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2013培優(yōu)班英語講義

英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ),其實(shí)完形填空是對(duì)語法、詞匯的綜合考查,

但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對(duì)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解,有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的

句式,這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解,而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢,寫好作文。

根據(jù)考研大綱要求考生必備語法有以下幾個(gè)方面:

i.名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格的構(gòu)成及其用法

2.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)造及用法

3.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成及其用法

4.常用連接詞的詞義及其用法

5.虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成及其用法

6.各類從句(定語從句、主語從句、表語從句等)及其強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的構(gòu)造及其用法

7.倒裝句、插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法

8.常用介詞等用法

構(gòu)成句子的成分共分為九種:主語,謂語,賓語,表語,狀語,補(bǔ)語,同位語和插入語。

主語,句子的核心主體,通常謂語動(dòng)詞之后,表明一個(gè)句子是誰或何種情況所發(fā)出

執(zhí)行或是承受的。通常做主語的是名詞,代詞,主語從句,V+ing,todo五種

1.名詞:

Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.

Lifelightsthecandleofhope.

2.代詞

Weliveandlearn

Idoubt,thereforeIthink.Ithink,thereforeIam.

3.主語從句

Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis

Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.

4.現(xiàn)在分詞V+ing

Losingcanbearealbeginning

Believinginyourselfisthesecretofsuccess.

5.Todo

Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocursethedarknessoftheoutsideworld.

Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill

二.謂語:描述或闡述主語的情況,有動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng),常位于主語之后

1.表狀態(tài)用系動(dòng)詞

Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.

Lifeishopeandhopeislife.

2.表動(dòng)作用及物或不及物動(dòng)詞

Manyhandsmakelightwork

IcameIsawIconquered.

3.表擁有,人或物時(shí)用,have,has,無生命的擁有;therebe

Everydoghasitsday.

Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.

4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形

Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.

IamsupposedtohavedonewhatIshoulddolastweek.

三,賓語:及物動(dòng)詞或介詞所指向的對(duì)象。常做賓語的有名詞、賓語從句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、v+ing、

todo五種。

1.名詞

Readingenrichesourmind.

Hastemakeswaste

2.賓語從句

Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe

Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.

3.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.

4.V+ing

Youareneveraloseruntilyouquittrying

Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld

5.To4-do

Winnersexpecttowininadvance

Oneshouldlearntoforgive.

四.表語?:接在系動(dòng)詞后,補(bǔ)充說明主語的情況又稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。常做表語的有名詞、

形容詞、V+ing、To+do、從句

1.名詞

Lifeisnotabedofroses

Todayisouronlysurepossession

2.形容詞

Timeisfleetingandartislong

Changeisconstant

3.v+ing

Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan'tdo

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum

4.Todo

Tochangeattitudeistochangelife

Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,andnottoexist

5.從句

Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.

Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.

五.定語:修飾名詞或類似于名詞的詞。一般翻譯為的“,表示事物性質(zhì)或狀態(tài),

分為前置或后置。常做定語的有形容詞、名詞、V+ing、Todo、從句五種

1.形容詞

Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage

Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.

2.名詞

Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills

Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety

3.V+ing

Failureisalearningexperience.

Thestartingpointofallachievementisdesire

4.To+do

Thereisnotimetolose.

One'sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoose

5定語從句

Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclosedwithprofit

Successisaprocessthatneverends.

六.狀語:修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整句的詞或句。作狀語的有副詞、狀語從句、狀語從

句省略結(jié)構(gòu)、todo、V+ing、V-ed

1.副詞

Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.

Excellencyisdoingordinarythingsextraordinarywell

Clearly,one'sfateisinhis/herownhands.

2.狀語從句

Whenanopportunityisneglected,itnevercomesbacktoyou.

Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouseit.

3.狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)

Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever

4.todo

Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.

Tohelphigher,onecandrawback

5.V+ing

Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebecomesakindofburden

Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone'sheartsoul

6.V+ed

United,westand;divided,wefall.

