新托?？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題

千里之行，始于第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦新托福考試閱讀篇沖刺試題今日我給大家?guī)砹诵峦懈？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題,大家抓緊做做看吧。下面我就和大家共享，來觀賞一下吧。

新托?？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題;AmericanRailroads

AmericanRailroads

US鐵路

IntheUnitedStates,railroadsspearheadedthesecondphaseofthetransportationrevolutionbyovertakingthepreviousimportanceofcanals.Themid-1800ssawagreatexpansionofAmericanrailroads.ThemajorcitieseastoftheMississippiRiverwerelinkedbyaspiderwebofrailroadtracks.Chicagosgrowthillustratestheimpactoftheseraillinks.In1849Chicagowasavillageofafewhundredpeoplewithvirtuallynorailservice.By1860ithadbecomeacityof100,000,servedbyelevenrailroads.FarmerstothenorthandwestofChicagonolongerhadtoshiptheirgrain,livestock,anddairyproductsdowntheMississippiRivertoNewOrleans;theycouldnowshiptheirproductsdirectlyeast.ChicagosupplantedNewOrleansastheinteriorofAmericasmaincommercialhub.

在US，鐵路超過了以前水道的重要性，成為運(yùn)輸革命的其次階段的先鋒。19世紀(jì)中期，US鐵路得到了很大的進(jìn)展。密西西比河以東的主要城市由蛛網(wǎng)般的鐵路軌道連接起來。芝加哥的增長說明白這些鐵路連接的影響。1849年，芝加哥是一個(gè)擁有幾百人的村莊，幾乎沒有鐵路服務(wù)。到1860年，它已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)擁有10萬人口的城市，由11條鐵路服務(wù)。芝加哥北部和西部的農(nóng)夫不再需要將他們的糧食、牲畜和乳制品沿著密西西比河運(yùn)送到新奧爾良;他們現(xiàn)在可以將他們的產(chǎn)品直接運(yùn)送到東部。芝加哥取代新奧爾良成為US主要商業(yè)中心的內(nèi)部。

Theeast-westraillinesstimulatedthesettlementandagriculturaldevelopmentoftheMidwest.By1860Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsinhadreplacedOhio,Pennsylvania,andNewYorkastheleadingwheat-growingstates.EnablingfarmerstospeedtheirproductstotheEast,railroadsincreasedthevalueoffarmlandandpromotedadditionalsettlement.Inturn,populationgrowthinagriculturalareastriggeredindustrialdevelopmentincitiessuchasChicago,Davenport(Iowa),andMinneapolis,forthenewsettlersneededlumberforfencesandhousesandmillstogrindwheatintoflour.

東西鐵路線刺激了中西部地區(qū)的定居和農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)展。到1860年，伊利諾伊州、印第安納州和威斯康星州取代俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州和紐約州成為小麥種植的主要州。鐵路使農(nóng)夫能夠把他們的產(chǎn)品運(yùn)到東部，增加了農(nóng)田的價(jià)值，并促進(jìn)了額外的定居點(diǎn)。反過來，農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的人口增長引發(fā)了芝加哥、達(dá)文波特(愛荷華州)和明尼阿波利斯等城市的工業(yè)進(jìn)展，由于新移民需要木材來修建柵欄，建筑房屋和磨坊，將小麥磨成面粉。

Railroadsalsopropelledthegrowthofsmalltownsalongtheirroutes.TheIllinoisCentralRailroad,whichhadmoretrackthananyotherrailroadin1855,mademoneynotonlyfromitstrafficbutalsofromrealestatespeculation.Purchasinglandforstationsalongitspath,theIllinoisCentralthenlaidouttownsaroundthestations.TheselectionofManteno,Illinois,asastopoftheIllinoisCentral,forexample,transformedthesitefromacrossroadswithoutasinglehousein1854intoabustlingtownofnearlyathousandin1860,repletewithhotels,lumberyards,grainelevators,andgristmills.BytheCivilWar(1861-1865),fewthoughtoftherailroad-linkedMidwestasafrontierregionorvieweditsinhabitantsaspioneers.

