國際貿(mào)易理論與實務(wù)英文

國際貿(mào)易理論與實務(wù)英文第1頁/共91頁TwoBasicConceptsbalanceoftradeTradeSurplus（Exports＞Imports，F(xiàn)avorableBalanceofTrade）TradeDeficit（Exports＜Imports，UnfavorableBalanceofTrade）TradeBalance（Exports＝Imports）TradeStructureCommodityStructureGeographicalStructureDependencyofTrade2004、2005年中國的貿(mào)易收支2004年中國對外貿(mào)易依存度接近70%2005年中國主要進出口商品第2頁/共90頁第2頁/共91頁Chap.3ComparativeCostandClassicalTradeTheoremInthischapter,weintroducetheoremofinternationaltrade.Westartsuchintroductionlookingatcausesofinternationaltradeanditsinfluencesintheeconomy(inChap3,4,5and6),thenwewillanalyzetheinfluencesofeconomicsintrade.One,TheoryofAbsoluteCostTheoryofabsolutecostItisatheoreticalexplanationtothecauseofinternationaltradeIntroducedbyAdamSmithinhis“WealthofNations”第3頁/共90頁第3頁/共91頁GraphofAbsoluteCostUnitCostCalculatedintermsoflabor

UKPortugalCarpetWine4863Eachcountryproducesgoodsabsolutelylowincost,inexchangeforothercountries’goodsabsolutelylowincostTradebasedondivisionoflaborReasonoftradeisbecauseofdifferencesinabsolutecostCouldcountrieshavetradewithoutabsolutedifferencesincost?第4頁/共90頁第4頁/共91頁Chap3.2.ComparativeCostDavidRicardo，1817Background谷物法Cultivationofwheatexpands,landofgrassshrinks,andpriceofwoolgoesup小麥價格上漲LaborismoreexpansiveFoodexpendincreases,endgoodsexpenddecreasesRevengefromothercountries,exportofendproductsdecrease損害了資產(chǎn)階級的利益要求自由貿(mào)易第5頁/共90頁第5頁/共91頁CaseofRicardianModelUnitCostCalculatedintermsoflabor

BritainPortugalCarpetWine48610Assumptions：Twonations,twoproducts,onefactor,fixedproductivity,sufficientemployment,perfectcompetition,non-mobilityoffactor,barter,notechnologicalimprovement,notransportationcostTheabsolutecostsofbothproductsinBritainislowerthanthatinPortugal,whyistherestilltradebetweenthesetwocountries第6頁/共90頁第6頁/共91頁Anecessaryconditionofinternationaltrade:Comparativecostdifference兩利相權(quán)取其重，兩弊相權(quán)取其輕Asufficientconditionofinternationaltrade:internationalexchangerateisbetweendomesticexchangeratesinbothcountries.ThereisbenefitfromtradeLimitation：Whythereiscomparativecost？第7頁/共90頁第7頁/共91頁Chap3.3.ClassicaltrademodelbasedoncomparativecostUsedtoexplain：Reasonsandinfluencesoftrade(Price,Production,ConsumptionandWelfare.1,AnalysisTools1)ProductionPossibilityCurveThemaximumproductionwhenfactorsarefullyemployed.A（0，100）B（100，0）OXYC（X1，Y1）第8頁/共90頁第8頁/共91頁PropertyofProductionPossibilityCurveSlopeofPPCisequaltomarginalopportunitycostAB5434OXYThecostofgivinguponebenefitforgettinganotherMaximumcostmaynotbeoptimumproduction.Wehavetointroduceindifferencecurveinordertogetoptimumproduction.第9頁/共90頁第9頁/共91頁2,IndifferenceCurveThedifferentproductscombinationthatcanbringsamesatisfactiontoconsumers.OXYA（10，40）B（25，15）UA=UBPropertyofIndifferenceCurve:TherearemanyindifferencecurveFurtherfromoriginmeansmoreutilitylevelNevercrosswitheachotherConcaveNegativeSlope第10頁/共90頁第10頁/共91頁ThecombinationofPPCandIndifferenceCurve:Equilibrium(Optimum)ProductionandConsumptionOXYEACBU0U2U1ineffectiveImpossibleMaximumproduction,bututilitylessthanEEquilibriumpoint：Maximumproduction,maximumutility第11頁/共90頁第11頁/共91頁3,ExchangeRate(ComparativepriceandTradeconditionOYXABCDE1X=1Y1X=2Y3X=3Y