Welldone,thesmallesttaskbecomesamiracleofachievement.

七.補(bǔ)語;主語補(bǔ)足語,賓語補(bǔ)足語(常做賓補(bǔ)的是形容詞和todo)

1.形容詞

Historiesmakemenwise

Workmakeamanwhoseajobisdullhappierthanthosewhohavenothingtodowiththeirdays

2.todo

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat

Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress

八;同位語;句子中的兩種成分表達(dá)同一種概念,即A=B稱之為同位語,常做同位語的有名

詞和從句兩種

1.名詞:

Weshouldmakefulluseoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow

Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.

2.從句

Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.

Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitselfabigvictory.

九.句子類型

根據(jù)類型句子可分為四種:簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句、并列復(fù)合句

1簡單句:一個(gè)句子中只包含一個(gè)主謂或者由并列連接詞來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語或主

Everyoneinfluencessomeoneandisinfluencedbysomeone

Ambitionandperseverancearetwosubstantialfactorsofsuccess.

2.并列句,由并列詞連接的兩個(gè)簡單句。(and,but,or)

Inafullheartthereisroomforeverythingandinanemptyheartthereisroomfornothing

Problemsneverstopbutpeoplestopproblem

3.復(fù)合句:由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句,根據(jù)意義可分為:名詞從句(主、賓、表、

同位)、形容詞從句(定語從句)、副詞從句(狀語從句)

Thepresentmomentisthebestgiftthatyougiveyourself

Whenyouaregoodtoothers,youarebesttoyourself

4并列復(fù)合句:在并列當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)了復(fù)合句

Wearenature'sgreatestmiracleandwehavedreamsandambitionswhichareimportantto

everyone.

第一節(jié)時(shí)態(tài)

一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。

HealwaysgetsuplateonSundays.(習(xí)慣動(dòng)作)

Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(客觀規(guī)律)

二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)“在"is/aredoing,is/arebeingdone

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。

Theyareputtingup/puttingdownthepictures.

但是有時(shí)也表示頻繁,反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,表示說話人的某種感情,如贊揚(yáng)、遺憾、討

厭等

Heisalwaysquarrellingwithothers

Sheisconstantlyworryingaboutherson'sstudy.

注意:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示將來的動(dòng)作:它指按人們的計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或指即

將開始的動(dòng)作。I'mleavingforBeijingtomorrow./Iamcoming/going.

三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已經(jīng)"have/hasdone,have/hasbeendone

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作。

Theconference(#i$C=meeting)haslastedforfivedays.(已完成的動(dòng)作)

Physicalvitalityhasbeenincreasedbyimprovednutrition.

還有upto(till)now,sofar,thesedays,for,since等...(后接一段時(shí)間的短語),

Wehaven'tseeneachotheragainsincewegraduatedin1987.

Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkind

ofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWide

Webhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.

四、一般過去時(shí)“過,了,"did/v+ed/were,was等

一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且一下子就完成的動(dòng)作,也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的

動(dòng)作。一般過去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,只說明過去。

Hesmokedfortycigarettesadayuntilhegaveup.(習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作)

1.一般過去時(shí)常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語或從句連用,如yesterday,lastweek,in1993,at

thattime,once,duringthewar,before,afewdaysago,when…等。

2.“usedto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“過去常?!倍F(xiàn)在已停止的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。

Heusedtoworkfourteenhoursaday.(過去常常)

區(qū)別“usedto”和"beusedto”。后者意為“習(xí)慣于…”,to為介詞,后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

Sheisusedtohardwork,/sheisusedtoswimminginsummei*./

Whenhewasyoungheusedtoswimintheriver.

