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2013培優(yōu)班英語講義
英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ),其實(shí)完形填空是對(duì)語法、詞匯的綜合考查,
但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對(duì)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解,有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的
句式,這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解,而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢,寫好作文。
根據(jù)考研大綱要求考生必備語法有以下幾個(gè)方面:
i.名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格的構(gòu)成及其用法
2.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)造及用法
3.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成及其用法
4.常用連接詞的詞義及其用法
5.虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成及其用法
6.各類從句(定語從句、主語從句、表語從句等)及其強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的構(gòu)造及其用法
7.倒裝句、插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法
8.常用介詞等用法
構(gòu)成句子的成分共分為九種:主語,謂語,賓語,表語,狀語,補(bǔ)語,同位語和插入語。
主語,句子的核心主體,通常謂語動(dòng)詞之后,表明一個(gè)句子是誰或何種情況所發(fā)出
執(zhí)行或是承受的。通常做主語的是名詞,代詞,主語從句,V+ing,todo五種
1.名詞:
Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.
Lifelightsthecandleofhope.
2.代詞
Weliveandlearn
Idoubt,thereforeIthink.Ithink,thereforeIam.
3.主語從句
Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis
Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.
4.現(xiàn)在分詞V+ing
Losingcanbearealbeginning
Believinginyourselfisthesecretofsuccess.
5.Todo
Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocursethedarknessoftheoutsideworld.
Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill
二.謂語:描述或闡述主語的情況,有動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng),常位于主語之后
1.表狀態(tài)用系動(dòng)詞
Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.
Lifeishopeandhopeislife.
2.表動(dòng)作用及物或不及物動(dòng)詞
Manyhandsmakelightwork
IcameIsawIconquered.
3.表擁有,人或物時(shí)用,have,has,無生命的擁有;therebe
Everydoghasitsday.
Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.
4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形
Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.
IamsupposedtohavedonewhatIshoulddolastweek.
三,賓語:及物動(dòng)詞或介詞所指向的對(duì)象。常做賓語的有名詞、賓語從句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、v+ing、
todo五種。
1.名詞
Readingenrichesourmind.
Hastemakeswaste
2.賓語從句
Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe
Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.
3.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.
4.V+ing
Youareneveraloseruntilyouquittrying
Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld
5.To4-do
Winnersexpecttowininadvance
Oneshouldlearntoforgive.
四.表語?:接在系動(dòng)詞后,補(bǔ)充說明主語的情況又稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。常做表語的有名詞、
形容詞、V+ing、To+do、從句
1.名詞
Lifeisnotabedofroses
Todayisouronlysurepossession
2.形容詞
Timeisfleetingandartislong
Changeisconstant
3.v+ing
Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan'tdo
Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum
4.Todo
Tochangeattitudeistochangelife
Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,andnottoexist
5.從句
Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.
Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.
五.定語:修飾名詞或類似于名詞的詞。一般翻譯為的“,表示事物性質(zhì)或狀態(tài),
分為前置或后置。常做定語的有形容詞、名詞、V+ing、Todo、從句五種
1.形容詞
Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage
Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.
2.名詞
Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills
Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety
3.V+ing
Failureisalearningexperience.
Thestartingpointofallachievementisdesire
4.To+do
Thereisnotimetolose.
One'sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoose
5定語從句
Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclosedwithprofit
Successisaprocessthatneverends.
六.狀語:修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整句的詞或句。作狀語的有副詞、狀語從句、狀語從
句省略結(jié)構(gòu)、todo、V+ing、V-ed
1.副詞
Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.
Excellencyisdoingordinarythingsextraordinarywell
Clearly,one'sfateisinhis/herownhands.
2.狀語從句
Whenanopportunityisneglected,itnevercomesbacktoyou.
Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouseit.
3.狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)
Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever
4.todo
Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.
Tohelphigher,onecandrawback
5.V+ing
Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebecomesakindofburden
Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone'sheartsoul
6.V+ed
United,westand;divided,wefall.