鐵路也推動(dòng)了沿途小城鎮(zhèn)的進(jìn)展。伊利諾伊州中心鐵路，在1855年比任何其他鐵路都有更多的軌道，它不僅從交通中賺錢，而且從房地產(chǎn)投機(jī)中賺錢。伊利諾伊州中部為沿途的車站購買土地，然后在車站四周布置城鎮(zhèn)。例如，選擇伊利諾伊州曼特諾作為伊利諾伊州中部的一個(gè)站點(diǎn)，將該站點(diǎn)從1854年一個(gè)沒有一棟房子的十字路口改造成1860年一個(gè)擁有近千人的繁華小鎮(zhèn)，這里充斥著酒店、伐木場、谷物升降機(jī)和垃圾場。到了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865年)，很少有人認(rèn)為連接中西部的鐵路是一個(gè)邊疆地區(qū)，也很少有人認(rèn)為它的居民是先驅(qū)者。

Asthenationsfirstbigbusiness,therailroadstransformedtheconductofbusiness.Duringtheearly1830s,railroads,likecanals,dependedonfinancialaidfromstategovernments.Withtheonsetofeconomicdepressioninthelate1830s,however,stategovernmentsscrappedoverlyambitiousrailroadprojects.Convincedthatrailroadsburdenedthemwithhightaxesandblastedhopes,votersturnedagainststateaid,andintheearly1840s,severalstatesamendedtheirconstitutionstobarstatefundingforrailroadsandcanals.Thefederalgovernmenttookupsomeoftheslack,butfederalaiddidnotprovideamajorstimulustorailroadsbefore1860.Rather,partoftheburdenoffinancepassedtocityandcountygovernmentsinagriculturalareasthatwantedtoattractrailroads.Suchmunicipalgovernments,forexample,oftengaverailroadsrights-of-way,grantsoflandforstations,andpublicfunds.

作為國家第一大商業(yè)，鐵路轉(zhuǎn)變了商業(yè)行為。在19世紀(jì)30年月早期，鐵路和水道一樣依靠于州政府的財(cái)政救濟(jì)。然而，隨著19世紀(jì)30年月末經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的開頭，州政府取消了過于雄心勃勃的鐵路項(xiàng)目。選民們深信，鐵路給他們帶來了沉重的稅收和沉重的盼望，于是轉(zhuǎn)而反對(duì)國家救濟(jì)。在19世紀(jì)40年月初，幾個(gè)州修改了憲法，禁止國家資助鐵路和水道。聯(lián)邦政府實(shí)行了一些松懈，但聯(lián)邦救濟(jì)沒有供應(yīng)一個(gè)主要的刺激鐵路在1860年之前。相反，部分財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)移到了農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的市和縣政府，這些政府盼望吸引鐵路。例如，這些市政府常常賜予鐵路通行權(quán)、車站用地和公共資金。

Thedramaticexpansionoftherailroadnetworkinthe1850s,however,strainedthefinancingcapacityoflocalgovernmentsandrequiredaturntowardprivateinvestment,whichhadneverbeenabsentfromthepicture.Wellawareoftheeconomicbenefitsofrailroads,individualslivingnearthemhadlongpurchasedrailroadstockissuedbygovernmentsandhaddirectlyboughtstockinrailroads,oftenpayingbycontributingtheirlabortobuildingtherailroads.Butthelargerailroadsofthe1850sneededmorecapitalthansuchsmallinvestorscouldgenerate.Gradually,thecenterofrailroadfinancingshiftedtoNewYorkCity,andinfact,itwastherailroadboomofthe1850sthathelpedmakeWallStreetinNewYorkCitythenationsgreatestcapitalmarket.ThestocksofalltheleadingrailroadsweretradedontheflooroftheNewYorkStockExchangeduringthe1850s.Inaddition,thegrowthofrailroadsturnedNewYorkCityintothecenterofmoderninvestmentfirms.TheinvestmentfirmsevaluatedthestockofrailroadsinthesmallerAmericancitiesandthenfoundpurchasersforthesestocksinNewYorkCity,Philadelphia,Paris,London,Amsterdam,andHamburg.Controllingtheflowoffundstorailroads,theinvestmentbankersbegantoexertinfluenceovertherailroadsinternalaffairsbysupervisingadministrativereorganizationsintimesoftrouble.