五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間在。。?!眞as/weredoing,was/werebeingdone

Billwascoughingallnightlong.(過去反復(fù)發(fā)生)

Twooftheglasseswerebrokenwhentheywerebeingwashed

六、過去完成時(shí)haddone/hadbeendone

過去成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀況。在時(shí)間上,它屬于“過去的過去”。

Bytheendofthewar,thesmallworkshophadbecomealargefactory.

Ihadjustpouredmyselfacupofteawhenthephonerang.WhenIcamebackfromansweringit,

thecupwasempty.Somebodyhaddrunktheteaorthrownitaway.

七、一般將來時(shí)“將,要,會(huì),will/shalldo,will/shallbedone

一般將來時(shí)表示某個(gè)將來時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。

Hewilltakepartin/participateinanimportantraceacrosstheAtlantic.(將來發(fā)生)

ThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisterm.(將來反復(fù))

begoingto,beto,beaboutto表示打算、計(jì)劃、安排和即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

will表示說話人認(rèn)為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。

八、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shallbedoing

將來時(shí)間時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其構(gòu)成:will+be+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。

Ellbereadingthistimetomorrow.(將來正在進(jìn)行)

Mostoftheyoungpeopleinthetownwillbemeetingthematthestation.(持續(xù))

九、將來完成時(shí)will/shallhavedone,will/shallhavebeendone.

將來完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)前已完成的動(dòng)作,它與可用來表示推測(cè)。

Theywillhavestayedhereforfivemonthsnextweek.(將來完成)

Bytheendofnextmonth,theywillhavestudiedtwentypassages.(推測(cè))

Bytheendofnextyear,manymorehigh-riseswillhavebeenbuiltaroundthere.

十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)“一直在"have/hasbeendoing

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)間時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。此動(dòng)作或情況可能已停止,也

可能繼續(xù)下經(jīng)也可表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。

Fvebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn'tcome.

H—,過去將來時(shí)。

過去將來時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:would+do

Theyneverknewthatpopulationwouldbecomeabigproblem.

Herefusedtotelluswhetherhewouldundertakethejob.

Whenwewereyoung,wewouldhelpeachotherwithourhomework.

十二。時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)

如果主句是過去時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)往往也是過去的時(shí)態(tài)。

IfoundthatmycheatingintheEnglishtestwasreportedtomyparentsthatveryevening.

Sheansweredthedoor,carryingamagazineshehadbeenreading.

Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.

練習(xí):

1.lastyearandisnowearning=makinghislivingasanadvertisingagent.

A.HewouldheaveschoolC.HehadleftschoolB.HeleftschoolD.Hehasleftschool

2.Weeachotherfortenyears.

A.hadknownC.havebeenknowingB.haveknownD.know

3.Theyfulfilledtheplanearlierthanthey.

A.haveexpectedB.expectedC.wereexpectingD.hadexpected

4."Willshefinishtheworksoon?""Yes,shebynextFriday."

A.shallfinishB.finishC.rainsD.willhavefinished

5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.

A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining

6.Heinasmallworkshop,butnowheistheheadofabigbusinesscompany.

A.usedtoworkingB.wasusedtoworkC.usedtoworkD.wasusedtoworking

7.Mygrandmotherrurallife.

A.hasusedtoB.usedtoC.isusedtoD.usesto

8.In1950,shewasthelargestshipthat.

A.waseverbuiltB.haseverbuiltC.haseverbeenbuiltD.hadeverbeenbuilt

9.Thehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileitdown.

A.waspulledB.pulledC.wasbeingpulledD.hadbeenpulled

第2節(jié)語態(tài)

困難克服了,工作完成了,問題也解決了。

Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedandtheproblemsolved.

一、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時(shí)

1.PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.

2.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.

3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetenninehis

characterandlaterpersonality.

4.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisserviceaswell,butonTVeverythingismuch

moreliving,muchmorereal.