Welldone,thesmallesttaskbecomesamiracleofachievement.
七.補(bǔ)語;主語補(bǔ)足語,賓語補(bǔ)足語(常做賓補(bǔ)的是形容詞和todo)
1.形容詞
Historiesmakemenwise
Workmakeamanwhoseajobisdullhappierthanthosewhohavenothingtodowiththeirdays
2.todo
Difficultiestrainonetobegreat
Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress
八;同位語;句子中的兩種成分表達(dá)同一種概念,即A=B稱之為同位語,常做同位語的有名
詞和從句兩種
1.名詞:
Weshouldmakefulluseoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow
Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.
2.從句
Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.
Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitselfabigvictory.
九.句子類型
根據(jù)類型句子可分為四種:簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句、并列復(fù)合句
1簡單句:一個(gè)句子中只包含一個(gè)主謂或者由并列連接詞來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語或主
語
Everyoneinfluencessomeoneandisinfluencedbysomeone
Ambitionandperseverancearetwosubstantialfactorsofsuccess.
2.并列句,由并列詞連接的兩個(gè)簡單句。(and,but,or)
Inafullheartthereisroomforeverythingandinanemptyheartthereisroomfornothing
Problemsneverstopbutpeoplestopproblem
3.復(fù)合句:由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句,根據(jù)意義可分為:名詞從句(主、賓、表、
同位)、形容詞從句(定語從句)、副詞從句(狀語從句)
Thepresentmomentisthebestgiftthatyougiveyourself
Whenyouaregoodtoothers,youarebesttoyourself
4并列復(fù)合句:在并列當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)了復(fù)合句
Wearenature'sgreatestmiracleandwehavedreamsandambitionswhichareimportantto
everyone.
第一節(jié)時(shí)態(tài)
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。
HealwaysgetsuplateonSundays.(習(xí)慣動(dòng)作)
Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(客觀規(guī)律)
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)“在"is/aredoing,is/arebeingdone
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。
Theyareputtingup/puttingdownthepictures.
但是有時(shí)也表示頻繁,反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,表示說話人的某種感情,如贊揚(yáng)、遺憾、討
厭等
Heisalwaysquarrellingwithothers
Sheisconstantlyworryingaboutherson'sstudy.
注意:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示將來的動(dòng)作:它指按人們的計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或指即
將開始的動(dòng)作。I'mleavingforBeijingtomorrow./Iamcoming/going.
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已經(jīng)"have/hasdone,have/hasbeendone
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作。
Theconference(#i$C=meeting)haslastedforfivedays.(已完成的動(dòng)作)
Physicalvitalityhasbeenincreasedbyimprovednutrition.
還有upto(till)now,sofar,thesedays,for,since等...(后接一段時(shí)間的短語),
Wehaven'tseeneachotheragainsincewegraduatedin1987.
Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkind
ofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWide
Webhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.
四、一般過去時(shí)“過,了,"did/v+ed/were,was等
一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且一下子就完成的動(dòng)作,也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的
動(dòng)作。一般過去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,只說明過去。
Hesmokedfortycigarettesadayuntilhegaveup.(習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作)
1.一般過去時(shí)常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語或從句連用,如yesterday,lastweek,in1993,at
thattime,once,duringthewar,before,afewdaysago,when…等。
2.“usedto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“過去常?!倍F(xiàn)在已停止的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
Heusedtoworkfourteenhoursaday.(過去常常)
區(qū)別“usedto”和"beusedto”。后者意為“習(xí)慣于…”,to為介詞,后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
Sheisusedtohardwork,/sheisusedtoswimminginsummei*./
Whenhewasyoungheusedtoswimintheriver.
