《計算機英語》-王春生-三版課后答案

#/32UnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByroninput;outputVLSIworkstations;mainframesvacuum;transistorsinstructions;softwaredigit;eight;bytemicrominiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialintelligence人工智能paper-tapereader紙帶閱讀器opticalcomputer光計算機neuralnetwork神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)instructionset指令集parallelprocessing并行處理differenceengine差分機versatilelogicalelement通用邏輯元件siliconsubstrate硅襯底vacuumtube真空管數(shù)據(jù)的存儲與處理thestorageandhandlingofdata超大規(guī)模集成電路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit中央處理器centralprocessingunit個人計算機personalcomputer模擬計算機analoguecomputer數(shù)字計算機digitalcomputer通用計算機general-purposecomputer處理器芯片processorchip操作指令operatinginstructions輸入設(shè)備inputdeviceFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC（通用自動計算機）,introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s,werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:計算機將變得更加先進，也將變得更加容易使用。語音識別的改進將使計算機的操作更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實，即使用所有人類官能與計算機進行交互的技術(shù)，也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機接口。人們正在開發(fā)其他的奇異計算模型，包括使用生物機體的生物計算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計算，以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）存儲數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行操作的計算。這些都是可能的未來計算平臺的例子，而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇?？茖W(xué)家們研究它們，是因為嵌入硅中的電路的微小型化受到物理限制。還有一些限制與甚至最微小的晶體管也會產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。UnitOne/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:experimentationinterfacinginterdisciplinarymicroprocessorII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialneuralnetwork人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)computerarchitecture計算機體系結(jié)構(gòu)robustcomputerprogram健壯的計算機程序human-computerinterface人機接口knowledgerepresentation知識表示數(shù)值分析numericalanalysis程序設(shè)計環(huán)境programmingenvironment數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)datastructure存儲和檢索信息storeandretrieveinformation虛擬現(xiàn)實virtualrealityUnitOne/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:formatsynchronizationvirtualmultimedia;third-partyII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:datafield數(shù)據(jù)字段，數(shù)據(jù)域learningcurve學(xué)習(xí)曲線third-partysolution第三方解決方案WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒體播放器開始按鈕Startbutton指定輸入?yún)^(qū)designatedinputarea手寫體識別系統(tǒng)handwriting-recognitionsystem字符集charactersetUnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI．Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:input;output;storageBasicInput/OutputSystemflatbedscanners;hand-heldscannersLCD-baseddot-matrixprinters;inkjetprintersdiskdrives;memoryvolatileserial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:functionkey功能鍵，操作鍵voicerecognitionmodule語音識別模塊touch-sensitiveregion觸敏區(qū)addressbus地址總線flatbedscanner平板掃描儀dot-matrixprinter點陣打印機（針式打印機）parallelconnection并行連接cathoderaytube陰極射線管videogame電子游戲audiosignal音頻信號操作系統(tǒng)operatingsystem液晶顯示（器）LCD（liquidcrystaldisplay）噴墨打印機inkjetprinter數(shù)據(jù)總線databus串行連接serialconnection易失性存儲器volatilememory激光打印機laserprinter磁盤驅(qū)動器diskdrive基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)BIOS（BasicInput/OutputSystem）視頻顯示器videodisplayFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresent1sand0s,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,1sand0sarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy（高低不平的）areas（called“pits”）onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted（壓?。゜ythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes（兆字節(jié)）ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thetimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在模擬和數(shù)字信號之間進行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計算機使用的是數(shù)字信號，這種信號由離散單元組成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號是連續(xù)變化的；聲波就是模擬信號的一個例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實現(xiàn)計算機之間通過電話線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計算機的數(shù)字信號轉(zhuǎn)換成可通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號。信號到達(dá)目的地后，另外一個調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來的數(shù)字信號，供接收端計算機處理。