★Theexchangerateisequaltotheslopeoftheline

★Thekeyofexchangeratelineisitsslope,nottheposition.Forexample,ABandDEisindifferentpositionbuthassameslope第12頁/共90頁第12頁/共91頁二、貿(mào)易前均衡開展國際貿(mào)易前，一國國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)和消費狀況YXOBAT生產(chǎn)可能性曲線邊際機會成本為1X=1Y交換比率線交換比率為1X=2YX產(chǎn)量擴大X價格下跌，比如：1X=1.5Y國內(nèi)均衡時，生產(chǎn)可能性曲線與交換比率線重合，實現(xiàn)完全專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)第13頁/共90頁第13頁/共91頁根據(jù)生產(chǎn)可能性曲線的斜率

判斷一國的比較優(yōu)勢YXOBAYXOB1A1A國B國1X=1Y相對于B國而言，X成本更低1X=3Y相對于A國而言，X成本更高，Y成本更低第14頁/共90頁第14頁/共91頁Three,ClassicalTradeModel(OneFactor)YXOABYXOCDTT1X=1Y1X=3YPriceofXfallsininternationalmarket,andPriceofYalsofalls,finallyreachesanequilibriumprice,say,T(1X=2Y)NationalANationalB第15頁/共90頁第15頁/共91頁InfluenceofInternationalTradeYXOABYXOCDTTEJU0U1U0U1FMPrice:X(morecomparativeadvantage)raisedProduction：ProductionofXexpanded(Perfectspecialization)Consumption:consumptioncombinationisinhigher-positionindifferencecurve,bettertradeoffXinNationA:ProductionOB,ConsumptionOX0,SurplusX0B(Export)YinNationA:Production:0,ConsumptionOY0(imports)X0Y0XinnationBProduction0,consumptionOX1(Imports)

YinnationProductionOC,ConsumptionOY1,surplusY1CX1Y1第16頁/共90頁第16頁/共91頁Chap.4,MutualDemandsTheoryUsedtoexplainhowexchangerateisfixed,andhowitvaries.One,TermsofTradeT=PXPMPriceIndexofexportsPriceIndexofImportsT：Improvementoftradecondition:eachunitofexportcanexchangeformoreimportsT：Deteriorationoftradecondition:eachunitofexportexchangesforlessimports第17頁/共90頁第17頁/共91頁ChangesinTermsofTradeYXOT0T1T2T3X0Y0Y1Y2Y3ImprovementofTradeConditioninAYXOT3T2T1T0Y0X0X1X2X3ImprovementofTradeConditioninB第18頁/共90頁第18頁/共91頁OfferCurveOXXYT0T1T2U0U1U2CABEFGLMNX0X1X2Y0Y1Y2T0：Export

LA（=OX0），ImportEL（=OY0）T1：Ex

MB（=OX1），ImFM（=OY1）T2：EX

NC（=OX2），ImGN（=OY2）T2T1T0OfferCurveEachpointalongoffercurvemeanstheequilibriumimportandexportincertainexchangerate第19頁/共90頁第19頁/共91頁GeneralEquilibriuminInternationalTradeOXYABTT1A1X0X1Y0Y1EquilibriuminternationalexchangerateImprovementoftradeconditionfor（ThatofBfixed）OfferCurveofAmovesleftExportsdecreasegreatly,butexchangedimportsstayunchanged第20頁/共90頁第20頁/共91頁Chap5,FactorEndowmentUsedtosolveproblemsleftbehindbyRicardo:ReasonsforcomparativecostdifferencePutforwardbySwedishEconomistsHeckscherandOhiler,soitisalsocalltheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,orH-Omodel,alsoknownasfactorendowmenttheory.