五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間在。。?!眞as/weredoing,was/werebeingdone
Billwascoughingallnightlong.(過去反復(fù)發(fā)生)
Twooftheglasseswerebrokenwhentheywerebeingwashed
六、過去完成時(shí)haddone/hadbeendone
過去成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀況。在時(shí)間上,它屬于“過去的過去”。
Bytheendofthewar,thesmallworkshophadbecomealargefactory.
Ihadjustpouredmyselfacupofteawhenthephonerang.WhenIcamebackfromansweringit,
thecupwasempty.Somebodyhaddrunktheteaorthrownitaway.
七、一般將來時(shí)“將,要,會(huì),will/shalldo,will/shallbedone
一般將來時(shí)表示某個(gè)將來時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
Hewilltakepartin/participateinanimportantraceacrosstheAtlantic.(將來發(fā)生)
ThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisterm.(將來反復(fù))
begoingto,beto,beaboutto表示打算、計(jì)劃、安排和即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
will表示說話人認(rèn)為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
八、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shallbedoing
將來時(shí)間時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其構(gòu)成:will+be+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
Ellbereadingthistimetomorrow.(將來正在進(jìn)行)
Mostoftheyoungpeopleinthetownwillbemeetingthematthestation.(持續(xù))
九、將來完成時(shí)will/shallhavedone,will/shallhavebeendone.
將來完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)前已完成的動(dòng)作,它與可用來表示推測(cè)。
Theywillhavestayedhereforfivemonthsnextweek.(將來完成)
Bytheendofnextmonth,theywillhavestudiedtwentypassages.(推測(cè))
Bytheendofnextyear,manymorehigh-riseswillhavebeenbuiltaroundthere.
十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)“一直在"have/hasbeendoing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)間時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。此動(dòng)作或情況可能已停止,也
可能繼續(xù)下經(jīng)也可表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。
Fvebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn'tcome.
H—,過去將來時(shí)。
過去將來時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:would+do
Theyneverknewthatpopulationwouldbecomeabigproblem.
Herefusedtotelluswhetherhewouldundertakethejob.
Whenwewereyoung,wewouldhelpeachotherwithourhomework.
十二。時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
如果主句是過去時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)往往也是過去的時(shí)態(tài)。
IfoundthatmycheatingintheEnglishtestwasreportedtomyparentsthatveryevening.
Sheansweredthedoor,carryingamagazineshehadbeenreading.
Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.
練習(xí):
1.lastyearandisnowearning=makinghislivingasanadvertisingagent.
A.HewouldheaveschoolC.HehadleftschoolB.HeleftschoolD.Hehasleftschool
2.Weeachotherfortenyears.
A.hadknownC.havebeenknowingB.haveknownD.know
3.Theyfulfilledtheplanearlierthanthey.
A.haveexpectedB.expectedC.wereexpectingD.hadexpected
4."Willshefinishtheworksoon?""Yes,shebynextFriday."
A.shallfinishB.finishC.rainsD.willhavefinished
5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.
A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining
6.Heinasmallworkshop,butnowheistheheadofabigbusinesscompany.
A.usedtoworkingB.wasusedtoworkC.usedtoworkD.wasusedtoworking
7.Mygrandmotherrurallife.
A.hasusedtoB.usedtoC.isusedtoD.usesto
8.In1950,shewasthelargestshipthat.
A.waseverbuiltB.haseverbuiltC.haseverbeenbuiltD.hadeverbeenbuilt
9.Thehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileitdown.
A.waspulledB.pulledC.wasbeingpulledD.hadbeenpulled
第2節(jié)語態(tài)
困難克服了,工作完成了,問題也解決了。
Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedandtheproblemsolved.
一、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時(shí)
1.PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.
2.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.
3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetenninehis
characterandlaterpersonality.
4.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisserviceaswell,butonTVeverythingismuch
moreliving,muchmorereal.
