)定，為明確雙方在項目承包建設過程中的權利、義務和經(jīng)濟責任，經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商同意簽訂本合同。雙方達成協(xié)議如下：Whereas,thereisanagreementreachedbetweenthefirstPartyandthesecondPartyconcerningtheircooperativeconstructionofdehydrationprojectintheinstallationofonehundredthousandtons/yearabsolutealcoholproductionwithcornasrawmaterials,atthe

designatedlocationof××County,××BiochemicalCo.,Ltd.,××,××Province.InaccordancewithTheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandotherregulations

andrulesconcerned,andforascertainingtherights,obligationsandeconomicliabilitiesofpartiesintheprocessofcontractingthisprojectconstruction,bothPartieshaveagreedtosignthiscontractwiththetermsandconditionsstipulatedasfollows.

2）UseofPhrasesInsteadofSubordinateClausesExamplesanagreementwhichhasbeenapproved/approvedby/undertheapprovalof/subjecttotheapprovalby/subjectedfortheapprovalofthegovernment3）UseofFormalWordsandExpressionsExamplesForma（lLegal）wordsOrdinarywordscommit/performcarryout/doCommencebeginwithregardtoaboutanticipateexpectterminateendsurrendergivecertifyprovenotifytellcompletefinishabbreviateshortencategoryclassparticipatetakepartinevidenceproofillustrate/demonstrateshowwitnessseeutilizeuseresidencehousebeoftheopinionthinkencountermeetcf.Mr.andMrs.FernandoSmithrequestthepleasureofyourcompanyatdinneronSaturday,thefourthofJulyathalfpastseveno’clockSeabreezEdgartown,MassachusettsR.S.V.PBOX636Edgartown,Massachusetts02539凡納得·史密斯夫婦敬備小酌，恭請光臨7月4日（星期六）下午7:30麻省埃得加鎮(zhèn)海風酒樓恭候回音636信箱埃得加鎮(zhèn)，麻省02539DearMr.andMrs.White,WillyouhavedinnerwithusatourhouseonSaturday,Marchthefirst,atseveno’clock?Ithasbeenalongtimesincewehadthepleasureofseeingyou,andwedohopeyouwillfinditpossibletobewithus.Sincerelyyours,JohnSmith親愛的懷特先生及夫人：請于3月1日（星期六）7點來我家共進晚餐。我們已好久未見面了，非常希望你們能與我們相聚。你們忠誠的，約翰·史密斯Ifwecomparetheabovetwoexamples,wecanseethefirstisaformalinvitation,withrigidformandtheuseofrefinedwordsandexpressionssuchas“request,pleasure,yourcompany,R.S.V.P.,”beingstandardanddignified.Whilethesecond,servingasanote,obviouslybelongstoinformallanguage.Thisincludes:（1）UseofArchaicWordsExampleshereafter=afterthis（自此，今后），hereby=bythismeans（特此，茲），herein=inthis（此中，于此），hereinafter=laterinthisContract（在下文中），hereof=ofthis（在本文中），thereto=tothat（另外，隨附），thereof=ofthat（其中，它的），whereas=since（鑒于），whereby=accordingtowhich（憑借），whereupon=hence（因此，于是）

e.g“.Products”meansanyandallagriculturalproductsoranyproductsderivedtherefrom.“產(chǎn)品”一詞，是指一切農(nóng)產(chǎn)品或由此衍生的任何產(chǎn)品。（2）UseofPrepositionalPhrasesExamples

withaviewto（withtheaimof）,withrespectto（concerning）,inlinewith（accordingto）,withreferenceto（about）,forthepurposeof（for）,intheeventof（if）,incaseof（if）e.g.Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theChinesetextshallprevail.若對解釋產(chǎn)生異議，以中文文本為準。IV.TightinLogicExampleDearSirs,OurOrderNo.2468YourS/CNo.9501WewishtorefertoourOrderNo.2468andyourS/CNo.9501,inwhichyoupromisedtoshipthegoodsweorderedinthemiddleofJuneandsendthemtoShanghaiPortbytheendofJune.Butwe’dliketocallyourattentiontothefactthatuptonownonewshascomefromyouabouttheshipmentunderthecaptionedOrderandS/C.Aswesaid,Julyistheseasonforthiscommodityinyourmarket,andthetimeofdeliveryisamatterofgreatimportancetous.ThedelayofyourshipmentmadeusloseUS$200,000.Undersuchcircumstance,wehavetolodgeaclaimofUS$100,000withyou.Wefeelsurethatyouwillgiveourclaimyourmostfavorableconsiderationandletushaveyoursettlementatanearlydate.Yoursfaithfully,×××Intheaboveexample,thefirstparagraphmentionsthecommitmentofthesupplier.Thesecondparagraphstatesthattheotherpartydidn’timplementthecommitment.Thethirdparagraphappealsthattheviolationofthecontracthasbroughtagreatlosstothewriter.Thefourthparagraphputsforwardtheclaim.Thelastparagraphexpressesthewriter’swishthatthewriterwantstogetcompensation.Applyingthis“problem-solutionpattern”,namelysynthesizingfactsinthefirstthreeparagraphssoastoleadaclaimandanearlysettlementinthelasttwoparagraphs,thewriterweavestheletterwithclearsequenceandstronglogicofcauseandeffect.