然而，19世紀(jì)50年月鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的急劇擴(kuò)張，使地方政府的融資力量受到了限制，需要轉(zhuǎn)向私人投資，這一點(diǎn)從未被忽視過。由于很清晰鐵路的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，居住在四周的人長期購買政府發(fā)行的鐵路股票，并直接購買鐵路股票，通常通過為修建鐵路付出勞動(dòng)來支付。但19世紀(jì)50年月的大型鐵路需要的資本比這些小投資者能制造的要多。慢慢地，鐵路融資中心轉(zhuǎn)移到了紐約市，事實(shí)上，正是19世紀(jì)50年月的鐵路富強(qiáng)使紐約市的華爾街成為了全國最大的資本市場。19世紀(jì)50年月，全部主要鐵路公司的股票都在紐約證券交易所交易。此外，鐵路的進(jìn)展使紐約成為現(xiàn)代投資公司的中心。投資公司評(píng)估了US小城市的鐵路庫存，然后在紐約、費(fèi)城、巴黎、倫敦、阿姆斯特丹和漢堡找到了這些庫存的買家。在掌握資金流向鐵路的過程中，投資銀行家們開頭通過在困難時(shí)期監(jiān)督行政重組來影響鐵路的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。

Question1of14

Accordingtoparagraph1,whateffectdidtheexpansionofraillinkshaveonChicago?

A.Chicagobecametheheadquartersforelevennewrailroads.

B.ChicagobecamethemostimportantcityeastoftheMississippiRiver.

C.Chicagowastransformedfromavillageintoalargecity.

D.Chicagoreplacedeasterncitiesasthemainbuyeroffarmproductsfromtheregion.

Question2of14

Paragraph2supportstheideathatIllinois,Indiana,andWisconsinwereabletobecometheleadingwheat-growingstatesby1860inlargepartbecause

A.by1860thereweremorerailroadsinIllinois,Indiana,andWisconsinthaninOhio,Pennsylvania,andNewYork.

B.theexpansionofeast-westraillinesmadetransportingMidwesternproductstoEastCoastmarketsrelativelyfastandeasy.

C.by1860statessuchasOhio,Pennsylvania,andNewYorkhadbecomemoreinterestedinindustrialdevelopmentthaninagriculture.

D.mostofthefarmerswhohadgrownwheatinOhio,Pennsylvania,orNewYorkresettledintheMidwestaftertheexpansionofeast-westraillines.

Question3of14

Thewordpromotedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.encouraged.

B.controlled.

C.promised.

D.predicted.

Question4of14

Accordingtoparagraph2,oneeffectoftheincreasedagriculturaldevelopmentintheMidwestwasto

A.slowtherateatwhichpopulationgrewinmanyMidwesterncities.

B.increasethedemandforindustrialproductsfromMidwesterncities.

C.encouragetheextensionofeast-westraillinestotheMidwest.

D.reducethepressureonMidwesternfarmerstogettheirproductstomarketfaster.

Question5of14

TheauthormentionsManteno,Illinoisinorderto

A.giveanexampleofhowrailroadsdecidedwhichsmalltownswouldbeselectedforstations.

B.illustratethepowerofrailroadstodeterminewheretownswouldcomeintoexistence.

C.explainhowsomerailroadswereabletomakemoremoneyfromrealestatespeculationthanfromrailroadtraffic.

D.showhowpeoplesviewoftheMidwestasafrontierregionhadchangedbytheCivilWar.

Question6of14

Thewordbustlinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.commercial.

B.wealthy.

C.lively.

D.modern.

Question7of14

Thewordonsetinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.possibility.

B.fear.

C.worsening.

D.start.