二,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯
在英譯漢中,英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)往往譯為主動(dòng)表達(dá),有時(shí)甚至?xí)l(fā)現(xiàn),生硬地翻譯成漢語的
被動(dòng)根本不通。這是由于英漢兩種語言的差異導(dǎo)致的。英語常用被動(dòng)語態(tài),而漢語喜歡主動(dòng)
語態(tài),再者,漢語允許無主語的句子。鑒于此,當(dāng)翻譯被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)靈活處理,以原文的
意義為依據(jù),以漢語的習(xí)慣為轉(zhuǎn)移,拋棄原文的形式,傳達(dá)出文字背后真正的內(nèi)容。
我們/很多人/大家/有人認(rèn)為
Itisassertedthat...W人主張...
Itisbelievedthat...有人認(rèn)為...
Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...大家(一般人)認(rèn)為
Itiswellknownthat...大家知道(眾所周知)...
Itwillbesaid...有人會(huì)說...
Itissaidthat...據(jù)說...
Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說
Itishopedthat…希望...
Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道...
Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測(cè)...
Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat.../Thereisnodoubtthat.../thereisnodenying
thefact山at…可以毫不夸張地說...
Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)...
Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出...
Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可見...
二、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者
1.Fourpeoplewerekilledandthirty-oneinjuredinthebombattack.
2.Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200Belgi
anandFrenchlives.
3.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesofta
kingupthehabitofsmoking.
4.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheeconomicdevelopment.
練習(xí):
1.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthe
latestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhichare
bothinstructiveandentertaining.
2.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeans
comparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.
3.Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillall
rundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.
4.我們必須意識(shí)到在線購物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是大于缺點(diǎn)的
5.overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhave
largelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.
6.theyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposea
completebanonhumancloning.
第三節(jié)虛擬語氣
一、虛擬式用于非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)的構(gòu)成
If1hadtime,Iwouldgotothemovieswithyou.
Ifwehadn'tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessful.
Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thegamewouldbeputoff.
為混合虛擬式:1在非真實(shí)條件句中,有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的
動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生,稱為混合虛擬式。
IfIhadtakenmyraincoatwhenIcameoutthismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.
IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavemissedthefilmlastnight.
2.引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞if在正式文件中有時(shí)可以省去,were,had,should等非行為動(dòng)
詞這時(shí)應(yīng)提到從句句首。
IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.—>WereIyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.
3.有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看無if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句,但從深層意思上看是存在的。這種
情況下主句動(dòng)詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without(如果沒有),butfor(要不
是'otherwise(否則),butthat(若不,后接一從句)等詞或詞組。
Butfor/withoutyourhelp,theycouldn'thavesucceeded.
Shewasn'tfellingwell.Otherwiseshewouldn'thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.
二、虛擬式也可用于其他情況
1.在it'snecessary(important,natural,essential,proposed,required,suggested,impossible,
strange)that…引導(dǎo)的真正的主語從句中動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬式,表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚
訝、不相信等意。
It'snecessarythatwe(should)setoutatonce.
It'sproposedthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter.
It\onlynaturalthatyoushouldbenervous.你感到緊張是很自然的。
Thedentistsuggestedthatshe(should)comeanotherday.
Itishighlyimportantthatwe(should)combinerevolutionarysweepwithpracticalness.
”對(duì)我們來說,把革命氣概和實(shí)際精神結(jié)合起來是很重要的?!?/p>
Itisimpossiblethatheshouldhavemissedthetrain.他不可能誤車。
2.在ask,require,order,demand,suggest,propose,command,insist?等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,
動(dòng)詞也用虛擬式,表示命令、建議、要求等。
Isuggestthatwe(should)gocampingtomorrow.
Heinsistedthatourlaboratoryreports(should)behandedinthedayaftertheexperimentwas
done.他堅(jiān)持要求我們?cè)谧鐾陮?shí)驗(yàn)后第二天將實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告交上來。
Thedirectorrequiredthatweshouldworkallnight主任要求我們通宵工作。
Iproposeweshouldhaveanothermeeting.我提議我們?cè)匍_一次會(huì)議。
Icommandthathegoatonce.我命令他立即就去
3.虛擬式可用于wish后的賓語從句中,表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。
IwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.