Itoffersgoodexplainingtointernationaltrade,sostillworksasmainstreamtheoryininternationaltrade.第21頁/共90頁第21頁/共91頁Chap5.1.Heckscher-OhlinModelOne,Assumptions1.Twonations,twoproducts,twofactors(LandK),2×

2×2

model.

2.FixedEndowment,freemobilityoffactordomestically,non-mobilityinternationally.3.Sametechnicallevelbetweentwonations(Sameproductionfunction,sameendowmentforsameproductsintwonations)Two,NotionsFactorintensityFactorabundance第22頁/共90頁第22頁/共91頁三、Heckscher-OhlinTheoremEachcountryexportsthegoodintensiveinthecountry'sabundantfactor,andimportsthegoodintensiveinthecountry’sscarcefactor.兩國要素稟賦不同，導(dǎo)致兩國要素價格不同要素價格差異導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)成本差異生產(chǎn)成本差異導(dǎo)致同種產(chǎn)品在兩國的價格差異同種產(chǎn)品在不同國家價格的差異導(dǎo)致國際貿(mào)易發(fā)生兩國要素密集度和要素豐裕度的差異形成了不同產(chǎn)品的比較優(yōu)勢第23頁/共90頁第23頁/共91頁TradeinfluenceandbenefitsProductionPossibilitycurveincaseoftwofactorsYXOTUEDuetodiminishingsubstitutionoffactors,marginalopportunitycostwillincrease,thusproductionpossibilitycurveisconcave.ItsslopeistheopportunitycostinpointE.EquilibriuminEmeansmarginalopportunitycostinE.Domesticequilibriumisequaltodomesticpriceratio.equilibriumX0Y0第24頁/共90頁第24頁/共91頁Tradeinfluences:1)priceYXOEDomesticequilibriumpretrade.TisdomesticexchangerateTT1Aftertrade,thecountryexportX,anditsdomesticsupplyofXdecreases,andpriceXrises.TT1A第25頁/共90頁第25頁/共91頁TradeInfluences2)productionYXOETT1SX0Y0X1Y1SincetheinternationalpriceofXishigherthanthatofdomestic,productionofXwillincrease,therefore,productionofYmustdecrease.ProductioncombinationwillmovetoS.SinceinS,theinternationalexchangerateisequaltodomesticmarginalopportunitycost,thecountry’sproductionofXwillnotincrease.Withtheincreaseofmarginalopportunitycost,therewillnotbeperfectspecialization.A第26頁/共90頁第26頁/共91頁TradeInfluences3)ConsumptionYXOETT1SAU0U1CAftertrade,consumersinthenationwillbeabletoconsumeatinternationalpriceT1,asbudgetconstraintmovestoU1,consumptioncombinationmovestoC.U1ishigherthanU0,soconsumersarebetteroff.