V.UseofPlainandAccurateLanguageWordsincommercialcorrespondenceshouldbecommonandeasytounderstand.Thelanguageshouldbeclearandconcise.Trytocomparethefollowing:c.f.WithreferencetoyourrequestforanextensiononyournoteunderdateofFebruary7,wehaveconsideredthemattercarefullyandarepleasedtotellyouthatwewillbewillingtoallowyouanadditional90daystomakepaymentonyournote.關于你的要求延期支付2月7日到期的貸款一事，我們很高興地通知您：在對這件事情慎重考慮之后，我們同意多給您90天的寬限期來支付款項。Wearepleasedtoallowyouanadditional90daystopayyournotedatedFebruary7.我們很樂意多給您90天的時間來支付2月7日到期的貸款。AsBusinessEnglishinvolvesironed-hardfacts,data,cleardutiesorobligationsordefinitestipulations,itadmitsnovaguelanguagesoastoavoidanymisunderstandingtothepartiesconcerned.c.f.Wewishtoconfirmourtelexdispatchedyesterday.WeconfirmourtelexofJuly2nd,2012.Asaresult,1.literalwordsinsteadoffigurativewordsarewidelyusedinBusinessEnglishexceptforadsetc.ExamplesWearedelightedtoreceiveyourletterofNovember18askingwhetherwecansupplyyouwithArt.No6024.很高興收到你方11月18日來函，詢問我方可否供應6024貨號商品。從4月1日起到10月20日止這一期間交貨。TheperiodforshipmentbeginsonApril1andendsonOctober20（,bothdatesinclusive）c.f.Adelite:Doeslovemeansomuch,Mom?Mom:Sometimes.Sometimesitkeepsyoufromdrowning.愛蒂麗特：媽媽，愛情很有意義嗎？媽媽：有時有，有時可以使你免得意氣沮喪。Butinsomecases,forexample,inads,figurativewordsorcolorfulwordsaresometimesneeded.ExamplesFromsharpmindscomeSharpproducts.夏普產(chǎn)品，源自智慧頭腦。Eastorwest,Zhanggongisthebest.東南西北中，好酒在張弓。Beelegantandwithnicepersonality.舉止優(yōu)雅，性情溫和。Astablepersonalityandhighsenseofprogressandresponsibility.性格穩(wěn)定，富有進取心，責任心強。Excellentpresentationandcommunicationskills.具有良好的表述及溝通能力。Haveproblemsolving/analyticalskills.具有分析及解決問題的能力。HaveagoodcommandofbusinessEnglish,andbeexperiencedincomputeroperation.精通商務英語，能熟練使用電腦。Skilledathandlingcommercialcorrespondence.能熟練處理商務信函。HavebasicEnglishandinterpersonalskills.具有基本英語能力及人際關系技巧。Haveexperienceininternationalsalesandabilitytoproduceresults.具有國際銷售經(jīng)驗及創(chuàng)造佳績之能力。anaccurate,dynamicandprogressiveperson一位辦事靈敏、積極肯干并富有上進心的人beopen-minded,initiativeanddrive個性開朗，積極主動，充滿干勁Computeroperatingskillisadvantageous/aplus/preferred/preferable/helpful/an（distinct）advantage.有電腦操作技術者尤佳。Themainqualitiesrequiredarepreparednesstohardwork,abilitytolearn,ambitionandgoodhealth.主要必備素質(zhì)是吃苦耐勞，善于學習，具有雄心壯志，并且身體健康.goodanalyticalmindtosolvecomplexissues具有良好的解決復雜問題的能力acompleterangeofspecifications;completeinspecifications規(guī)格齊全catchupwithandsurpassadvancedworldlevel趕超世界水平awideselectionofcolorsanddesigns多種顏色和樣式可供選擇fashionablestyles,richvarieties花色新穎，品種多樣sufficientsupplies;amplesupply貨源充足withalongstandingreputation久負盛名timelydeliveryguaranteed交貨及時reasonableprice價格公道finecraftsmanship技藝精湛economyanddurability經(jīng)濟耐用possessChineseflavors具有中國風味rankfirstamongsimilarproducts居同類產(chǎn)品之首excellentinquality品質(zhì)優(yōu)良

