四六級閱讀-8課時

考四六主講：：@導入閱讀分三大類：15選10詞，匹配，仔細閱讀。時間8-選詞填一 題型特征詞性分類：15/名動形副4個左有效消息：60%左右 精讀開句，判定中心詞和時判定詞性名詞后：分單數(shù)和復 動詞常規(guī)動do, finish 副詞（perfectly）finish B．be動詞are are 介詞（on,at,in,over等） has has 介詞（On/at/in/over等）形容詞perfectn./adv._介詞后pron 冠詞/代詞后the/a/an/this 介詞of前后 判定屬①中心一②主謂賓、修飾語成分屬性一致（包含時態(tài)、單復數(shù)、從句等suffer、③巧用邏輯——并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、某些詞綴④牢記固定搭①中心一致2016.12四級-1：Theoceanisheatingup.That'stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth'soceansnow26heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.halfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakencesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.AFBGCHDIEJK行LMNOvoyage（3：2015-12六級-Itseemstobealawinthetechnologyindustrythatleadingcompanieseventuallylosetheirpositions,oftenquicklyandbrutally.phonechampionNokia,oneofEurope’sbiggesttechnologysuccessstories,wasno26_,losingitsmarketshareinjustafewyears.A)E)I)M)B)F)J)N)C)G)K)O)D)H)L)②主謂賓、修飾語情感一例1：-2016.12-Inthe1960s,theUnitedStates31nearly17%ofdiscretionary（可酌情支配的）spendingtosearchanddevelopment.B. F. I.K. N.2：屬性搭配2016.12四級-A.BCDEFGHIA.BCDEFGHIJKLMpicture Nunsure Ovoyage（航行）3：20176月四級-2SomeAmericansaregettingso34 withInternetprovidersthey’rejustgivingup.A) B) C) D)E)comF)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)5:201712月四級-Aratorpigeonmightnotbetheobviouschoicetotendtosomeonewhosick,butthesecreatureshavesome ofhumandiseases.

skillsthatcouldhelpthe6:201712月六級-Thecountryisstill thatitwillmeetitsemissionsgoals,likereducingemissionsby40%by2020...A)F)futile（無效的K)B)G)L)C)M)D)I)N)E)J)O)③③邏輯：并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、詞綴、固定搭配并列專題例1：Inareviewof14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityand 例2：Physicalactivitycanimprovebloodflowtothebrain.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove andrelievestress,...(2016.6四級-1)I)答案例3：Jurieswillpunishentrepreneurswith- damages.(2016.6.六級-D. J. N.

4：2016.12四級-...- coolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuelAFBGCHDIEJK行LMNOvoyage（拓展例1：Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybearesounding“yes!”Besides helyoufeelcloseand topeopleyoucareabout, B. C. D.例2：Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou gettingsickthiswinter. B. C. D.3：2015.6六級-1“ThatwhichdoesnotkillusmakesusstrongerButcan’thandleitwhenteenagersputthis36intopractice.Theywantdomto 39 theiridentityandtheworldaroundthem.Insteadof_40 out,theyjump...from 42_strangerstocruelpeerstopicturesorwordsthatcouldhauntthemonfortherestoftheirlives.....Thesetactics（策略）don’thelpteensdeveloptheskillstheyneedmanagecomplexsocialsituations, 44 risksandgethelpwhenthey’reinA)E)I)M)B)F)inJ)N)C)G)K)O)D)H)L)例1：Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It27outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo.27.[A] [B] [C] [D]2：2015-12六級-WhatsealedNokia’sfatewasaseriesofdecisionsmadebyStephenElopinhispositionasCEO,whichhe_30inOctober2010.E)I)M)B)F)J)N)G)H)O)綜合練習Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember26weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain27,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.”28seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)29impactonourprofessional,social,and 26.[A][B][C][D]27.[A][B][C][D]28.[A][B][C][D]29.[A][B][C][D]模塊訓練Section1.（2016-06-Theoceanisheatingup.That’stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth’soceansnow26heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakencesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.Warmingwatersareknownto27tocoralbleaching（珊瑚白化)andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea28.Whilethetopoftheoceaniswellstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto29Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter30ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury31ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,32withcomputersimulations(計算機模擬createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel33.About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidesat34ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey’re35whetherthedeepseawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea’ssurface.