二,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯

在英譯漢中,英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)往往譯為主動(dòng)表達(dá),有時(shí)甚至?xí)l(fā)現(xiàn),生硬地翻譯成漢語的

被動(dòng)根本不通。這是由于英漢兩種語言的差異導(dǎo)致的。英語常用被動(dòng)語態(tài),而漢語喜歡主動(dòng)

語態(tài),再者,漢語允許無主語的句子。鑒于此,當(dāng)翻譯被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)靈活處理,以原文的

意義為依據(jù),以漢語的習(xí)慣為轉(zhuǎn)移,拋棄原文的形式,傳達(dá)出文字背后真正的內(nèi)容。

我們/很多人/大家/有人認(rèn)為

Itisassertedthat...W人主張...

Itisbelievedthat...有人認(rèn)為...

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...大家(一般人)認(rèn)為

Itiswellknownthat...大家知道(眾所周知)...

Itwillbesaid...有人會(huì)說...

Itissaidthat...據(jù)說...

Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說

Itishopedthat…希望...

Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道...

Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測(cè)...

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat.../Thereisnodoubtthat.../thereisnodenying

thefact山at…可以毫不夸張地說...

Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認(rèn)...

Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出...

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可見...

二、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者

1.Fourpeoplewerekilledandthirty-oneinjuredinthebombattack.

2.Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200Belgi

anandFrenchlives.

3.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesofta

kingupthehabitofsmoking.

4.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheeconomicdevelopment.

練習(xí):

1.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthe

latestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhichare

bothinstructiveandentertaining.

2.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeans

comparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

3.Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillall

rundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.

4.我們必須意識(shí)到在線購物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是大于缺點(diǎn)的

5.overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhave

largelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.

6.theyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposea

completebanonhumancloning.

第三節(jié)虛擬語氣

一、虛擬式用于非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)的構(gòu)成

If1hadtime,Iwouldgotothemovieswithyou.

Ifwehadn'tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessful.

Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thegamewouldbeputoff.

為混合虛擬式:1在非真實(shí)條件句中,有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的

動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生,稱為混合虛擬式。

IfIhadtakenmyraincoatwhenIcameoutthismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavemissedthefilmlastnight.

2.引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞if在正式文件中有時(shí)可以省去,were,had,should等非行為動(dòng)

詞這時(shí)應(yīng)提到從句句首。

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.—>WereIyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.

3.有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看無if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句,但從深層意思上看是存在的。這種

情況下主句動(dòng)詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without(如果沒有),butfor(要不

是'otherwise(否則),butthat(若不,后接一從句)等詞或詞組。

Butfor/withoutyourhelp,theycouldn'thavesucceeded.

Shewasn'tfellingwell.Otherwiseshewouldn'thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.

二、虛擬式也可用于其他情況

1.在it'snecessary(important,natural,essential,proposed,required,suggested,impossible,

strange)that…引導(dǎo)的真正的主語從句中動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬式,表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚

訝、不相信等意。

It'snecessarythatwe(should)setoutatonce.

It'sproposedthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter.

It\onlynaturalthatyoushouldbenervous.你感到緊張是很自然的。

Thedentistsuggestedthatshe(should)comeanotherday.

Itishighlyimportantthatwe(should)combinerevolutionarysweepwithpracticalness.

”對(duì)我們來說,把革命氣概和實(shí)際精神結(jié)合起來是很重要的?!?/p>

Itisimpossiblethatheshouldhavemissedthetrain.他不可能誤車。

2.在ask,require,order,demand,suggest,propose,command,insist?等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,

動(dòng)詞也用虛擬式,表示命令、建議、要求等。

Isuggestthatwe(should)gocampingtomorrow.

Heinsistedthatourlaboratoryreports(should)behandedinthedayaftertheexperimentwas

done.他堅(jiān)持要求我們?cè)谧鐾陮?shí)驗(yàn)后第二天將實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告交上來。

Thedirectorrequiredthatweshouldworkallnight主任要求我們通宵工作。

Iproposeweshouldhaveanothermeeting.我提議我們?cè)匍_一次會(huì)議。

Icommandthathegoatonce.我命令他立即就去

3.虛擬式可用于wish后的賓語從句中,表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。

IwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.