completerangeofarticles品種齊全variousstyles款式多樣Visitorsarewelcome.歡迎光臨。Ordersarewelcome.歡迎惠訂。Enquiriesarecordiallywelcome.歡迎垂詢。Friendlinessisconductivetobusinesssuccess.和氣生財。Neithertheoldnortheyoungwillbecheated.童叟無欺。waterproof,shock-resistantandanti-magnetic防水、防震、防磁Foravoidingambiguity,inbusinessEnglish,particularlyinformalEnglishbusinessletters,documentsandcontracts,2.agreatnumberofforeignwords,mainlyLatinwordsareemployed,forLatinlanguageisadeadlanguagewhoseformandmeaningwillnotchangeowingtofrequentuseofculturaldevelopment.Thusnovaguenesswillbecaused.Forexamples:obiterdictum附帶意見

ab

agendo

無行為能力的

abintestate無遺囑繼承

ManywordsinEnglishhavethefeatureof“onewordwithmanymeanings”,whichmayleadtoconfusiontobothpartiesofacontractinmakingsureitsexactmeaninginspecific

context.Toavoidorreducetheambiguity,

3.BusinessEnglishusuallyemployssynonymsnear-synonymsorrelevantwordstogetherandtakesthecommonmeaningoftwoormorethantwosuchexpressionssoastoassureaccuracyofthecontent.Forexample:Ifthecontractorshallnotdulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditions,andstipulationsofthesaidcontract,thisobligationshallbenullandvoidbutotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffect.Inthissentence,severalgroupsofsynonymsareusedtogethertoemphasizethestrictnessofalegalclause.“Terms,provisions,conditions,stipulations”areallsynonyms,meaning“contractclauseandprescript”（合同的條款及規(guī)定）,

and“null”and“void”aresynonyms,meaning“beofnoeffect”（無效）.Besides,“be”and“remain”,and“force”and“effect”arealsosimilarinmeaning.Otherexamples:enterandsign（簽訂），allandany（所有），eachandevery（每一個），approveandaccept（同意接受），byandbetween（與），fulfillandperform（履行），saveandexcept（除了），finalandconclusive（最終），etc.DuringthetermofthisAgreement,PartyAshallundertake,renewandmaintainforitsbenefitandinterest,andatitsowncostandexpense,thefollowingprimaryinsurancepolicies.在本協(xié)議期間，甲方應為自身利益自費購買、續(xù)買及保持下列主要保險。EachPartyundertakeswiththeotherPartythatitshalltreatasstrictlyconfidentialallinformationreceivedorobtainedbyitoritsemployers,agentsoradvisersasaresultofenteringintoorperformingthisAgreementandthatitshallnotatanytimehereaftermakeuseofordiscloseordivulgetoanypersonanysuchinformation.各方向另一方承諾，其將對因簽訂或履行本協(xié)議而由其或其雇員、代理人或顧問得到或獲得的所有信息嚴格保密，且在此后任何時候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何該等信息。VI.HeavyUseofAbbreviationsAbbreviationsarewordsusuallyformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsthatmakeupadescriptivephraseorapropername.InCommonEnglish,abbreviationsarenotnecessaryandthusareusednotmuch.

Butastradehasdevelopedrapidlywiththeinventionoftelegram,

telephonetalkandtelexsending,overseasbuyersandsellersneedtobeconciseandbrief,convenientformemoryandrecord.Therefore,agreatmanyofabbreviationsarecreatedandthetypesofthemarevarious,whichinclude:

1.AbbreviationsinNamesofImportantandFamiliarOrganizationsandFamousCompanies:OPEC—TheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEEC—EuropeanEconomicCommunityAPEC—Asia-PacificEconomicCooperationWTO—WorldTradeOrganization

2.InCurrencies,WeightsandMeasuresinBE:$—theUSDollarRMB—RenMinBigal—gallon

3.VarietiesofTechnicalTermsinBusiness:COD—cashondeliveryL/C—letterofcredit4.InTelex:ExamplesNLT—notlaterthanDOCNTRCVDPLSCHCKNRPL—Thedocumentshavenotbeenreceived.Pleasecheckandreply.YILX918N936WLRVRTNXMON—Wewillrevertyourtelex918and936nextMonday.

VII.EmploymentofPoliteFormulaCommonEnglishpaysattentiontointimacyandpleasureinsocialcontact,soitneedslittlepoliteformula.ButinordertoachievehighefficiencyofbusinesscontactinBusinessEnglish,courtesyandcaringshouldberequired,andalsoexcessiveintimacyshouldbeavoided.Therefore,“BusinessEnglishformsasetofformulatedlanguageacceptableintheinternational—politeformula.”

1.PoliteFormulaforExpressingAcknowledgement:ExamplesWeshallappreciateyour...我們將甚為感謝……Pleaseacceptmysincereappreciationforyou.請接受我方對您的真摯謝意。2.PoliteFormulaforExpressingRegret:withmuchregret十分遺憾Ioweyouanapology.我應該向你道歉。