Iwishhewouldforgiveme.
Iwishhewereabirdflyinginthesky.
4.It飛(high,about)timethat…的句型要求用虛擬式,表示應(yīng)該做還沒做的事。((時(shí)節(jié))正盛
的;(時(shí)機(jī))成熟的)
Itishightimeyoumadeupyourmind.你該拿主意了。
5.在Iwould(had)rather后的句子中,動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式,表示某人的愿望。
I'dratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.
I'dratherhedidn'tdoanythinglikethat.
6.在asif(though)引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用虛擬式。
Shelooksasifsheknewallaboutit.
Theytalkedasthoughtheyhadgotacquaintedwitheachotherforyears.
練習(xí):
請(qǐng)背誦和熟記
*Itisextremelydifficultforustoimaginewhatourmodernlifewouldbelikewithout
/with...Ofallthevaluablethings,Iholdtheopinion山at...isofgreatsignificance.Withoutit,
therewouldbeno...andultimately/finallyno
ButfortheconvenienceofCellphone,ourliveswouldbeunimaginable.
Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxshouldbeabolished.
Itisessentialthatallthefactsshouldbeexaminedfirst.
Itisnecessarythatheshouldcomebackwithoutdelay.
Ithoughtitadvisablethatanarmedguardshouldstandinreadiness.
Ifitwerenotforthefactthatheisill,Iwouldaskhimtodothisrightnow.
Hadshemoremoney,shewoulddressfashionably.
Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.
HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedinEngland.
Butfortherain,weshouldhaveapleasantjourney.
Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavenothadagoodday.
第四節(jié)倒裝
1.為避免句子部分內(nèi)容重復(fù),英語中常用倒裝句,即:so(neither,nor)+be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)
動(dòng)詞)+主語。
Myfatherisanengineer;soismyhusband.
Janedidn'tattendmyclassyesterday;nordidTorris.
"Johncan'tswim.**"NeithercanI.0
[提示]如表示贊同別人的陳述,S。后面的部分不倒裝。
'Jimisagood-swimmer."
"Soheis,andsoisDick."
2.具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時(shí),句子一般部分倒裝,即將be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)
詞提到主語前。這類詞或短語包括:not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,bynomeans,
undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,nosooner...(then),hardly...(when),not
only...(butalso)等。
Neverhasmybrotherbeenabroadbefore.
HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.
Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanheboughtafinehouseandwenttolivethere.
Atnotimeshouldyougiveupstudying.在任何時(shí)候你都不應(yīng)放棄讀書。
(2)as或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。
Prominent(famous)as=thoughheisinhisfield,heremainseasy-going.
Wealthyas/thoughheis,Idon'tenvyhim.
3.當(dāng)so,often,only等表示程序或頻率的副詞置于句首時(shí),句子一般倒裝。
Sogreatwasthedestructionthatthesouthtookdecadestorecovery.
Onlyinthiswaycanweaccomplishitontime.
4.當(dāng)there,here,then,now等副詞置于句首,且謂語動(dòng)詞為come,go,be等詞時(shí),句子一般全部
倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意。但如果主語是代詞。句子則不倒裝。
Look!Herecomesthetaxi.
Herearesomelettersforyoutotype.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個(gè)方面
must/mustn't,;can/can't;need/needn't;may/mayn't;might/mightn't;should/shouldn^;
ought等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1)musthave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定……如:
Thecellphonemusthavebeenbecomepopularinthe1990s
2)caiTt/couldn,thave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定沒……
如:
Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.
[A]couldn'thavereceived[B]oughttohavereceived[D]shouldn'thavereceived
3)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事
實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許……如:
AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermay
havebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.