Question8of14

Accordingtoparagraph4,howwererailroadsaffectedbytheeconomicdepressioninthelate1830s?

A.Theylostimportantfundingfromstategovernments.

B.Theybegantorealizethatsomeoftheirprojectswereoverlyambitious.

C.Theyhadtocompetewithcanalsforgovernmentsupport.

D.Theyemergedasthenationsbiggestbusiness.

Question9of14

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Privateinvestmentinrailroadsbeganinthe1850sfollowingthedramaticexpansionoftherailroadnetwork,whichhadbeenfinancedbylocalgovernments.

B.Railroadsrelationswithlocalgovernmentsbecamestrainedinthe1850s,whenrailroadsturnedtoprivateinvestorsforfinancingtoexpandtheircapacity.

C.Localgovernmentslimitedcapacitytofinancerailroadexpansionwasalong-standingproblemthatrailroadssolvedinthe1850sbyturningtowardprivateinvestment.

D.Whenlocalgovernmentscouldnotadequatelyfinancetherailroadsdramaticexpansioninthe1850s,privateinvestmentbecameincreasinglyimportant.

Question10of14

Paragraph5supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutpeoplewhoheldrailroadstock?

A.Manyofthemwerenotparticularlywealthy.

B.Manyofthemoverestimatedtheeconomicbenefitsofrailroads.

C.Mostofthemboughttheirstockforlessthanitwasworth.

D.Mostofthemhadbeenemployedbyarailroad.

Question11of14

Accordingtoparagraph5,investmentbankerswereinvolvedinallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.controllingthedistributionoffundstorailroads.

B.findingnationalandinternationalbuyersofrailroadstock.

C.overseeingadministrativechangesofrailroadswhenneeded.

D.persuadingthefederalgovernmenttoreinvestinrailroads.

Question12of14

Thewordflowinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.promise.

B.growth.

C.movement.

D.source.

Question13of14

Lookatthefoursquares[[spanclass=strong-insert]][[/span]]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[[spanclass=strong-insert]][[/span]]toaddthesentencetothepassage.

Indeed,thenetworkbecamesodensethatbythe1860stheUnitedStateshadmoremilesofrailroadtracksthandidalltherestoftheworld.

Question14of14

Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Dragyouranswerchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toremoveananswerchoice,clickonitToreviewthepassage,clickVIEWTEXT.Theexpansionofrailroadsinthemid-1800splayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheAmericanMidwest.

A.IncreasedraillinebetweentheEastandtheMidwestresultedintherapidriseofmajorMidwesterncitiessuchasChicago,aswellasinthegrowthofsmalltownsalongrailroadroutes.

B.Realestatespeculationbyrailroadsinthe1850sdroveupthevalueoffarmlandandencouragedmanyMidwesternfarmerstoselltheirlandandmakeanewlifeinthecities.

C.Bothcanalsandrailroadsfelloutofpublicfavorintheearly1840s,butbythemid-1850stheeconomicbenefitsofrailroadshadonceagainbecomegenerallyrecognized.

D.OnceChicagobecameamajorcommercialhubwithdirectrailconnectionstoNewOrleansandtheEast,Midwesternfarmerswerenolongerlimitedtosellingmostoftheirproductslocally.

E.Stategovernmentfinancingofrailroadslargelyendedinthe1830sandwasreplacedbyacombinationoflocalandfederalgovernmentsupportandmoneyfromprivateinvestors.

F.Inthe1850srailroadsturnedtoinvestmentbanksinNewYorkCityforcapitaltoexpandandbydoingso,helpedestablishthecityasthemainfinancialcenterintheUnitedStates.

新托?？荚嚊_刺試題：TheCommercializationofLumber

TheCommercializationofLumber

木材的商業(yè)化

Innineteenth-centuryAmerica,practicallyeverythingthatwasbuiltinvolvedwood.Pinewasespeciallyattractiveforbuildingpurposes.Itis【durable】andstrong,yetsoftenoughtobeeasilyworkedwitheventhesimplestofhandtools.Italsofloatsnicelyonwater,whichallowedittobetransportedtodistantmarketsacrossthenation.ThecentralandnorthernreachesoftheGreatLakesstates—Michigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota—allcontainedextensivepineforestsaswellasmanylargeriversforfloatinglogsintotheGreatLakes,fromwheretheyweretransportednationwide.