Iwishhewouldforgiveme.

Iwishhewereabirdflyinginthesky.

4.It飛(high,about)timethat…的句型要求用虛擬式,表示應(yīng)該做還沒做的事。((時(shí)節(jié))正盛

的;(時(shí)機(jī))成熟的)

Itishightimeyoumadeupyourmind.你該拿主意了。

5.在Iwould(had)rather后的句子中,動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式,表示某人的愿望。

I'dratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.

I'dratherhedidn'tdoanythinglikethat.

6.在asif(though)引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用虛擬式。

Shelooksasifsheknewallaboutit.

Theytalkedasthoughtheyhadgotacquaintedwitheachotherforyears.

練習(xí):

請(qǐng)背誦和熟記

*Itisextremelydifficultforustoimaginewhatourmodernlifewouldbelikewithout

/with...Ofallthevaluablethings,Iholdtheopinion山at...isofgreatsignificance.Withoutit,

therewouldbeno...andultimately/finallyno

ButfortheconvenienceofCellphone,ourliveswouldbeunimaginable.

Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxshouldbeabolished.

Itisessentialthatallthefactsshouldbeexaminedfirst.

Itisnecessarythatheshouldcomebackwithoutdelay.

Ithoughtitadvisablethatanarmedguardshouldstandinreadiness.

Ifitwerenotforthefactthatheisill,Iwouldaskhimtodothisrightnow.

Hadshemoremoney,shewoulddressfashionably.

Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.

HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedinEngland.

Butfortherain,weshouldhaveapleasantjourney.

Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavenothadagoodday.

第四節(jié)倒裝

1.為避免句子部分內(nèi)容重復(fù),英語中常用倒裝句,即:so(neither,nor)+be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)

動(dòng)詞)+主語。

Myfatherisanengineer;soismyhusband.

Janedidn'tattendmyclassyesterday;nordidTorris.

"Johncan'tswim.**"NeithercanI.0

[提示]如表示贊同別人的陳述,S。后面的部分不倒裝。

'Jimisagood-swimmer."

"Soheis,andsoisDick."

2.具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時(shí),句子一般部分倒裝,即將be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)

詞提到主語前。這類詞或短語包括:not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,bynomeans,

undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,nosooner...(then),hardly...(when),not

only...(butalso)等。

Neverhasmybrotherbeenabroadbefore.

HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.

Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanheboughtafinehouseandwenttolivethere.

Atnotimeshouldyougiveupstudying.在任何時(shí)候你都不應(yīng)放棄讀書。

(2)as或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。

Prominent(famous)as=thoughheisinhisfield,heremainseasy-going.

Wealthyas/thoughheis,Idon'tenvyhim.

3.當(dāng)so,often,only等表示程序或頻率的副詞置于句首時(shí),句子一般倒裝。

Sogreatwasthedestructionthatthesouthtookdecadestorecovery.

Onlyinthiswaycanweaccomplishitontime.

4.當(dāng)there,here,then,now等副詞置于句首,且謂語動(dòng)詞為come,go,be等詞時(shí),句子一般全部

倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意。但如果主語是代詞。句子則不倒裝。

Look!Herecomesthetaxi.

Herearesomelettersforyoutotype.

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個(gè)方面

must/mustn't,;can/can't;need/needn't;may/mayn't;might/mightn't;should/shouldn^;

ought等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的

1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。

1)musthave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定……如:

Thecellphonemusthavebeenbecomepopularinthe1990s

2)caiTt/couldn,thave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè),譯為“(昨天)一定沒……

如:

Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.

[A]couldn'thavereceived[B]oughttohavereceived[D]shouldn'thavereceived

3)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè),或事

實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許……如:

AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermay

havebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.