注意：此部分試題請在答題2A)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)2.2016-12-Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecrudestcrimes—animalfighting—things26workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare27andkilledforprofitand“sport”,yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation（緩刑）.oftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30.TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe’dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheAlongwiththiseffort,we’reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstce.注意：此部分試題在答題1A)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)（2016-12-Itisimportantthatscientistsbeseenasnormalpeopleaskingandansweringimportantquestions.Good,soundsciencedependson26,experimentsandreasonedmethodologies.Itrequiresawillingnesstoasknewquestionsandtrynewapproaches.Itrequiresonetotakerisksandexperiencefailures.Butgoodsciencealsorequires27understanding,clearexnationandconciseOurcountryneedsmorescientistswhoarewillingtostepoutinthepublic28andoffertheiropinionsonimportantmatters.Weneedmorescientistswhocanexinwhattheyarenginlanguagethatis29andunderstandabletothepublic.Thoseofuswhoarenotscientistsshouldalsobepreparedtosupportpublicengagementbyscientists,andto30scientificknowledgeintoourpubliccommunications.Toomanypeopleinthiscountry,includingsomeamongourelectedleadership,stilldonotunderstandhowscienceworksorwhyrobust,long-rangeinvestmentsinresearchvitallymatterInthe1960s,theUnitedStates31nearly17%ofdiscretionary(可酌情支配的)spendingtoresearchanddevelopment,32decadesofeconomicgrowthBy2008thefigurehadfallenintothesingle33.ThisoccursatatimewhenothernationshavemadesignificantgainsintheirownresearchAttheUniversityofCalifornia(UC),we34ourselvesnotonlyonthequalityofourresearch,butalsoonitscontributiontoimprovingourworld.To35thedevelopmentofsciencefromthelabbenchtothemarketce,UCisinvestingourownmoneyinourowngoodideas.A)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)4.（2016-12-Smallcommunities,withtheirdistinctivecharacter—wherelifeisstableandintenselyhuman—aredisappearing.Somehave26fromthefaceoftheearth,othersaredyingslowly,butallhave27changesastheyhavecomeintocontactwithan28machinecivilization.Themergingofdiversepeoplesintoacommonmasshasproducedtensionamongmembersoftheminoritiesandthemajorityalike.TheOldOrderAmish,whoarrivedonAmericanshoresincolonialtimes,have29inthemodernworldindistinctive,smallcommunities.Theyhaveresistedthehomogenization30moresuccessfullythanothers.Inntingandharvesttimesonecanseetheirbeardedmenworkingthefieldswithhorsesandtheirwomenhangingoutthelaundryinneatrowstodry.ManyAmericanpeoplehaveseenAmishfamilieswiththemenwearingbroad-brimmedblackhatsandthewomeninlongdresses.Inrailwayorbus31.AlthoughtheAmishhavelivedwith32Americaforovertwoandahalfcenturies.Theyhavemoderateditsinfluenceontheir allives,theirfamilies,communities,andtheirvalues.TheAmishareoften33byotherAmericanstoberelicsofthepastwholiveasimple,inflexiblelifededicatedtoinconvenientout-datedcustoms.Theyareseenasabandoningmodern34andtheAmericandreamofsuccessandprogress.ButmostpeoplehavenoquarrelwiththeAmishforngthingstheold-fashionedway.Theirconscientiousobjectionwastoleratedinwartime,forafterall,theyaregoodfarmerswho35thevirtuesofworkandthrift.