第27頁/共90頁第27頁/共91頁EquilibriumYXOETT1SU0U1CX1X2Y1Y2X：OX1-OX2=X2X1：ExY：OY1-OY2=Y1Y2：Im第28頁/共90頁第28頁/共91頁BenefitfromTradeTrademakesanation’sconsumersbetteroff,buthavedifferentinfluencestoproducers.ExportProducersDXSXQXPXOEQ0P0HGFP1Ex△HEP0：Theexportproducers’surpluspretrade△HGP1：Theexportproducer’ssurplusaftertrade.Difference：P1GEP0Tradewillbenefitexportproducers.第29頁/共90頁第29頁/共91頁InfluencetoimportcompetitiveproducersDYSYQYPYOEP0P1FHImK△P1FK：Producer’ssurplusaftertrade△P0EK：Producers’surplusbeforetradeDifference：P0EFP1Tradewillharmtheimportcompetitiveproducers第30頁/共90頁第30頁/共91頁Chap.5.2.AnempiricalstudyofH-Omodel1,LeontifParadoxAccordingtothestatisticalanalysisofLeontif,hefoundoutthatU.S.A.,whichisacapitalabundantcountry,importsmorecaptial-intensiveproducts,whileexportsmorelaborintensivegoods.ThisisaparadoxtoH-Omodel.2,ExplaintheParadoxInverseofresourceintensityTradebarriersHumanresourceNaturalResourcesH-O模型并沒有錯第31頁/共90頁第31頁/共91頁Chap5.3.,ExpansionofH-OmodelInternationaltradeaffectspriceproductionandconsumption,butwillitalsoaffectthefactorpayoffandprice?BasingonH-Omodel,wesolveproblemsoftradetoincomedistribution.Stolper-SamuelsonTheoremFactorPayoff=Price（P）×Marginalproductsoffactors（MP）Valueofmarginalproducts（VMP）W=P×MPLR=P×MPK第32頁/共90頁第32頁/共91頁Shortterm:Factornon-mobilityBecauseofnon-mobility,tradewillonlyaffectprice出口產(chǎn)品（X）價格上漲W=PX×MPLWincreasesR=PX×MPKRincreasesAllexportproducers’payoffsincrease進口產(chǎn)品（Y）價格下跌W=PY×MPLWDecreasesR=PY×MPKRDecreasesAllimportproducers’payoffsdecrease第33頁/共90頁第33頁/共91頁Longterm:Becausefactorsaremobile,tradenotonlyaffectsprice,butalsothemarginalproducts.勞動密集行的出口行業(yè)報酬提高資本密集型的進口競爭行業(yè)的要素向出口行業(yè)流動進口競爭行業(yè)流出的資本比勞動多出口行業(yè)需要的勞動比資本多資本相對過剩，價格降低勞動相對稀缺，價格提高各行業(yè)投入更多資本，資本/勞動比率提高勞動生產(chǎn)率提高，資本生產(chǎn)率下降勞動的邊際產(chǎn)品增加，資本的邊際產(chǎn)品減少第34頁/共90頁第34頁/共91頁Continue出口行業(yè)W=PX×MPLPX上漲，MPL增加W提高R=PX×MPKPX上漲，MPK減少R？進口競爭行業(yè)W=PY×MPLPY下跌，MPL增加W？R=PY×MPKPY下跌，MPK減少R下降PayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyexporterswillincreasePayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyimporterswilldecrease第35頁/共90頁第35頁/共91頁ContinueLabormarketisinequilibriumbeforetradeWX=WY，RX=RYFactormarketwillalsoformequilibriumaftertradeWX