2,表示虛擬語氣。

1)needn,thave+過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當(dāng)于"didn'tneedtodo”,譯為“其實(shí)沒必

要...如:

Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wesoformally.

[AJneedn'tdressup[BJdidnotneedhavedressedup

[C]didnotneeddressup|D|needn'thavedressedup

2)shouldhave+過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該..."shouldnot+

have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該……:如:

Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.

我本來應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實(shí)際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒

有完成。

3)oughttohave+過去分詞,表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該……”,與

should的完成式含義類似。如:

Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,which

wentupinsmoke.

4)couldhave+過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以..這點(diǎn)與

ought/should/have+過去分詞用法相似。如:

Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.

5)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)..

Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentinthe

introductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.

二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞??嫉木湫停?/p>

1).may/might(just)aswell”不妨,最好“,與hadbetter相近;

Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.

既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于youhadbettergobytrain。

2).cannot/cant..too…"越...越好,怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot...over

如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.駕車時(shí)候,越小心越好。

Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeover

emphasized.

一般強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

注意,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)不能用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞和表語。

Itwasmyunclethat(who)sentmetheparcel.

Itisthearticlethat(which)theydiscussedlastweek.

Itwasbecausehewastoocarelessthathebrokealltheglasses.

ItisinthisroomthatIwasbom30yearsago.

一、謂語動(dòng)詞用do,does,did表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

在肯定句中,可以用do強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語部分,可謂為:“務(wù)必”、“一定”、“真的”、“確實(shí)”等。這

時(shí)動(dòng)詞要用原形。

Hedoesliketoeatnoodles.

ShedidsendmeapostcardasIexpected.

比較級(jí)的理解和翻譯

1.下面這種句型主要表示人或物的性質(zhì)、特征等方面有某些近似或相等:主語+謂語+as+形

容詞/副詞+3S+比較對(duì)象

Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavebeentakentenyearsinthe

past.

2.主語+謂語+n。more/less+形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+被比對(duì)象;是表達(dá)“相等”或“近似”的一

種說法。例如:

Sheisnolessdiligentthanherclassmates.

3.主語+謂語+more/less+形容詞/副詞+than+被比對(duì)象

Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence.

Theneweditionofthedictionaryismoreexpensivethantheoldone.

4、more―than句型:

(1)more…than與其..不如

例:Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.

在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。

(2)morethan超過;不僅僅是;非常

例:Theseflagsaremorethanjustcolorfulpiecesofclothandthreadsewntogether.

這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。

(3)notmorethan最多,不超過

例J:Theyfinishedtheprojectinnotmorethanoneyear.

在不超過一年的時(shí)間內(nèi),他們完成了那項(xiàng)工程。

(4)nomorethan僅僅

彳列:TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.

最高級(jí)句型

…the+形容詞/副詞最高級(jí)+(名詞)+范圍詞

1.Janeisthetallestgirlinthedepartmentofpublicrelations.

2.Ofallthestudents,Bethworkshardest.

注:引導(dǎo)范圍的介詞,如果為同一范疇用。f,如例2;否則用in,如例1。

四、The...the…結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越...,越

Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.

五、superior(優(yōu)于),inferior(低于),senior(年長于),junior"(年幼于)等級(jí)之后用to,而不用than。

Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.

Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.

Bobistwoyearsseniortome.

Heisjuniortomebytwoyears.

六、一些表示兩者之間有所比較和選擇和句型

Bettertodowellthantosaywell.說得好不如做得好。

Iwouldratherjoinyouinresearchworkthangoonholidaytotheseaside.

我寧愿和你們一起參加科研工作,而不愿到海濱去度假。

Iprefertoworkratherthansitidle.我寧愿工作,也不愿閑坐著。

Hewouldsoonerresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.

他寧愿辭職,也不愿參與那樣不誠實(shí)的買賣。

Ipreferthequietcountrysidetothenoisycities.