注意：此部分試題在答題2A)E)F)G)I)J)K)L)M)N)O) “Thatwhichdoesnotkillusmakesusstronger.”Butparentscan’thandleitwhenteenagersputthis36intopractice.Andnowtechnologyhas ethenewfieldfortheage-oldbattlebetweenadultsandtheirdom-seekingkids.Lockedindoors,unabletogetontheirbicyclesandhangoutwiththeirfriends,teenshaveturnedtosocialmediaandtheirphonestosocializewiththeirpeers.Whattheydoonlineoften37whattheymightotherwisedoiftheirmobilityweren’tsoheavily38intheageofhelicopterparenting.Socialmediaandsmart-phoneappshave esopopularinrecentyearsbecauseteensneedacetocalltheirown.Theywantthedomto39theiridentityandtheworldaroundthem.Insteadof_40out,theyjumponline.Asteenshavemovedonline,parentshaveprojectedtheirfearsontotheInternet,imaginingallthe41dangersthatyouthmightface—from42_strangerstocruelpeerstopicturesorwordsthatcouldhauntthemonfortherestoftheirlives.Ratherthanhelteensdevelopstrategiesfornegotiatingpubliclifeandtherisksof withothers,fearfulparentshavefocusedontracking,monitoringandblocking.Thesetactics（策略）don’thelpteensdeveloptheskillstheyneedtomanagecomplexsocial risksandgethelpwhenthey’reintrouble.“Protecting”kidsmayfeelliketherightthingtodo,butit thelearningthatteensneedtodoastheycomeofageinatechnology-soaked注意：此部分試題在答題卡2A)B)C)D)E)F)inG)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)Travelwebsiteshavebeenaroundsincethel990s,whenExpedia,Travelocity,andotherholidaybookingsiteswerelaunched,allowingtravelerstocompareflightandhopriceswiththeclickofamouse.Withinformationnolonger36bytravelagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworks,travelindustrywasrevolutionized,asgreatertransparencyhelped37Onlineratingtforms—38inhos,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.Hospitalitybusinessesarenowranked,yzed,andcomparednotbyindustry39,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas_40anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;theycannowexintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore41,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42_toimproveservice.Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendlybellboys(行李員inBerlinormalfunctioning hairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites’ 43 toaggregatealargevolumeofratings.Theimpactcannotbe44.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45provideyetmorepositivefeedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorableonlineidentity.注意：此部分試題在答題卡2A)F)K)G)L)H)M)I)N)E)J)O)SectionWhytheMonaLisaStandsHaveyoueverfallenforanovelandbeenamazednottofinditonlistsofgreatbooks?Orwalkedaroundasculpturerenownedasaclassic,strugglingtoseewhatthefussisabout?Ifso,you’veprobablyponderedthequestionapsychologist,JamesCutting,askedhimself:howdoesaworkofartcometobeconsideredgreat?Theintuitiveansweristhatsomeworksofartarejustgreat:ofintrinsicallysuperiorquality.Thepaintingsthatwinprimespotsingalleries,gettaughtinclassesandreproducedinbooksaretheonesthathaveprovedtheiricvalueovertime.Ifyoucan’tseethey’resuperior,that’syourproblem.It’sanintimidatinglyneatexnation.Butsomesocialscientistshavebeenaskingawkwardquestionsofit,raisingthepossibilitythaticcanons(名作arelittlemorethanfossilisedhistoricalaccidents.Cutting,aprofessoratCornellUniversity,wonderedifapsychologicalmechanismknownthemere-exposureeffect”yedaroleindecidingwhichpaintingsrisetothetopoftheculturalleague.Cuttingdesignedanexperimenttotesthishunch().Overalecturecourseheregularlyshowedundergraduatesworksofimpressionismfortwosecondsatatime.Someofthepaintingswerecanonical,includedinart-historybooks.Otherswerelesserknownbutofcomparablequality.Thesewereexposedfourtimesasoften.Afterwards,thestudentspreferredthemtothecanonicalworks,whileacontrolgroupofstudentslikedthecanonicalonesbest.Cutting’sstudentshadgrowntolikethosepaintingsmoresimplybecausetheyhadseenthemmore.Cuttingbelieveshisexperimentoffersaclueastohowcanonsareformed.Hepointsoutthatthemostreproducedworksofimpressionismtodaytendtohavebeenboughtbyfiveorsixwealthyandinfluentialcollectorsinthelate19thcentury.Thepreferencesofthesemenbestowed(給予)prestigeoncertainworks,whichmadetheworksmorelikelytobehunggalleriesandprintedincollections.Thefamepasseddowntheyears,gainingmomentumfrommereexposureasitdidso.Themorepeoplewereexposedto,themoretheylikedit,andmoretheylikedit,themoreitappearedinbooks,onpostersandinbigexhibitionsMeanwhile,academicsandcriticscreatedsophisticatedjustificationsforitspreeminence(卓越Afterall,it’snotjustthemasseswhotendtoratewhattheyseemoreoftenmorehighlyAscontemporaryslikeWarholandDamienHirsthavegrasped,critics’praiseisdeeplyentwined(交織)withpublicity.