如果兩個調(diào)制解調(diào)器可同時互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的就是全雙工工作方式；如果一次只有一個調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方式。UnitTwo/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:graphicalfile;schedulervirtualsliceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:interrupthandler中斷處理程序virtualmemory虛擬存儲（器），虛存，虛擬內(nèi)存contextswitch上下文轉(zhuǎn)換，語境轉(zhuǎn)換mainmemory主存（儲器）bitpattern位模式外圍設(shè)備peripheraldevice進程表processtable時間片timeslice圖形用戶界面graphicaluserinterface海量存儲器massstorageUnitTwo/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repositorycentral;sub-systemsnetworklayered或abstractmachineII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:codegenerator代碼生成程序，代碼發(fā)生器abstractmachine抽象機programeditor程序編輯程序，程序編輯器configurationitem配置項計算機輔助設(shè)計CAD（computer-aideddesign）數(shù)據(jù)冗余dataredundancy指揮與控制系統(tǒng)commandandcontrolsystem視頻壓縮與解壓縮videocompressionanddecompressionUnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:artificial;instructionslow-level;high-levelmachinemachinefunctional;logicstatementmoduledigitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:storageregister存儲寄存器functionstatement函數(shù)語句programstatement程序語句object-orientedlanguage面向?qū)ο笳Z言assemblylanguage匯編語言intermediatelanguage中間語言，中級語言relationallanguage關(guān)系（型）語言artificiallanguage人工語言datadeclaration數(shù)據(jù)聲明SQL結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言可執(zhí)行程序executableprogram程序模塊programmodule條件語句conditionalstatement賦值語句assignmentstatement邏輯語言logiclanguage機器語言machinelanguage函數(shù)式語言functionallanguage程序設(shè)計語言programminglanguage運行計算機程序runacomputerprogram計算機程序員computerprogrammerFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Thedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageof0sand1sledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics（助記符）forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders（連接裝入程序）combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine’smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“l(fā)ibraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages（closertonaturallanguages）wereinventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計語言，如C++和Java,基于傳統(tǒng)的高級語言，但它們使程序設(shè)計員能夠從合作對象集而非命令列表的角度進行思考。諸如圓之類的對象具有像圓的半徑一類的屬性，以及在計算機屏幕上繪制該對象的命令。一個對象類可以從其他的對象類繼承特征。例如，定義正方形的類可以從定義長方形的類那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程序設(shè)計類簡化了程序設(shè)計員的工作，帶來了更多“可復(fù)用的”計算機代碼。可復(fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計、編寫和測試的代碼。這使得程序設(shè)計員的工作變得比較容易，并帶來更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitThree/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:objectsplatform-independentmultithreadingruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nativecode本機（代）碼headerfile頭標(biāo)文件；頁眉文件multithreadedprogram多線程程序Java-enabledbrowser支持Java的瀏覽器maliciouscode惡意代碼機器碼machinecode匯編碼assemblycode特洛伊木馬程序Trojanhorse軟件包softwarepackage類層次classhierarchyUnitThree/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:subscript;indexfixedhistogramtwo-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:barchart條形圖frequencyarray頻率數(shù)組graphicalrepresentation圖形表示multidimensionalarray多維數(shù)組用戶視圖user(’s)view下標(biāo)形式subscriptform一維數(shù)組one-dimensionalarray編程結(jié)構(gòu)programmingconstructUnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:application;operatingassemblerscompilerinterpreterdebuggerloopdevicedriverJohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inferenceengine推理機systemcall系統(tǒng)調(diào)用compiledlanguage編譯執(zhí)行的語言parallelcomputing并行計算patternmatching模式匹配memorylocation存儲單元interpreterprogram解釋程序libraryroutine庫程序，程序庫例行程序intermediateprogram中間程序，過渡程序sourcefile源文件解釋執(zhí)行的語言interpretedlanguage設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序devicedriver源程序sourceprogram調(diào)試程序debuggingprogram目標(biāo)代碼objectcode應(yīng)用程序applicationprogram實用程序utilityprogram邏輯程序logicprogram墨盒inkcartridge程序的存儲與執(zhí)行programstorageandexecutionFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer’smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms—suchasassemblers,binders(聯(lián)編程序),linkers,andloaders(力口載程序)一finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers(PC)andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在軟件中，錯誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯誤。較輕微的錯誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會造成不便或帶來挫折，但不會對信息產(chǎn)生破壞性影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯誤會導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無選擇，只能重新啟動程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無論是哪一種，程序員都必須憑借稱為調(diào)試的過程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯誤。由于錯誤對重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險，商用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過盡可能全面的測試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯誤在下一次更新時改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯誤有時可用稱為補丁的特殊軟件加以修補，以規(guī)避問題或減輕其影響。UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Machinedevelopers;componentsCORBAruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:messagingmodel消息接發(fā)模型commonlanguageruntime通用語言運行時刻（環(huán)境）hierarchicalnamespace分層名稱空間developmentcommunity開發(fā)界CORBA公用對象請求代理（程序）體系結(jié)構(gòu)基本組件basecomponent元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記metadatatag虛擬機virtualmachine集成開發(fā)環(huán)境IDE（integrateddevelopmentenvironment）簡單對象訪問協(xié)議SOAP（SimpleObjectAccessProtocol）UnitFour/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:heterogeneousasynchronousbridgesopennessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurecall過程調(diào)用faulttolerance容錯homogeneoussystem同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)autonomousagent自主主體路由算法routingalgorithm異構(gòu)型環(huán)境heterogeneousenvironment多址通信協(xié)議multicastprotocol通信鏈路communication（s）linkUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:off-the-shelfexclusivecascaderequirements;integrationthrowawayimmediate;stablereuse-oriented;frameworksoftware;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:systemspecification系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明unittesting單位（或單元、部件）測試softwarelifecycle軟件生命周期（或生存周期）systemvalidationtesting系統(tǒng)驗證測試evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化開發(fā)過程simplelinearmodel簡單線性模型programunit程序單元throwawayprototype拋棄式原型textformatting正文格式編排，文本格式化systemevolution系統(tǒng)演變系統(tǒng)設(shè)計范例systemdesignparadigm需求分析與定義requirementsanalysisanddefinition探索式編程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach系統(tǒng)文件編制systemdocumentation瀑布模型waterfallmodel系統(tǒng)集成systemintegration商用現(xiàn)成軟件commercialoff-the-shelf（或COTS）software基于組件的軟件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering（CBSE）軟件維護工具softwaremaintenancetool軟件復(fù)用softwarereuseFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:軟件過程比較復(fù)雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過程自動化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。計算機輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動。然而，至少是在未來幾年內(nèi)，不可能實現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動化，使軟件能夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師來從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計。計算機輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想的過程，而且許多組織機構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些軟件過程不斷演變，以利用組織機構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點。對于一些系統(tǒng)來說，需要的是一個高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程，而對于另外一些系統(tǒng)來說，一個靈活敏捷的過程很可能更為有效。UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:entitydurationdata;process或process;dataimplementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:checkbox復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗框structureddesign結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計buildingblock積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件databaseschema數(shù)據(jù)庫模式radiobutton單選(按)鈕系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù)systemmodelingtechnique模型驅(qū)動開發(fā)model-drivendevelopment數(shù)據(jù)流程圖dataflowdiagram下拉式菜單drop-down(或pull-down)menu滾動條scrollbarUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:problemconsequencesdesignspecific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurallanguage過程語言commondesignstructure通用設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)classandobjectinteraction類與對象交互designconstraint設(shè)計約束設(shè)計模式designpattern可復(fù)用軟件reusablesoftware面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)object-orientedsystem繼承層次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:flatdataapplication;administratorsconceptualtablesfragmented;replicatedstructuredentity