英語部分專項練習二

SectionI UseofEnglishPartADirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorThebasicfunctionofmoneyistheenablebuyingtobeseparatedfromselling,thuspermittingtradetotakecewithoutthesocalleddoublecoincidenceofbarter.If hassomethingtosellandwantselse1return,itisnotnecessarytosearchforsomeoneableand2tomakethedesiredexchangeofitems.cansellthe3itemforgeneralpurchasingpower—thatis,“money”—toanyonewhowantstobuyitandthenusetheproceedstobuythedesireditemfromanyonewhowantstosellit.Theimportanceofthisfunctionofmoneyis4illustratedbytheexperienceofGermanyjustafterWorldWarⅡ,5papermoneywas6largelyuselessbecause,despiteinflationaryconditions,pricecontrolswereeffectively7bytheAmerican,French,andBritisharmiesofoccupation.Peoplehadto8tobarterortoinefficientmoneysubstitutes.Theresultwastocuttotaloutputoftheeconomyinhalf.TheGerman“economicmiracle”justafter1948reflectedpartlyacurrencyreformbythe ,9someeconomistsholdthatitstemmedprimarilyfromtheernment’s10ofallpricecontrols,11permittingamoneyeconomyto12abarter13oftheactofsalefromtheactofpurchase14theexistenceofsomethingthatwillbegenerallyacceptedinpayment—thisisthe“15ofexchange”functionofmoney.Buttheremustalsobesomethingthatcanserveasa16abodeofpurchasingpower,inwhichthesellerholdstheproceedsintheinterim17thefirstsaleandthe18purchase,orfromwhichthebuyercan19thegeneralpurchasingpowerwithwhichtopay20whatisbought.Thisisthe“asset”functionofmoney..5.［A］6.［A］7.［A］ 8.［A］9.［A］10.［A］11.［A］12.［A］re13.［A］14.［A］15.［A］16.［A］17.［A］18.［A］19.［A］20.［A］SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyourTworelatedparadoxesalsoemergefromthesamebasicconceptionoftheaestheticexperience.ThefirstwasgivenextendedconsiderationbyHegel,whoarguedroughlyasfollows:oursensuousattentionandthatgivestotheworkofartitspeculiarindividuality.Becauseitaddressesitselftooursensoryappreciation,theworkofartisessentiallyconcrete,tobeunderstoodbyanactofperceptionratherthanbyaprocessofdiscursivethought.Atthesametime,ourunderstandingoftheworkofartisinpartinlectual;weseekinitaconceptualcontent,whichitpresentstousintheformofanidea.Onepurposeofcriticalinterpretationistoexpoundthisideaindiscursiveform—togivetheequivalentofthecontentoftheworkofartinanother,nonsensuousidiom.Butcriticismcanneversucceedinthistask,for,byseparatingthecontentfromtheparticularform,itabolishesitsindividuality.Thecontentpresentedthenceasestobetheexactcontentofthatworkofart.Inlosingitsindividuality,thecontentlosesitsaestheticreality;itthusceasestobeareasonforattendingtotheparticularworkandthatfirstattractedourcriticalattention.Itcannotbethisthatwesawintheoriginalworkandthatexineditspoweroverus.Forthiscontent,disyedinthediscursiveidiomofthecriticalinlect,isnomorethanahusk,adiscardedrelicofameaningthateludedusintheactofseizingit.Ifthecontentistobethetrueobjectofaestheticinterest,itmustremainweddedtoitsindividuality:itcannotbedetachedfromits“sensuousembodiment”withoutbeingdetachedfromitself.Contentis,therefore,inseparablefromformandforminturninseparablefromcontent.(Itistheformthatitisonlybyvirtueofthecontentthatitembodies.)Hegel’sargumentisthearchetypeofmany,allaimedatshowingthatitisbothnecessarytodistinguishformfromcontentandalsoimpossibletodoso.Thisparadoxmayberesolvedbyrejectingeitherofitspremises,but,aswithKant’santinomy,neitherpremiseseemsdispensable.Tosupposethatcontentandformareinseparableis,ineffect,todismissbothideasasillusory,sincenotwoworksofartcanthenshareeitheracontentoraform-theformbeingdefinitiveofeachwork’sindividuality.Inthiscase,noonecouldeverjustifyhisinterestinaworkofartbyreferencetoitsmeaning.Theintensityofaestheticinterest esapuzzling,andultimayinexplicable,featureofourmentallife.If,ontheotherhand,weinsistthatcontentandformareseparable,weshallneverbeabletofind,throughastudyofcontent,thereasonforattendingtotheparticularworkofartthatintriguesus.Everyworkofartstands foritsparaphrase.Animpassablegapthenopensbetweenaestheticexperienceanditsground,andtheclaimthataestheticexperienceisintrinsicallyvaluableisthrownindoubt.Hegelarguedthat［A］itisoursensuousappreciationthatgivespeculiarindividualitytotheworkof［B］itisthecontentoftheworkofartthatholdsour［C］theworkofartcannotbeunderstoodwithoutaprocessoflogical［D］theformoftheworkofartiswhatoursensuousappreciationconcentratesItcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat［A］theparadoxthatitisbothnecessarytodistinguishformcontentandalsoimpossibletodosocannotberesolvedbyrejectingitspremises［B］bothcontentandformoftheworkofartare［C］thecontentandformoftheworkofartare［D］aestheticexperienceisnotintrinsicallyWhichofthefollowingisNOTwhatHegel［A］Thecontentandformoftheworkofartcannotbeseparatedfromeach［B］Thecontentoftheworkofartisalwaysthetrueobjectofaesthetic［C］Thecontentpresentedwithoutanyindividualityisnotthecontentoftheworkof［D］ThecontentunderstoodbymeansofaprocessofdiscursivethoughtisnomorethanaPremisesthatarerelatedtoeachotherseemstobedispensablebecause［A］Kantthinkstheyare［B］eitherofthemcanresolvethe［C］thepremisesare［D］thepremisescanaccountfortheThispassageismainlyabout［A］thesensuousappreciationof［B］thebasicconceptionoftheaesthetic［C］howtoappreciatetheworkof［D］therelationshipbetweenformandcontentoftheworkofEverycountrywithamonetarysystemofitsownhastohavesomekindofmarketinwhichdealersinbills,notes,andotherformsofshorttermcreditcanbuyandsell.The“moneymarket”isasetofinstitutionsorarrangementsforhandlingwhatmightbecalledwholesaletransactionsinmoneyandshorttermcredit.Theneedforsuchfacilitiesarisesinmuchthesamewaythatasimilarneeddoesinconnectionwiththedistributionofanyoftheproductsofadiversifiedeconomytotheirfinalusersattheretaillevel.Iftheretaileristoprovidereasonablyadequateservicetohiscustomers,hemusthaveactivecontactswithotherswhospecializeinmakingorhandlingbulktiesofwhateverishisstockintrade.Themoneymarketismadeupofspecializedfacilitiesofexactlythiskind.Itexistsforthepurposeofimprovingtheabilityoftheretailersoffinancialservices—commercialbanks,savingsinstitutions,investmenthouses,lendingagencies,andevenernments—todotheirjob.Ithaslittleifanycontactwiththeindividualsorfirmswhomaintainaccountswiththesevariousretailersorpurchasetheirsecuritiesorborrowfromthem.Theelementalfunctionsofamoneymarketmustbeperformedinanykindofmoderneconomy,evenonethatislargelynnedorsocialist,butthearrangementsinsocialistcountriesdonotordinarilytaketheformofamarket.Moneymarketsexistincountriesthatusemarketprocessesratherthannnedallocationstodistributemostoftheirprimaryresourcesamongalternativeuses.Thegeneraldistinguishingfeatureofamoneymarketisthatitreliesuponopencompetitionamongthosewhoarebulkrsoffundsatanyparticulartimeandamongthoseseekingbulkfunds,toworkoutthebestpracticabledistributionoftheexistingtotalvolumeofsuchfunds.Intheirmarkettransactions,thosewithbulksoffundsordemandsforthem,relyongroupsofintermediarieswhoactasbrokersordealers.Thecharacteristicsofthesemiddlemen,theservicestheyperform,andtheirrelationshiptootherpartsofthefinancialvarywidelyfromcountrytocountry.Inmanycountriesthereisnosinglemeetingcewherethemiddlemengettogether,yetinmostcountriesthecontactsamongallparticipantsaresufficientlyopenandtoassureeachroruseroffundsthathewillgetorpayapricethatfairlyreflectsalloftheinfluences(includinghisown)thatarecurrentlyaffectingthewholesupplyandthewholedemand.Innearlyallcases,moreover,theunifyingofcompetitionisreflectedatanygivenmomentinacommonprice(thatis,rateofinterest)forsimilartransactions.ContinuousfluctuationsinthemoneymarketratesofinterestresultfromchangesinthepressureofavailablesoffundsuponthemarketandinthepullofcurrentdemandsupontheThefirstparagraphismainlyaboutthedefinitionofmoneytheconstitutionofamoneythebasicfunctionsofamoneythegeneralfeatureofamoneyAccordingtothispassage,themoneymarketprovidesconvenientservicestoitshasclosecontactwiththeindividualsorfirmsseekingmaintainsaccountswithvariousretailersoffinancialismadeupofinstitutionswhospecializeinhandlingwholesalemonetaryWhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningmoneymarketisnottrueaccordingtothisMoneymarketdoesnotexistinnnedMoneymarkethasbeenestablishedinsomesocialistMoneymarketencouragesopencompetitionamongbulkrsofMoneymarketreliesuponmarketprocessestodistributefundstofinalTheauthorusestheexampleofmiddlemantoshowmarkettransactionsareimportantindifferentdealersareneeded ngmiddlemencanygreatroleindifferenttransactionsanddifferentmiddlemenindifferentcountrieshavedifferentactionsinAccordingtothispassage,brokersusuallyperformthesamekindsofservicestotheirbrokershavelittlecontactwitheachopencompetitiontendstoresultinacommonpriceforsimilartransactionsatanygivenchangesinthepressureofavailablesoffundsuponmarkettendstomaintainacommonpriceforsimilartransactionsEnvironmentalissuesraiseahostofdifficultethicalquestions,includingtheancientoneofthenatureofintrinsicvalue.Whereasmanyphilosophersinthepasthaveagreedthathumanexperienceshaveintrinsicvalueandtheutilitariansatleasthavealwaysacceptedthatthepleasuresandpainsofnonhumananimalsareofsomeintrinsicsignificance,thisdoesnotshowwhyitissobadifdodos eextinctorarain iscutdown.Arethesethingstoberegrettedonlybecauseofthelosstohumansorothersentientcreatures?Oristheremoretoitthanthat?Somephilosophersarenowpreparedtodefendtheviewthattrees,rivers,species(consideredapartfromtheindividualanimalsofwhichtheyconsist),andperhapsecologicalsystemsasawholehaveavalueindependentoftheinstrumentalvaluetheymayhaveforhumansorothersentientcreatures.Ourconcernfortheenvironmentalsoraisesthequestionofourobligationstofuturegenerations.Howmuchdoweowetothefuture?Fromasocialcontractviewofethicsorfortheethicalegoist,theanswerwouldseemtobe:nothing.Forwecanbenefitthem,buttheyareunabletoreciprocate.Mostotherethicaltheories,however,dogiveweighttotheinterestsofcominggenerations.Utilitarians,forone,wouldnotthinkthatthefactthatmembersoffuturegenerationsdonotexistyetisanyreasonforgivinglessconsiderationtotheirintereststhanwegivetoourown,providedonlythatwearecertainthattheywillexistandwillhaveintereststhatwillbeaffectedbywhatwedo.Inthecaseof,say,thestorageofradioactivewastes,itseemsclearthatwhatwedowillindeedaffecttheinterestsofgenerationstocome.Thequestion