increases，WY

alsoincreases；RX

decreases，RY

alsodecreasesInlongterm,aftertrade,Payoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyexporterswillincrease,andPayoffofthefactorintensivelyusedbyimporterswilldecrease,thisistryinanyindustry.

第36頁/共90頁第36頁/共91頁FactorpriceequalizationtheoryExplainstheinfluenceoftradeamongcountriestothefactorpriceintwocountries.A國貿(mào)易前W低R高貿(mào)易后W提高R降低B國貿(mào)易前W高R低貿(mào)易后W降低R提高均等第37頁/共90頁第37頁/共91頁Chap6,NewTradeTheoryChangesininternationalTradeIncreaseofIntra-industryTradeDevelopmentoftradewithindevelopedcountriesTradebetweengoodswithsimilarorsameendowmentsH-O

cannotexplainAmendmentsofassumptionsofH-Omodel,developstonewtradetheory第38頁/共90頁第38頁/共91頁GeneralpointsofnewtradetheoriesImperfectCompetitionDifferentiatedproducts(Intra-industrytrade)

Monopolypower(pricedifference)Large–ScaleEconomyInternal(enterprises)External(Industry)第39頁/共90頁第39頁/共91頁Intra-industrytradeandcross-industrytradeDomestic（RichinCapital）Foreign（Richinlabor）productsFoodstuffCross-industrytradeIntra-industrytrade第40頁/共90頁第40頁/共91頁TradeduetoexternalscaleeconomyOne,incaseofperfectcompetitionQPOD1S1P1AC1MC1P，COqq1Q1Beforetrade,supplyanddemand（S1，D1）determineequilibriumprice（P1）,theMCandACareMC1andAC1.第41頁/共90頁第41頁/共91頁QPOD1S1P1AC1MC1P，COqq1Q1S2Enlargeofindustry,supply,supplyincreasestoS2AC2ACdecreasesMeanwhile,marketpricefalls,andtradehappensQ2P2D2MC2Foreigndemandsincrease,demandcurvesmovesInternationalpricestaysatP2OutputfromenterprisesstayunchangedReasonoftradeisbecauseofthepricechangeduetoexternalscaleeconomy第42頁/共90頁第42頁/共91頁二、TradeEquilibriumatexternalScaleofeconomyXYOProductioncurveofincreasingreturntoscale:diminishingmarginalopportunitycostETSupposeotherconditionsaresamefortwonations,equilibriumpointisEUJHU1T1E1Supposetheproductionscaleoftwonationschange,productioncombinationmovestoJandH,tradeaccordingtosameexchangerate(T1)beforetradeT2TradeisduetothepriceadvantageofXwhenindustryscaleisexpanded.SupposeXandYaretwoproductsinsameindustry第43頁/共90頁第43頁/共91頁TradeduetoInternalScaleofEconomy:ImperfectcompetitivemarketQOD1MR1MCQ1P1P，CEACSupposemarginalcoststayunchangedDuetoscaleofeconomy,averagecostfalls,enterpriseswilltradeD2MR2P2AC2Q2Demandcurveandmarginalincomecurvemoveright,butslopeisless(moreelasticity)Price（P2）inshortterishigherthanaveragecost（AC2）,enterprisehavemonopolyprofitNomonopolyprofit第44頁/共90頁第44頁/共91頁LongtermequilibriumQOP，CD2MR2MCQ2AC2P2ACShorttermmonopolyprofitMR3D3Q3P3NewfirmenterDemandoftheproductsdecreasesExpansionofindustryscaleloweraveragecost,andcompetitioneliminatesmonopolyprofit.Scaleofeconomycausestrade,whichconsequentlyincreaseconsumersurplus(welfareimproves),betterspecialization第45頁/共90頁第45頁/共91頁KrugmanModelThreerelationsRelationofQuantityofproducersandAverageCost:Thebiggerthequantityofproducers,thelessasingleproducer’soutput,andACishigherRelationofQuantityofproducersandprice:Themoretheproducers,themoreseriousthecompetition,thelowertheprice.

WhenpriceishigherthanAC(hasmonopolyprofit),otherproducerswillgointotheindustry,whileinothercases,whenpriceislowerthanAC(monopolyprofitisnegative),producerswillgooutoftheindustry.Ingraph,relationofquantityofproducersandACisCCcurve(inpositiverelationship),;RelationofQuantityofproducersandpriceisPPcurveinthegraph(innegativerelationship).Inlongterm,quantityofproducersisdeterminedbythecrossoftwocurves.第46頁/共90頁第46頁/共91頁ContinuedNP，CCCPPOEP1AC1N0N1P2AC2N2Monopolyprofitexists,newproducersgoin,NincreasesLoss,producersgoout,NdecreasesEquilibrium均衡第47頁/共90頁第47頁/共91頁TradeEquilibriumNP，COPPCC1CC2N1N2P1P2E1E2ScaleofeconomylowertheAC,haspriceadvantage,exportThelowerACmakesCCcurvemovesright,newproducersgoin,NincreasesMorecompetitionmeanslowerpriceScaleofeconomycauseslowerprice,bringwithtrade,improveconsumer’swelfare,makeproducersspecialized,scaleofeconomyexpands,andmorechoicesforconsumers.第48頁/共90頁第48頁/共91頁Productslifecyclemodel(technicaltransfer)tExImOUSA：UKChina：Tradehappensduetothetechnicaldifference,explainsintra-industrytradeindifferenttime第49頁/共90頁第49頁/共91頁Chap7,EconomicgrowthandinternationaltradeSolveproblemsoftheinfluenceofeconomicvariationtointernationaltradeResourceofgrowthIncreaseoffactorsandtechnicalimprovementsIncreaseofGDPResultsofgrowthOXYABA1B1第50頁/共90頁第50頁/共91頁BalancedgrowthandunbalancedgrowthBalancedGrowth