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:enduser最終用戶，終端用戶atomicoperation原子操作databaseadministrator數(shù)據(jù)庫管理員relationaldatabasemodel關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫模型localdata本地數(shù)據(jù)object-orienteddatabase面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)庫databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)實體關(guān)系模型distributeddatabase分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫flatfile平面文件二維表two-dimensionaltable數(shù)據(jù)屬性dataattribute數(shù)據(jù)庫對象databaseobject存儲設(shè)備storagedevice數(shù)據(jù)類型datatype數(shù)據(jù)插入與刪除datainsertionanddeletion層次數(shù)據(jù)庫模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel數(shù)據(jù)庫體系結(jié)構(gòu)databasearchitecture關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)全局控制總線globalcontrolbusFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled（傳送）throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中，表的行表示記錄（關(guān)于不同項的信息集），列表示字段（一個記錄的特定屬性）。在進行搜索時，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫將一個表中的一個字段的信息與另一個表中的一個相應(yīng)字段的信息進行匹配，以生成將來自這兩個表的所要求數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來的另一個表。例如，如果一個表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一個表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫可匹配這兩個表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有掙到一定薪水的雇員的姓名或所有在某個日期之后受雇的雇員所屬的部門。換言之，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫使用兩個表中的匹配值，將一個表中的信息與另一個表中的信息聯(lián)系起來。微型計算機數(shù)據(jù)庫產(chǎn)品一般是關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:commitschedulershared;exclusivewound-waitII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存儲系統(tǒng)equipmentmalfunction設(shè)備故障wound-waitprotocol受傷―等待協(xié)議exclusivelock排它鎖，互斥（型）鎖databaseintegrity數(shù)據(jù)庫完整性共享鎖sharedlock數(shù)據(jù)庫實現(xiàn)databaseimplementation級聯(lián)回滾cascadingrollback數(shù)據(jù)項dataitem分時操作系統(tǒng)time-sharingoperatingsystemUnitSix/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:dataaccessbridge;native或native;bridgepoolingtry;catchII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:baseclass基（本）類datalibrary數(shù)據(jù)（文件）庫dataaccessstack數(shù)據(jù)存取棧database-specificfunctionality數(shù)據(jù)庫特有的功能默認(rèn)設(shè)置defaultsetting異常處理程序exceptionhandlerB測試betatesting橋接提供程序bridgeproviderUnitSeven:ComputerCommunicationsUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:telegraphdots;dashesmediapoint-to-pointanalogdigitaltext-basedmodemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:microwaveradio微波無線電digitaltelevision數(shù)字電視DSL數(shù)字用戶線路analogtransmission模擬傳輸on-screenpointer屏幕上的指針computerterminal計算機終端radiotelephone無線電話cellulartelephone蜂窩電話，移動電話，手機decentralizednetwork分散型網(wǎng)絡(luò)wire-basedinternalnetwork基于導(dǎo)線的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有線內(nèi)部網(wǎng)光纜fiber-opticcable傳真機faxmachine無線通信wirelesscommunications點對點通信point-to-pointcommunications調(diào)制電脈沖modulatedelectricalimpulse通信衛(wèi)星communication（s）satellite電報電鍵telegraphkey傳輸媒體transmissionmedium（或media）無繩電話cordlesstelephone金屬導(dǎo)體metalconductorFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesatitsdestinationisanaccurateduplication（復(fù)制）ofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistance,suchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinter,itisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistance,thecommunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix（前綴）“tele”isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”or“faroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary（武斷的）.Forexample,ifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroom,itisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifyouphonethepersoninthenextroom,youaretransmittingdataoveratelecommunicationsdevice.However,thesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy（派得上用處）whenyouinstall,configure,orupgradealocalareanetwork.Inaddition,theseconceptshelpyousetupmodems,faxmachines,andcellulardatatransfers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:個人計算機使用電信來提供傳輸鏈路，用于傳送音頻、視頻、文本、軟件和多媒體服務(wù)。許多專家認(rèn)為，這些服務(wù)的結(jié)合將帶來用戶對新一代高速、寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)的需求。當(dāng)前，這些音頻、視頻和文本服務(wù)大多通過現(xiàn)有的電話連接使用因特網(wǎng)傳送。有些計算機使用綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)或數(shù)字用戶線路直接連接到電話網(wǎng)的數(shù)字部分，但這要求在用戶處有專門的設(shè)備。