“Scholars”,Cuttingargues,“arenodifferentfromthepublicintheeffectsmereTheprocessdescribedbyCuttingevokesaprinciplethatthesociologistDuncanWattscalls“cumulativeadvantage”:onceathing espopular,itwilltendto emorepopularstill.Afewyearsago,Watts,whoisemployedby tostudythedynamicsofsocialnetworks,hadasimilarexperiencetoCutting’sinanotherParismuseum.Afterqueuingtoseethe“MonaLisa”initsclimate-controlledbulletproofboxattheLouvre,hecameawaypuzzled:whywasitconsideredsosuperiortothethreeotherLeonardosinthepreviouschamber,towhichnobodyseemedtobepayingtheslightestattention?WhenWattslookedintothehistoryof“thegreatestpaintingofalltime”,hediscoveredthat,formostofitslife,the“MonaLisa”remainedinrelativeobscurity.Inthe1850s,LeonardodaVinciwasconsiderednomatchforgiantsofRenaissanceartlikeTitianandRaphael,whoseworkswereworthalmosttentimesasmuchasthe“MonaLisa”.Itwasonlyinthe20thcenturythatLeonardo’sportraitofhispatron’swifeedtothenumber-onespot.Whatpropelledittherewasn’tascholarlyre-evaluation,butatheft.In1911amaintenanceworkerattheLouvrewalkedoutofthemuseumwiththe“MonaLisa”hiddenunderhissmock(工作服).Parisianswereshockedatthetheftofapaintingtowhich,untilthen,theyhadpaidlittleattention.Whenthemuseumreopened,peoplequeuedtoseethegapwherethe“MonaLisa”hadoncehunginawaytheyhadneverdoneforthepaintingitself.Fromthenon,the“MonaLisa”cametorepresentWesterncultureitself.Althoughmanyhavetried,itdoesseemimprobablethatthepainting’suniquestatuscanattributedentirelytothequalityofitsbrushstrokes.Ithasbeensaidthatthesubject’seyesfollowthevieweraroundtheroom.Butasthepainting’sbiographer,DonaldSassoon,drylynotes,“Inrealitytheeffectcanbeobtainedfromanyportrait.”DuncanWattsproposesthat“MonaLisa”ismerelyanextremeexampleofageneralrule.Paintingspoemsandpopsongsarebuoyed(使浮起orsunkbyrandomeventsorpreferencesthatturnintowavesofinfluence,passingdownthegenerations.“Sayingthatculturalobjectshavevalue,”BrianEnooncewrote,“islikesayingthatephoneshaveconversations.”Nearlyalltheculturalobjectsweconsumearrivewrappedininheritedopinion;ourpreferencesarealways,tosomeextent,someoneelse’s.Visitorstothe“MonaLisa”knowtheyareabouttovisitthegreatestworkofarteverandcomeawayappropriayimpressed—orletdown.Anaudienceataperformanceof“Hamlet”knowitisregardedasaworkofgenius,sothatiswhattheymostlysee.WattsevencallsthepreeminenceofShakespearea“historicalaccident”.Althoughtherigidhigh-lowdistinctionfellapartinthe1960s,westillusecultureasabadgeofidentity.Today’sfashionforeclecticism(折中主義)—“IloveBach,AbbaandJayZ”is,ShamirKhan,aColumbiaUniversitypsychologist,argues,anewwayforthemiddleclasstodistinguishthemselvesfromwhattheyperceivetobethenarrowtastesofthosebeneaththeminthesocialhierarchy.Theintrinsicqualityofaworkofartisstartingtoseemlikeitsleastimportantattribute.Butperhapsit’smoresignificantthanoursocialscientistsallow.Firstofall,aworkneedsacertainqualitytobeeligibletobeswepttothetopofthepile.The“MonaLisa”maynotbeaworthyworldchampion,butitwasintheLouvreinthefirstce,andnotbyaccident.Secondly,somestuffissimplybetterthanotherstuff.Read“Hamlet”afterreadingeventhegreatestofShakespeare’scontemporaries,andthedifferencemaystrikeyouasunarguable.AstudyintheBritishJournalofAestheticssuggeststhattheexposureeffectdoesn’tworkthesamewayoneverything,andpointstoadifferentconclusionabouthowcanonsareformed.Thesocialscientistsarerighttosaythatweshouldbealittlescepticalofgreatness,andthatweshouldalwayslookinthenextroom.Greatartandmediocrity(平庸)cangetconfused,evenbyexperts.Butthat’swhyweneedtoseeandread,asmuchaswecan.Themorewe’reexposedtothegoodandthebad,thebetterweareatlingthedifference.Theeclecticistshaveit.