按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:簡單句,并列句和復(fù)合句

并列句

并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要,相互之

間沒有從屬關(guān)系,是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。

1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,nolonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,Ihen等連接。e.g.

Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.

2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either...or...,otherwise等0e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.

3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwith

thickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.

4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforrive

harvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.

Myfriendwasathome,andwetalkedforalongtime.

Herfatherisadoctorandhermotherisateacher.

IlikedthestoryverymuchbutLiMingwasn'tinterestedinit.

Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.

作業(yè):

a.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesourofajob,

butalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.

b.Mr.Smithhadanunusualcareer,hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasa

schoolteacher.

c.thesupervisordidn'thavetimesofartogointoitatlength,buthegaveusasideaabouthis

plan.

復(fù)合句

從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。

(1)表語從句:在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。

例如:Thatiswhyhedidnotcometoschoolyesterday./Itisbecauseyouaresoclever.

(2)賓語從句:在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。

①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語,+從句謂語+...

②關(guān)于賓語從句連詞的選擇:

若從句來源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;

若從句來源于一個(gè)一般疑問句,連詞則用if或whether;

若從句來源于一個(gè)特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)

Theybelievethatthecomputerwillfinallytaketheplaceofhumanbeings.

IwonderwhetherIshouldsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster.

Heaskedmewherehecouldgetsuchmedicine

whether句型:

(1)Itdoesn'tmatterwhether是否..并沒有關(guān)系

例:Itdoesn'tmatterwhetheritisfineornot.

(2)Itmakesnodifferencewhether是否..沒關(guān)系

例:Itmakesnodifferencewhetheryougotodayortomorrow.

(3)Itisnotmadeclearwhether是否..還不清楚

例:Itisnotmadecleai'whetherLilywillpasstheexam.

(4)Itisstillaquestionwhether是否..仍然是一個(gè)問題

例:Itisstillaquestionwhethertheyareabletogetenoughcoalthiswinter.

(5)Itisnotdecidedwhether是否..還沒決定

例:Itisnotdecidedwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeputoff.

{6)Itistobefoundoutwhether是否..有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)

例:Itistobefoundoutwhetherthereisotheroilresourcesunderground.

(7)Itistobedecidedwhether是否..有待于決定

例:Itistobedecidedwhetherthisideacanbeputintopractice.

(8)Idoubt/wonderwhether我懷疑是否..

例:Idoubtwhetherthenewonewillbeanybetter.

(9)havenoidea/don'tknowwhether不知道是否..

例:Ihavenoideawhetherthetrafficisterribleonthatway.

(10)Itdependsonwhether...這取決于..是否

例句:Itdependsonwhetheryouaredeterminedtodoitornot.

③賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題:如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過去時(shí);

如主句是過去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:I

thinkIwilldobetterinEnglishthisterm.

Theteacheraskedtheboyiftheearthisround.

Theteachertoldusthathehadfinishedcorrectingourwritings.

④下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待:

besorry/afraid/sure/glad+that從句,如:I'msorryI'mlate.(對(duì)不起,我遲到了。)

(3)狀語從句:在復(fù)合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時(shí)間、

地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。

1.時(shí)間狀語從句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,

whenever,nosooner…thark..=hardly…when…等弓I導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,

如:Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam.

NosoonerhadIgonehomethanIfoundtheshoesthatIboughtfromthestoreareofinferior

quality*******

Wheneverwehearofanaturaldisaster,eveninadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathyfor

thepeopleaffected.

2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where,wherever等引導(dǎo)。如:Gobackwhereyoucamefrom!(哪里來

還滾到哪里去!)/wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

Whereveryougoyouwillobeservegreatchangesthathavetakenplaceinthiscityoverthepast

years.

3.原因狀語從句通常由because,inthat,since=nowthat,notthat...buthat=不是因?yàn)橐唬?/p>

因?yàn)?。Forfearthat,consideringthat,seeingthat,onthegroundthat.as等

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