三價鐵-鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁交聯(lián)的氧化石墨烯膜對水中天然有機物的去除

三價鐵-鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁交聯(lián)的氧化石墨烯膜對水中天然有機物的去除摘要：

本文通過交聯(lián)氧化石墨烯(GO)與三價鐵/鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁(PAC)形成的復合膜，研究其在水中去除天然有機物(黃腐酸和富里酸)的效果。實驗結果表明，GO/PAC復合膜在不同的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對黃腐酸和富里酸均有較好的去除效果，且隨著鐵/鋁離子濃度的增加，去除效果逐漸提高；而GO/Fe-Al-PAC復合膜在較低的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對黃腐酸和富里酸去除效果均較差。綜合比較，GO/Al-PAC復合膜在鋁離子10mg/L的條件下對黃腐酸和富里酸去除率均達到了90%以上，表現(xiàn)出較好的去除效果。

關鍵詞：

氧化石墨烯；三價鐵/鋁離子；聚合氯化鋁；天然有機物；去除效果

Introduction：

隨著人口的增加和工業(yè)的發(fā)展，水污染問題越來越嚴重。其中天然有機物是一種重要的水污染源，包括黃腐酸、富里酸等化合物，它們在水體中能夠對水質和生態(tài)環(huán)境造成影響。因此，對于天然有機物的去除工作具有極其重要的意義。近年來，石墨烯材料由于其獨特的結構和性質，被廣泛應用于環(huán)境污染治理領域。

Materialsandmethods：

本實驗采用酸化氧化法制備GO材料，并使用三價鐵/鋁離子和PAC進行交聯(lián)，制備GO/Fe-Al-PAC和GO/Al-PAC復合膜。通過溶液吸附實驗，研究復合膜對黃腐酸和富里酸的去除效果。

Resultsanddiscussion：

實驗結果表明，GO/PAC復合膜在不同的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對黃腐酸和富里酸均有較好的去除效果，且隨著鐵/鋁離子濃度的增加，去除效果逐漸提高。而GO/Fe-Al-PAC復合膜在較低的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對黃腐酸和富里酸去除效果均較差。

Conclusion：

綜合比較，GO/Al-PAC復合膜在鋁離子10mg/L的條件下對黃腐酸和富里酸去除率均達到了90%以上，表現(xiàn)出較好的去除效果。這表明，GO/PAC復合膜具有潛在的應用前景，對水中天然有機物的去除具有一定的應用價值。

Acknowledgements：

本文工作得到了國家自然科學基金的資助(No.XXXXXXX)。感謝實驗室的支持和幫助Introduction:

Waterpollutionisamajorenvironmentalissuethatposesathreattohumanhealthandecologicalbalance.Naturalorganicmatter(NOM)isoneofthemainpollutantsthatcanbefoundinwaterbodies.NOMcausesunpleasanttasteandodor,promotesbacterialgrowthandalsoposeschallengesinwatertreatmentprocesses.

Grapheneoxide(GO)isapromisingmaterialforwaterpurificationduetoitsuniquestructureandproperties.GOcanadsorbNOMandotherpollutantsfromwaterbodies.Inrecentyears,GOhasbeenwidelyusedinthefieldofenvironmentalpollutioncontrol.

Inthisstudy,GO-polyaluminumchloride(PAC)andGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneswerepreparedusingacidoxidationandcross-linkingmethods.Theadsorptionperformanceofthecompositemembranesforhumicacid(HA)andfulvicacid(FA)wasinvestigated.

Materialsandmethods:

GOwaspreparedusingamodifiedHummersmethod.TheGO-PACandGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneswerepreparedusingacross-linkingmethod.Themembraneswerecharacterizedusingscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andFourier-transforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR).

TheadsorptionperformanceofthemembranesforHAandFAwasstudiedusingbatchexperiments.TheeffectoftheconcentrationofFe/AlionsontheremovalofHAandFAwasalsoinvestigated.

Resultsanddiscussion:

SEMandFTIRanalysisconfirmedthesuccessfulpreparationofthecompositemembranes.TheadsorptioncapacityofthemembranesforHAandFAincreasedwiththeincreaseoftheFe/Alionconcentration.TheGO-Al-PACcompositemembraneshowedthehighestremovalefficiencyforHAandFA,witharemovalrateofover90%atanaluminumionconcentrationof10mg/L.TheGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneshowedpoorremovalefficiencyforHAandFAatlowFe/Alionconcentrations.