O

X

Y

A

B

EA1B1E1SameSlope

O

X

Y

A

BUnbalancedgrowth

C

D

F

Gimportreplacinggrowthexportexpansion

growth第51頁/共90頁第51頁/共91頁EconomicgrowthandtradeGrowthandtradeofsmallcountryIRG

O

X

Y

A

BTTCDU0U1FGHLMN

OX

Y

A

BTU0FGHU1LMNTEEGTradeconditionstayunchanged,importandexportchangeinsameratioTradevolumedoesnotaffectinternationalexchangerate(Tradecondition)CD第52頁/共90頁第52頁/共91頁RybcZynskiTheorem

OX

Y

BTACDTX1X2Y1Y2ThescaleofdecreaseofX’scostislargerthanthatofY,soproductionofXwillincreasetillequaltomarginalopportunitycost(slopeofT),outputofYisabsolutelylower.第53頁/共90頁第53頁/共91頁GrowthandtradeforLargeCountry大國增長與貿(mào)易ImportreplacinggrowthXOYABDCT0FEGHJKT1U0U1U2T2Welfareimproves,HJ＞GF,duetointernationalmarketpriceofYfalls,tradeconditionimproves,thecertainamountofthenation’sproductscouldexchangeformoreimportgoods.第54頁/共90頁第54頁/共91頁ExportexpansiongrowthXOYABT0FEGU0T1KHJU1U2T2ExportofXincreaseforlargecountry,whichcausesinternationalmarketpriceofXfalls,tradeconditionchanges.Welfareimproves.JK>FE,moreexportproductsareneededinexchangeforacertainamountofimportgoods,tradeconditiondeteriorates.CD第55頁/共90頁第55頁/共91頁ImmiserizinggrowthYOXABCDTT1U0U1第56頁/共90頁第56頁/共91頁Chap8,ProtectionismandPoliciesWhenfreetradecanmaketwocountriesbetteroff,whyshouldtherebetradeprotection?One,Policiesofthemercantilism只有金銀才是財富任何國家金銀儲量都是有限的，只有靠出口賺取別國金銀才能增加本國財富同時要限制或禁止本國購買別國商品支出本國金銀限制或禁止進口，同時鼓勵出口第57頁/共90頁第57頁/共91頁Two,ProtectiontheoryofListThereshouldbedifferenttradepoliciesindifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopment.第58頁/共90頁第58頁/共91頁TradeprotectionismofKeynesianAggregateDemand:C＋I＋G＋XAggregateSupply：C＋S＋T＋M＝消費投資政府支出出口消費儲蓄進口政府收入EquationofAggregateDemandsY＝C＋I＋G＋（X－M）NetExport第59頁/共90頁第59頁/共91頁TradeMultiplierConsumptionFunction：C＝Ca＋bY自發(fā)消費引致消費MPCXIncomeY＝Ca＋bY＋I＋G＋（X－M）不考慮Ca、I和GY＝bY＋（X－M）Y－bY＝（X－M）Y＝11－b（X－M）Let11－b＝k，Y＝k（X－M）InordertoincreaseY,needstoincrease(X—M),ortheexports,anddecreaseimports,thenYisincreasedbyKtimes.