在十九世紀(jì)的US，幾乎全部的建筑都是用木頭建筑的。松樹對(duì)于建筑用途特殊有吸引力。它【耐用】且結(jié)實(shí)，但足夠松軟，即使是最簡潔的手工工具也能輕易地使用。它也能很好地漂移在水上，這使得它能被運(yùn)到全國各地的遙遠(yuǎn)市場。大湖州、密歇根州、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州的中部和北部地區(qū)都有大片的松林，還有很多大型河流，用于將原木從大湖運(yùn)到全國各地。

By1860,thesettlementoftheAmericanWestalongwithtimbershortagesintheEastconvergedwithever-wideningimpactonthepineforestsoftheGreatLakesstates.Overthenext30years,lumberingbecameafull-fledgedenterpriseinMichigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota.Newlyformedlumberingcorporationsboughtuphugetractsofpinelandandsetaboutsystematicallycuttingthetrees.Boththecolonistsandthelaterindustrialistssawtimberasa【commodity】,butthelattergroupadoptedafarmorethoroughandcalculatingapproachtoremovingtrees.Inthissense,whathappenedbetween1860and1890representedasignificantbreakwiththepast.Nolongerwerefarmersinsearchofextraincomethemainsourceforshingles,firewood,andotherwoodproducts.Bythe1870s,farmersandcitydwellersalikepurchasedforestproductsfromlargemanufacturingcompanieslocatedintheGreatLakesstatesratherthanchoppingwoodthemselvesorbuyingitlocally.

到1860年，US西部的定居點(diǎn)和東部的木材種植園對(duì)五大湖州的松樹的影響日益擴(kuò)大。在接下來的30年里，伐木業(yè)在密歇根、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州成為一家成熟的企業(yè)。新成立的伐木業(yè)公司收購了大片松蘭，開頭有方案地砍伐樹木。殖民者和后來的實(shí)業(yè)家都把木材看作是一種[商品]，但后者采納了一種更為徹底和更為精確的方法來清除樹木。從這個(gè)意義上說，1860年至1890年之間發(fā)生的事情代表了與過去的重大突破。農(nóng)夫不再是查找額外收入的主要來源，木瓦，木柴和其他木制品。到了19世紀(jì)70年月，農(nóng)夫和城市居民都從大湖州的大型制造公司購買森林產(chǎn)品，而不是親自砍柴或在當(dāng)?shù)刭徺I。

Thecommercializationoflumberingwasinparttheproductoftechnologicalchange.Theearly,thicksawbladestendedtowastealargequantityofwood,withperhapsasmuchasathirdofthelogleftbehindonthefloorassawdustorscrap.Inthe1870s,however,the【British-inventedbandsaw】,withitsthinnerblade,becamestandardissueintheGreatLakesstateslumberfactories.Meanwhile,theriseofsteam-poweredmillsstreamlinedproductionby【allowingfor】themoreefficient,centralized,andcontinuouscuttingoflumber.Steamhelpedtoautomateavarietyoftasks,fromcuttingtothecarryingawayofwaste.Millsalsoemployedsteamtoheatlogponds,preventingthemfromfreezingandmakingpossibleyear-roundlumberproduction.