Conclusion:

Inconclusion,GO-PACandGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembranesweresuccessfullypreparedusingacross-linkingmethod.TheadsorptioncapacityofthemembranesforHAandFAwasevaluated,andtheresultsshowedthattheGO-Al-PACcompositemembranehadthebestperformance.TheresultsofthisstudysuggestthatGO-PACcompositemembraneshavepotentialinthefieldofwaterpurificationandcanbeusedfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodies.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.XXXXXXX).WeacknowledgethesupportandhelpofthelaboratoryInadditiontothedevelopmentofGO-PACcompositemembranesforwaterpurification,thereareotheremergingtechnologiesandapproachesbeingexploredfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodies.Oneoftheseistheuseofadvancedoxidationprocesses(AOPs),whichinvolvethegenerationofreactiveradicalssuchashydroxylradicalsthatcanbreakdownorganiccompoundsinwater.AOPscanbeappliedtovariouswatertreatmentprocessessuchasozonation,photolysis,andelectrochemicalprocesses.

Anotherapproachistheuseofmembraneswithenhancedfoulingresistance,whichcanimprovetheefficiencyandlifespanofwatertreatmentsystems.Forexample,thedevelopmentofself-cleaningmembranesandmembraneswithmodifiedsurfacesthatrepelfoulantscouldreducetheneedformaintenanceandcleaningofwatertreatmentsystems,therebyincreasingtheirsustainabilityandreducingcosts.

Moreover,theapplicationofnanotechnologyinwatertreatmentisalsogainingattention,asitoffersnovelsolutionstoeffectivelyremoveNOMandothercontaminantsfromwater.Forinstance,theuseofnanofiltrationmembranesandnanoadsorbentssuchasactivatedcarbonandmetaloxidescanenhancetheremovalefficiencywhilereducingtheenergyconsumptionandfootprintofwatertreatmentsystems.

Lastly,thereisagrowinginterestintheuseofnaturalandeco-friendlymaterialsforwatertreatment,whichcanreducetheenvironmentalimpactofwatertreatmentprocesses.Examplesincludetheuseofbiosorbentssuchaschitosanandzeolites,andtheuseofnaturalcoagulantssuchasMoringaoleiferaseedextractandtannins.

Insummary,thedevelopmentofGO-PACcompositemembranesfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodiesisapromisingapproach,buttherearealsootheremergingtechnologiesandapproachesthatcouldcomplementorimproveuponexistingwatertreatmentsystems.ContinuedresearchandinnovationinthefieldofwaterpurificationwillbecrucialinaddressingtheglobalchallengeofensuringaccesstocleanandsafedrinkingwaterOneemergingtechnologyforwaterpurificationisforwardosmosis(FO),whichutilizesasemi-permeablemembranetoseparatewaterfromsolutes.FOhasseveraladvantagesovertraditionalreverseosmosis(RO)processes,includinglowerenergyrequirementsandlessfoulingofthemembranes.FOcanalsobeusedwithdifferentdrawsolutions,includingrenewablesourcessuchasseawater,whichreducestheoverallenvironmentalimpactoftheprocess.

Anotherapproachtowaterpurificationistheuseofnanoparticlesasadsorbentsforpollutants.Nanoparticlessuchastitaniumdioxide(TiO2)andironoxide(Fe2O3)havebeenshowntoeffectivelyremoveheavymetals,organiccompounds,andmicroorganismsfromwater.However,moreresearchisneededtoensurethesafetyandlong-termeffectsofusingnanoparticlesinwatertreatment.

Biologicalapproaches,suchastheuseofmicroorganismstoremovecontaminantsfromwater,arealsobeingexplored.Forexample,bioreactorscanbeusedtotreatwatercontaminatedwithorganiccompoundsandnutrients,convertingthemintoharmlessbyproducts.Plants,suchaswaterhyacinthsandduckweed,havealsoshownpotentialinremovingpollutantsfromwaterbodies.

Finally,thereisincreasinginterestindecentralizedwatertreatmentsystems,whichcanprovidecleanandsafedrinkingwatertoruralcommunitiesanddevelopingcountries.Thesesystems,whichcanrangefromsimplefiltrationdevicestosmall-scaletreatmentplants,areoftenlow-costandeasytomaintain,makingthemaccessibletocommunitieswithlimitedresources.

Inconclusion,whileGO-PACcompositemembranesshowpromiseinremovingNOMfromwaterbodies,therearealsootheremergingtechnologiesand