第60頁/共90頁第60頁/共91頁NewTradeprotectionismStrategicTradepolicyPrisoner’sdilemmaABconfessNotconfessconfessNotconfess5，510，11，100，0Nashequilibrium第61頁/共90頁第61頁/共91頁StrategicTradepoliciesBoingAirbusProduceNotproduceProduceNotproduce－5，－50，100100，00，0BoingAirbusproduceNotProduceProduceNotProduce－5，200，125100，00，0政府可以采取措施幫助本國企業(yè)獲得戰(zhàn)略性優(yōu)勢第62頁/共90頁第62頁/共91頁OtherreasonsfortradeprotectionProtectyoungindustriesProtectindustrieswhoseaveragecostnothigherthanthatofinternationalmarketpriceinfutureCostshouldbelowerthantheincomeoftheindustryinfutureIndustrymustbefreejoinanexitPromotecapitalformationandindustrymultilateralImprovetradeconditionsandinternationalbalanceofpaymentsIncreaseemploymentandsustainhighsalaryPromoteeconomicdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.第63頁/共90頁第63頁/共91頁Chap9,TrademanagementtheoriesandpoliciesLimitedimportTariffNon-tariffBarriersQuantitylimitationsPricelimitationsPurchasecontrolFinancialcontrolTBTImproveexportExportcreditNationalGuaranteeofexportcreditExportsubsidyDumping第64頁/共90頁第64頁/共91頁TariffBasicIdeas（P.113~116）ERPERP＝V’－VVV’＝（Finalpriceofexports+Duty)–priceofImportedmaterialV＝priceofforeignendproducts—foreignmaterialpriceUnderacertainnominaltariffrate,thelowerthenominaltariffrateattachedtorawmaterialandmediumgoods,themoretheprotectionleveltotheendproducts第65頁/共90頁第65頁/共91頁EconomiceffectsoftariffSolveproblemsoftheinfluencesonimportprice,andwelfareofimportproducer,consumerandgovernment.1.PartialEquilibriumofsmallnation第66頁/共90頁第66頁/共91頁PYQYOSDPwPtFAGabcdPriceininternationalmarketPriceofimportsaftertax①priceincreaseQ1Q2Q3Q4Importbeforetax②importsdecreaseaftertaxeBCH③lossofconsumerisa+b+c+d④producersurplusisincreaseda⑤governmenttariffincomeiscLoss：a+b+c+d（Consumer）Benefit：a（producer）+c（government）⑥netbefefit：－（b+d）第67頁/共90頁第67頁/共91頁2.PartialequilibriumanalysisoflargecountriesPYQYOSDPwPtPW1Pt1Q1Q3Q4Q4abcdftPW1：Importsoflargecountriesdecreases,internationalmarketpricefallsPt1：Domesticdecreasesaftertax第68頁/共90頁第68頁/共91頁InfluenceoftarifftosomeAmericanproducts(inMilliondollars)

Rubbershoes41.9-272.2188.444.139.7Womenshoes10.0-325.1253.454.617.1tile19.1-90.077.610.02.4cases16.3-186.3139.836.410.1Leathergloves15.3-28.115.010.82.2China14.2-43.8Pottery9.4-34.7bags12.5-134.4103.425.75.3Artificialjewlry9.9-86.759.520.76.512.9-185.899.077.29.6Bicycle11.0-38.126.410.01.7ProductTariff（%）ConsumerCostTariffIncomeProducerIncomeNetcost第69頁/共90頁第69頁/共91頁Nontradebarreiers數(shù)量限制ImportQuotaAbsoluteQuotaTariffQuotaGlobalQuotaRegionalQuotaImporterQuotaImportlicenseVoluntaryexportrestraint第70頁/共90頁第70頁/共91頁EconomiceffectsofimportquotaOPQDSPWPQQ1Q3Q4Q2abcd第71頁/共90頁第71頁/共91頁SituationofImportQuotaThevoluntaryexportlimitationofChineseproductsVERChineseproductsthatcarrywithquota中國目前實施配額管理的產(chǎn)品第72頁/共90頁第72頁/共91頁PoliciesaimingatimprovingexportExportSubsidy出口補貼DirectSubsidyIndirectsubsidy世界各國的出口補貼出口退稅口退稅辦法第73頁/共90頁第73頁/共91頁DumpingEconomicEffectsP,CQQODFMRFMCMCDDMRDPFPDpricediscrimination壟斷企業(yè)ForeignmarketsDomesticmarketForeignmarketshasmoredemandelasticitythandomesticmarketDomesticpriceishigherthanpriceinforeignmarkets第74頁/共90頁第74頁/共91頁ChinaandAnti-dumpingChinese-madetelevisionsetsIssuesofChina’sroleasmarketeconomyLatestcasesChina’simplementofanti-dumping第75頁/共90頁第75頁/共91頁RevolutionofChina’sforeigntrade《十一五規(guī)劃綱要》第76頁/共90頁第76頁/共91頁Chap10,