2,表示虛擬語氣。
1)needn,thave+過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當(dāng)于"didn'tneedtodo”,譯為“其實(shí)沒必
要...如:
Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wesoformally.
[AJneedn'tdressup[BJdidnotneedhavedressedup
[C]didnotneeddressup|D|needn'thavedressedup
2)shouldhave+過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該..."shouldnot+
have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該……:如:
Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.
我本來應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒
有完成。
3)oughttohave+過去分詞,表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該……”,與
should的完成式含義類似。如:
Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,which
wentupinsmoke.
4)couldhave+過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以..這點(diǎn)與
ought/should/have+過去分詞用法相似。如:
Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.
5)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)..
Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentinthe
introductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.
二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞??嫉木湫停?/p>
1).may/might(just)aswell”不妨,最好“,與hadbetter相近;
Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于youhadbettergobytrain。
2).cannot/cant..too…"越...越好,怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot...over
如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.駕車時(shí)候,越小心越好。
Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeover
emphasized.
一般強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
注意,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)不能用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞和表語。
Itwasmyunclethat(who)sentmetheparcel.
Itisthearticlethat(which)theydiscussedlastweek.
Itwasbecausehewastoocarelessthathebrokealltheglasses.
ItisinthisroomthatIwasbom30yearsago.
一、謂語動(dòng)詞用do,does,did表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
在肯定句中,可以用do強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語部分,可謂為:“務(wù)必”、“一定”、“真的”、“確實(shí)”等。這
時(shí)動(dòng)詞要用原形。
Hedoesliketoeatnoodles.
ShedidsendmeapostcardasIexpected.
比較級(jí)的理解和翻譯
1.下面這種句型主要表示人或物的性質(zhì)、特征等方面有某些近似或相等:主語+謂語+as+形
容詞/副詞+3S+比較對(duì)象
Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavebeentakentenyearsinthe
past.
2.主語+謂語+n。more/less+形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+被比對(duì)象;是表達(dá)“相等”或“近似”的一
種說法。例如:
Sheisnolessdiligentthanherclassmates.
3.主語+謂語+more/less+形容詞/副詞+than+被比對(duì)象
Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence.
Theneweditionofthedictionaryismoreexpensivethantheoldone.
4、more―than句型:
(1)more…than與其..不如
例:Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.
在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。
(2)morethan超過;不僅僅是;非常
例:Theseflagsaremorethanjustcolorfulpiecesofclothandthreadsewntogether.
這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。
(3)notmorethan最多,不超過
例J:Theyfinishedtheprojectinnotmorethanoneyear.
在不超過一年的時(shí)間內(nèi),他們完成了那項(xiàng)工程。
(4)nomorethan僅僅
彳列:TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.
最高級(jí)句型
…the+形容詞/副詞最高級(jí)+(名詞)+范圍詞
1.Janeisthetallestgirlinthedepartmentofpublicrelations.
2.Ofallthestudents,Bethworkshardest.
注:引導(dǎo)范圍的介詞,如果為同一范疇用。f,如例2;否則用in,如例1。
四、The...the…結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越...,越
Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
五、superior(優(yōu)于),inferior(低于),senior(年長于),junior"(年幼于)等級(jí)之后用to,而不用than。
Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.
Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.
Bobistwoyearsseniortome.
Heisjuniortomebytwoyears.
六、一些表示兩者之間有所比較和選擇和句型
Bettertodowellthantosaywell.說得好不如做得好。
Iwouldratherjoinyouinresearchworkthangoonholidaytotheseaside.
我寧愿和你們一起參加科研工作,而不愿到海濱去度假。
Iprefertoworkratherthansitidle.我寧愿工作,也不愿閑坐著。
Hewouldsoonerresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.
他寧愿辭職,也不愿參與那樣不誠實(shí)的買賣。
Ipreferthequietcountrysidetothenoisycities.