此外，電話及有線電視公司還必須對其線路進行升級，以使其能夠進行高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。在許多地點，有高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸需求的公司和個人現(xiàn)在可選擇從電話公司得到數(shù)字用戶線路服務(wù)，從有線電視公司得到光纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器服務(wù)。UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:controllermain;CPUdigital;voiceparallel;serial或serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:bitmap位圖，位映象parallelport并行端口directmemoryaccess(DMA)直接存儲器存取universalserialbus通用串行總線general-purposeregister通用寄存器電路板circuitboard串行通信serialcommunication數(shù)碼照相機digitalcamera存儲映射輸入/輸出memory-mappedI/O有線電視cabletelevisionUnitSeven/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:TransfercellslabelintegratedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:high-definitionTV高清晰度電視framerelay幀中繼datarate數(shù)據(jù)(速)率metropolitanareanetwork城域網(wǎng)機頂盒set-topbox多模光纖multi-modefiber協(xié)議堆棧protocolstack虛擬路徑標(biāo)識符VPI(virtualpathidentifier)UnitEight:ComputerNetworksUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:MANopen;closedbustokenEthernetclient/serverequals;temporarynetworkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:fileserver文件服務(wù)器carriersense載波檢測，載波監(jiān)聽protocolsuite協(xié)議組，協(xié)議集peer-to-peermodel對等模型bustopologynetwork總線拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)絡(luò)inter-machinecooperation機器間合作，計算機間合作Ethernetprotocolcollection以太網(wǎng)協(xié)議集proprietarynetwork專有網(wǎng)絡(luò)utilitypackage實用軟件包，公用程序包starnetwork星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)局域網(wǎng)localareanetwork(LAN)令牌環(huán)tokenring無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)wirelessnetwork封閉式網(wǎng)絡(luò)closednetwork環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)ringtopology客戶機/服務(wù)器模型client/servermodel網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序networkapplication進程間通信interprocesscommunication打印服務(wù)器printserver廣域網(wǎng)wideareanetwork(WAN)Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup’sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario(方案),eachPCmayhave“l(fā)ocal”memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverratherthanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在計算機科學(xué)中，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是指由通信設(shè)備連接在一起的一組計算機及其相關(guān)設(shè)備。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可采用電纜等永久性連接，或者采用通過電話或其他通信鏈路而實現(xiàn)的臨時性連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以小到由少數(shù)計算機、打印機以及其他設(shè)備構(gòu)成的局域網(wǎng)，也可以由分布在廣大地理區(qū)域的許多小型與大型計算機組成。計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)無論大小，其存在的目的均在于為計算機用戶提供以電子方式進行信息通信與傳送的方法。有些類型的通信是簡單的用戶到用戶消息；有些稱為分布式過程，可能涉及數(shù)臺計算機，以及在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中分擔(dān)工作量或進行協(xié)作。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:terminatorsub-centraltree;centralmeshII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:routingpath路由選擇通路dual-ringtopology雙環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)extendedstartopology擴展星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)backbonenetwork基干網(wǎng)，骨干網(wǎng)meshtopology網(wǎng)格拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)同軸電纜coaxialcable邏輯拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)logicaltopology無沖突連網(wǎng)環(huán)境collision-freenetworkingenvironment樹形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)treetopology目的地節(jié)點destinationnodeUnitEight/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repeaterdata-linkgatewayrouterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:destinationaddress目的地址performancedegradation性能退化(或降級)four-interfacebridge4接口網(wǎng)橋commonbus公共總線，公用總線數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層data-linklayer協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器protocolconverter開放式系統(tǒng)互連OSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection)物理地址physicaladdressUnitNine:TheInternetUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:researchICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbersrouter;gatewaytemporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicatedISP或Internetserviceprovidernetwork;hostdecimalmnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:cellphone蜂窩電話，移動電話，手機IP