伐木業(yè)的商業(yè)化部分是技術(shù)變革的產(chǎn)物。早期厚實(shí)的鋸片往往會(huì)鋪張大量的木材，可能有三分之一的原木留在地板上，就像鋸末或廢料一樣。然而，在19世紀(jì)70年月，【英國創(chuàng)造的帶鋸】以其較薄的鋸片成為大湖州木材工廠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題。同時(shí)，蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)的工廠的興起通過【允許】更高效、集中和連續(xù)的木材切割來簡化生產(chǎn)。蒸汽有助于自動(dòng)化各種任務(wù)，從切割到帶走廢物。磨坊還利用蒸汽加熱原木池，防止它們凍結(jié)，并使全年的木材生產(chǎn)成為可能。

Forindustriallumberingtosucceed,awayhadtobefoundtoneutralizetheeffectsoftheseasonsonproduction.Traditionally,cuttingtookplaceinthewinter,whensnowandicemadeiteasiertodraglogsonsledsorsleighstothebanksofstreams.Oncethestreamsandlakesthawed,workersraftedthelogstomills,wheretheywerecutintolumberinthesummer.[■]Ifnaturedidnotcooperate—ifthewinterproveddryandwarm,ifthespringthawwasdelayed—productionwouldsuffer.Tocountertheeffectsofclimateonlumberproduction,loggersexperimentedwithavarietyoftechniquesfortransportingtreesoutofthewoods.[■]Inthe1870s,loggersintheGreatLakesstatesbegansprinklingwateronsleighroads,givingthemanartificialicecoatingtofacilitatetravel.[■]Theicereducedthefrictionandallowedworkerstomovelargerandheavierloads.[■]

為了使工業(yè)伐木業(yè)取得勝利，必需找到一種方法來抵消季節(jié)對(duì)生產(chǎn)的影響。傳統(tǒng)上，砍伐是在冬季進(jìn)行的，當(dāng)時(shí)冰雪使得用雪橇或雪橇把原木拖到河岸上變得更簡單。當(dāng)溪流和湖泊解凍后，工人們用木筏把圓木運(yùn)到磨坊，在那里，圓木在夏天被砍成圓木。假如大自然不合作，假如冬天證明干燥和暖和，假如春季解凍推遲生產(chǎn)將受到影響。為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候?qū)δ静纳a(chǎn)的影響，伐木工人試驗(yàn)了多種將樹木運(yùn)出森林的技術(shù)。在19世紀(jì)70年月，大湖州的伐木工人開頭在雪橇道路上灑水，給他們一層人造冰層，以便利他們滑行。[■]冰削減了摩擦，允許工人移動(dòng)更大和更重的負(fù)載。[

Butallthesprinklingintheworldwouldnotsavealoggerfromthethreatofawarmwinter.Withoutsnowthesleighroadsturnedtomud.Inthe1870s,asetofsnowlesswintersleftlumbercompaniestoponderwaysofliberatingthemselvesfromtheseasons.Railroadswereonepossibility.Atfirst,the【remoteness】ofthepineforestsdiscouragedcommoncarriersfromlayingtrack.Butincreasinglumberpricesinthelate1870scombinedwithperiodicwarm,drywinterscompelledloggerstoturntoironrails.By1887,89loggingrailroadscrisscrossedMichigan,transformingloggingfromawinteractivityintoayear-roundone.

但是，世界上全部的零花落雨都無法挽救一個(gè)伐木工人免受暖和冬天的威逼。沒有雪，雪橇路變成了泥地。在19世紀(jì)70年月，一系列無雪的冬天讓木材公司思索如何從季節(jié)中解放自己。鐵路是一種可能。起初，松林的[偏遠(yuǎn)]阻礙了一般運(yùn)輸公司鋪設(shè)鐵軌。但19世紀(jì)70年月后期木材價(jià)格的上漲，加上周期性的暖和干燥的冬季，迫使伐木工人轉(zhuǎn)向鐵路。到1887年，89條伐木鐵路橫貫密歇根州，將伐木從冬季活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿昊顒?dòng)。

Oncethelogsarrivedatariver,thetripdownstreamtoamillcouldbealongandtortuousone.Logjams(buildupsoflogsthatpreventlogsfrommovingdownstream)werecommon—attimesstretchingfor10miles—andbecameevenmorefrequentaspressureonthenorthernMidwestpinelandsincreasedinthe1860s.Tohelpkeepthelogsmovingefficiently,barrierscalledbooms(essentiallyachainoffloatinglogs)wereconstructedtocontrolthedirectionofthetimber.Bythe1870s,lumbercompaniesexistedinallthemajorloggingareasofthenorthernMidwest.