按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:簡單句,并列句和復(fù)合句
并列句
并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要,相互之
間沒有從屬關(guān)系,是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。
1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,nolonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,Ihen等連接。e.g.
Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.
2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either...or...,otherwise等0e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwith
thickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforrive
harvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
Myfriendwasathome,andwetalkedforalongtime.
Herfatherisadoctorandhermotherisateacher.
IlikedthestoryverymuchbutLiMingwasn'tinterestedinit.
Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.
作業(yè):
a.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesourofajob,
butalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.
b.Mr.Smithhadanunusualcareer,hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasa
schoolteacher.
c.thesupervisordidn'thavetimesofartogointoitatlength,buthegaveusasideaabouthis
plan.
復(fù)合句
從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。
(1)表語從句:在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。
例如:Thatiswhyhedidnotcometoschoolyesterday./Itisbecauseyouaresoclever.
(2)賓語從句:在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。
①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語,+從句謂語+...
②關(guān)于賓語從句連詞的選擇:
若從句來源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;
若從句來源于一個(gè)一般疑問句,連詞則用if或whether;
若從句來源于一個(gè)特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)
Theybelievethatthecomputerwillfinallytaketheplaceofhumanbeings.
IwonderwhetherIshouldsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster.
Heaskedmewherehecouldgetsuchmedicine
whether句型:
(1)Itdoesn'tmatterwhether是否..并沒有關(guān)系
例:Itdoesn'tmatterwhetheritisfineornot.
(2)Itmakesnodifferencewhether是否..沒關(guān)系
例:Itmakesnodifferencewhetheryougotodayortomorrow.
(3)Itisnotmadeclearwhether是否..還不清楚
例:Itisnotmadecleai'whetherLilywillpasstheexam.
(4)Itisstillaquestionwhether是否..仍然是一個(gè)問題
例:Itisstillaquestionwhethertheyareabletogetenoughcoalthiswinter.
(5)Itisnotdecidedwhether是否..還沒決定
例:Itisnotdecidedwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeputoff.
{6)Itistobefoundoutwhether是否..有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)
例:Itistobefoundoutwhetherthereisotheroilresourcesunderground.
(7)Itistobedecidedwhether是否..有待于決定
例:Itistobedecidedwhetherthisideacanbeputintopractice.
(8)Idoubt/wonderwhether我懷疑是否..
例:Idoubtwhetherthenewonewillbeanybetter.
(9)havenoidea/don'tknowwhether不知道是否..
例:Ihavenoideawhetherthetrafficisterribleonthatway.
(10)Itdependsonwhether...這取決于..是否
例句:Itdependsonwhetheryouaredeterminedtodoitornot.
③賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題:如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過去時(shí);
如主句是過去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:I
thinkIwilldobetterinEnglishthisterm.
Theteacheraskedtheboyiftheearthisround.
Theteachertoldusthathehadfinishedcorrectingourwritings.
④下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待:
besorry/afraid/sure/glad+that從句,如:I'msorryI'mlate.(對(duì)不起,我遲到了。)
(3)狀語從句:在復(fù)合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時(shí)間、
地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。
1.時(shí)間狀語從句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,
whenever,nosooner…thark..=hardly…when…等弓I導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,
如:Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam.
NosoonerhadIgonehomethanIfoundtheshoesthatIboughtfromthestoreareofinferior
quality*******
Wheneverwehearofanaturaldisaster,eveninadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathyfor
thepeopleaffected.
2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where,wherever等引導(dǎo)。如:Gobackwhereyoucamefrom!(哪里來
還滾到哪里去!)/wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Whereveryougoyouwillobeservegreatchangesthathavetakenplaceinthiscityoverthepast
years.
3.原因狀語從句通常由because,inthat,since=nowthat,notthat...buthat=不是因?yàn)橐唬?/p>
因?yàn)?。Forfearthat,consideringthat,seeingthat,onthegroundthat.as等
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