注意：此部分試題在答題卡2AccordingtoDuncanWatts,thesuperiorityofthe“MonaLisa”toLeonardo’sotherworksresultedfromthecumulativeadvantage.SomesocialscientistshaveraiseddoubtsabouttheintrinsicvalueofcertainworksofItisoftenrandomeventsorpreferencesthatdeterminethefateofapieceofInhisexperiment,Cuttingfoundthathissubjectslikedlesserknownworksbetterthancanonicalworksbecauseofmoreexposure.TheauthorthinksthegreatnessofanartworkstillliesinitsintrinsicItistrueofcriticsaswellasordinarypeoplethatthepopularityof icworksiscloselyassociatedwithpublicity.Weneedtoexposeourselvestomoreartandli tureinorderto lthesuperiorfromtheAstudyofthehistoryofthegreatestpaintingssuggestsevenagreatworkofartcouldexperienceyearsofneglect.CultureisstillusedasamarktodistinguishonesocialclassfromOpinionsaboutandpreferencesforculturalobjectsareoftenInequalityIsNotAdangeroustrendhasdevelopedoverthispastthirdofacentury.AcountrythatexperiencedsharedgrowthafterWorldWarⅡbegantotearapart,somuchsothatwhentheGreatRecessionhitinlate2007,onecouldnolongerignorethedivisionthathadcometodefinetheAmericaneconomiclandscape.Howdidthis“shiningcityonahill” etheadvancedcountrywiththegreatestlevelofinequality?Overthepastyearandahalf,TheGreatDivide,aseriesinTheNewYorkTimes,haspresentedawiderangeofexamplesthatunderminethenotionthatthereareanytrulyfundamentallawsofcapitalism.Thedynamicsoftheimperialcapitalismofthe19thcenturyneedn’tapplyinthedemocraciesofthe21st.Wedon’tneedtohavethismuchinequalityinAmerica.Ourcurrentbrandofcapitalismisafakecapitalism.ForproofofthisgobacktoourresponsetotheGreatRecession,wherewesocializedlosses,evenasweprivatizedgains.Perfectcompetitionshoulddriveprofitstozero,atleasttheoretically,butwehavemonopoliesmakingpersistentlyhighprofits.C.E.O.senjoy esthatareonaverage295timesthatofthetypicalworker,amuchhigherratiothaninthepast,withoutanyevidenceofaproportionateincreaseinproductivity.IfitisnotthecruellawsofeconomicsthathaveledtoAmerica’sgreatdivide,whatisit?Thestraightforwardanswer:ourpoliciesandourpolitics.PeoplegettiredofhearingaboutScandinaviansuccessstories,butthefactofthematteristhatSweden,FinlandandNorwayhaveallsucceededinhavingaboutasmuchorfastergrowthinpercapita(人均的) thantheUnitedStatesandwithfargreaterequality.SowhyhasAmericachosentheseinequality-enhancingpolicies?PartoftheansweristhatasWorldWarⅡfadedintomemory,sotoodidthesolidarityithadcreated.AsAmericatriumphedintheColdWar,theredidn’tseemtobearealcompetitortooureconomicmodel.Withoutthisinternationalcompetition,wenolongerhadtoshowthatoursystemcoulddeliverformostofourcitizens.Ideologyandinterestscombinedviciously.SomedrewthewronglessonfromthecollapsetheSovietsystemin1991.Thependulumswungfrommuchtoomuchernmenttheretomuchtoolittlehere.Corporateinterestsarguedforgettingridofregulations,evenwhenthoseregulationshaddonesomuchtoprotectandimproveourenvironment,oursafety,ourhealthandtheeconomyitself.Butthisideologywashypocritical(虛偽的).Thebankers,amongthestrongestadvocateslaissez-faire(自由放任的economics,wereonlytoowillingtoaccepthundredsofbillionsdollarsfromtheernmentintheaidprogramsthathavebeenarecurringfeatureoftheglobaleconomysincethebeginningoftheThatcher-Reaganeraof“”marketsandderegulation.TheAmericanpoliticalsystemisoverrunbymoney.Economicinequalitytranslatesintowelfareincreasesaswereducewelfareforthepoor.Congressmaintainssubsidiesforrichfarmersaswecutbackonnutritionalsupportfortheneedy.DrugcompanieshavebeengivenhundredsofbillionsofdollarsaswelimitMedicaidbenefits.ThebanksthatbroughtontheglobalfinancialcrisisgotbillionswhileatinybitwenttothehomeownersandvictimsoftheTherewerealternativestothrowingmoneyatthebanksandhoitwouldcirculatethroughincreasedOurdivisionsaredeep.Economicandgeographicsegregationhasimmunizedthoseatthetopfromtheproblemsofthosedownbelow.Likethekingsofancienttimes,theyhavecometoperceivetheirprivilegedpositionsessentiallyasanaturalright.Oureconomy,ourdemocracyandoursocietyhavepaidforthesegrossinequalities.Thetruetestofaneconomyisnothowmuchwealthitsprincescanaccumulateintaxhavens(庇護所),buthowwelloffthetypicalcitizenis.But