一旦原木到達(dá)河流，下游到工廠的旅程可能是漫長而曲折的。原木堵塞(阻擋原木向下游移動(dòng)的原木積累)在長達(dá)10英里的時(shí)間里很常見，而且隨著1860年月中西部北部松蘭地區(qū)的壓力的增加，這種堵塞變得更加頻繁。為了關(guān)心保持原木的移動(dòng)效率此外，還建筑了柵欄，稱為柵欄(基本上是一條漂移的原木鏈)，以掌握木材的方向。到19世紀(jì)70年月，伐木公司已經(jīng)遍布中西部北部的全部主要伐木區(qū)。

1.Theworddurableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.readilyavailable

B.longlasting

C.dense

D.flexible

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingcharacteristicsofpinemadeitadesirablematerialforbuildinginnineteenth-centuryAmericaEXCEPT:

A.Itwaslonglasting.

B.Itwasrelativelyeasytotransport.

C.Itssoftnessmadeiteasytoworkwith.

D.Itproducedbuildingsthatwereespeciallyattractive.

3.Thewordcommodityinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.product

B.problem

C.opportunity

D.advantage

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2abouttimberinAmericabeforetheyear1860?

A.FarmersoftheAmericanWestearnedmostoftheirincomebysellingtimbertonewlyarrivedsettlers.

B.Timbercameprimarilyfromfarmerswhowishedtosupplementtheirincome.

C.Timberwasmuchmoreexpensivebeforetheyear1860becauseitwaslessreadilyavailable.

D.TimbercameprimarilyfromlargemanufacturingcompaniesintheEast.

5.WhydoestheauthordiscusstheBritish-inventedbandsaw?

A.Togiveanexampleofhowsteampowerledtotechnologicaladvancements

B.Tohelpexplainhowthethicknessofasawbladedetermineshowmuchwoodiswasted

C.ToexplainhowcompetitionwithothercountriesbenefitedtheAmericanlumberindustry

D.Toillustratetheimpactofnewtechnologyonthelumberindustry

6.Thephraseallowingforinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.encouraging

B.introducing

C.makingpossible

D.emphasizing

7.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asresultingfromtheuseofsteaminthelumberindustryEXCEPT:

A.Workbecamecentralized,andmanytaskswereautomated.

B.Lumbercouldbeproducedmoreefficientlyandonalargerscale.

C.Wastematerialscouldbere-usedasfueltopowerthelumbermills.

D.Lumberproductioncouldcontinuethroughoutthecoldwintermonths.

8.Thewordfacilitateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.expand

B.ease

C.transform

D.permit

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,howcouldawarm,drywinterinterferewithlumberproduction?

A.Certaintreeswouldbecomedryandyieldlow-qualitylumber.

B.Therewouldnotbeenoughwaterinstreamsandlakestoraftthelogstomills.

C.Itwouldbemoredifficulttotransportlogstostreamsandlakes.

D.Riverswouldnotbefullenoughinthespringtopowermills.

10.Thewordremotenessinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.decline

B.density

C.size

D.isolation

11.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat89loggingrailroadscrisscrossedMichiganby1887?

A.ToarguethatMichiganhadreplacedotherGreatLakesstatesasthecenterofthelumberingindustry

B.Toprovideevidenceofthegrowingimportanceofloggingrailroadstothelumberingindustry

C.TosupporttheclaimthatMichiganwintershadbecomemoresevereinthelate1800sthantheyhadbeenearlier

D.Tochallengetheideathatclimatediscouragedthelayingoftrack

12.Accordingtoparagraph6,theconstructionofboomsbenefitedtheloggingindustryby

A.reducingthepressuresplacedonthenorthernMidwestpinelandsinthe1860s

B.reducingthelengthofthedownstreamtriptoamillbyasmuchas10miles

C.increasingthenumberoflogsthatcouldbefloateddownariveratasingletime

D.allowinglogstomovedownstreammorequicklyandeasily

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]toaddthesentencetothe