esarelowerthantheywereacenturyago.Growthhasgonetothevery,verytop,whosesharehasalmostincreasedfourtimessince1980.Moneythatwasmeanttohavetrickled(流淌)downhasinsteadevaporatedintheagreeableclimateoftheCaymanIslands.WithalmostaquarterofAmericanchildrenyoungerthan5livinginpoverty,andwithAmericangsolittleforitspoor,thedeprivationsofonegenerationarebeingvisiteduponthenext.Ofcourse,nocountryhasevercomeclosetoprovidingcompleteequalityofopportunity.ButwhyisAmericaoneoftheadvancedcountrieswherethelifeprospectsoftheyoungaremostsharplydeterminedbythe eandeducationoftheirparents?AmongthemostbitterstoriesinTheGreatDividewerethosethatportrayedthefrustrationsoftheyoung,wholongtoenterourshrinkingmiddleclass.Soaringtuitionsanddeclining haveresultedinlargerdebtburdens.Thosewithonlyahighschooldiplomahaveseenesdeclineby13percentoverthepast35Wherejusticeisconcerned,thereisalsoahugedivide.Intheeyesoftherestoftheworldandasignificantpartofitsownpopulation,massimprisonmenthascometodefineAmerica—acountry,itbearsrepeating,withabout5percentoftheworld’spopulationbutaroundaoftheworld’sprisoners.Justicehas eacommodity,affordabletoonlyafew.WhileWallStreetexecutivesusedtheirexpensivelawyerstoensurethattheirrankswerenotheldaccountableforthemisdeedsthatthecrisisin2008sographicallyrevealed,thebanksabusedourlegalsystemto(取消贖回權onmortgagesandejecttenantssomeofwhomdidnotevenoweMorethanahalf-centuryago,AmericaledthewayinadvocatingfortheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,adoptedbytheUnitedNationsin1948.Today,accesstohealthcareisamongthemostuniversallyacceptedrights,atleastintheadvancedcountries.America,despitetheimplementationoftheAffordableCareAct,istheexception.InthereliefthatmanyfeltwhentheSupremeCourtdidnotoverturntheAffordableCareAct,theimplicationsofthedecisionforMedicaidwerenotfullyappreciated.Obamacare’sobjective—toensurethatallAmericanshaveaccesstohealthcare—hasbeenblocked:24stateshavenotimplementedtheexpandedMedicaidprogram,whichwasthemeansbywhichObamacarewassupposedtodeliveronitspromisetosomeofthepoorest.Weneednotjustanewwaronpovertybutawartoprotectthemiddleclass.Solutionstotheseproblemsdonothavetobenovel.Farfromit.Makingmarketsactlikemarketswouldbeagoodcetostart.Wemustendtherent-seekingsocietywehavegravitatedtoward,inwhichthewealthyobtainprofitsbymanipulatingthesystem.Theproblemofinequalityisnotsomuchamatteroftechnicaleconomics.It’sreallyaproblemofpracticalpolitics.Inequalityisnotjustaboutthetopmarginaltaxratebutalsoaboutourchildren’saccesstofoodandtherighttojusticeforall.Ifwespentmoreoneducation,healthandinfrastructure(基礎設施),wewouldstrengthenoureconomy,nowandinthefuture.注意：此部分試題在答題卡2In competitionissupposedtoreducethemarginofprofitstotheTheUnitedStatesisnowcharacterizedbyagreatdivisionbetweentherichandtheAmericalackedtheincentivetocareforthemajorityofitscitizensasitfoundnorivalforitseconomicmodel.ThewealthytophavecometotakeprivilegesforManyexamplesshowthebasiclawsofimperialcapitalismnolongerapplyinpresent-dayTheauthorsuggestsareturntothetruespiritoftheAquarteroftheworld’sprisonerpopulationisinernmentregulationinAmericawentfromoneextremetotheotherinthepasttwoJusticehas esoexpensivethatonlyasmallnumberofpeoplelikecorporateexecutivescanaffordit.NocountryintheworldsofarhasbeenabletoprovidecompleyequalopportunitiesforSectionWhentheright isholdingtherightjobattherightmoment,that 'sinfluenceisgreatlyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellen,whoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederalReserveBank(Fed)inJanuary,nowfindsherself.Ifyoubelieve,asmanydo,thatunemploymentisthemajoreconomicandsocialconce