esmuchmorecomplex,however,whenweconsiderthatwecanaffectthesizeoffuturegenerationsbythepopulationpolicieswechooseandtheextenttowhichweencouragelargeorsmallfamilies.Mostenvironmentalistsbelievethattheworldisalreadydangerouslyovercrowded.Thismaywellbeso,butthenotionoverpopulationconcealsaphilosophicalissuethatisingeniouslyexploredbyDerekParfitinReasonsand (1984).Whatisoptimumpopulation?Isitthatpopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible?Orisitthesizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfare—theaveragemultipliedbythenumberofpeople—isasgreataspossible?Bothanswersleadtocounterintuitive es,andthequestionremainsoneofthemostbafflingmysteriesinappliedethics.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout［A］theintrinsicvalueofhuman［B］theintrinsicvalueoftheexperiencesofnonhuman［C］theintrinsicvalueofecologicalsystemasa［D］anancientethicalquestionaboutthenatureofintrinsic,weowenothingtothefuture［A］Intheauthor’s［B］Fromasocialcontrastviewof［C］Fora［D］FormostPopulationwetakeshouldbeconsidered［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］Accordingtothispassage,optimumpopulation［A］referstothepopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighas［B］referstothepopulationsizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfarewillbeasgreatas［C］isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichremainstoberesolvedinthe［D］isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichDerekParfithassuccessfullysettledinReasons Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe［A］AMysteryinApplied［B］OurObligationstoFuture［C］Environmental［D］EnvironmentalPerhapsonlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20th,hisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof“HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix”.Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.Relatedtoys,games,DVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescaPottermania.YetMrPotter’sworldisacuriousone,inwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.Whileanexcitablemedia(herebyincludingTheEconomist,happytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalisation)isheltohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovel,aboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishers(ScholasticinAmericaandBritain’sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewhere)haveorganisedisareadingbyMsRowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHall,tobebroadcastasalivewebcast.Hollywood,whichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPotter,saysitisngevenless.Incredibleasitmayseem,theguardiansofthebrandsaythat,toprotectthePotterfranchise,theyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Well,relativelyMsRowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrothers,partofAOLTimeWarner,givingthestudioexclusivefilm,licensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500,000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimages,fromwhichMsRowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen—ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisselfgenerating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilm,whichboostsbooksales,whichliftssalesofPotterGlobally,thefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice.Thisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasure,especiallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeovercommercialised.Inlinewithherwishes,Warnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycareful,atleastbyHollywoodstandards,aboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCocaCola,insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncans,andisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall.ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefialone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto“OrderofthePhoenix”;noryetfor“HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban”,thefilmofthethirdbook,whichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMsRowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialproperty,onewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitz,saysDianeNelson,thestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvital,sheadds,thatwithmoretocome,readersofthebooksarenotalienated.“TheevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotWhentheauthorsays“therewillbenoescaPottermania”,heimpliesthat［A］HarryPotter’sappealforthereadersissimply［B］itissomewhatirrationaltobesocrazyaboutthemagic［C］crazeaboutHarryPotterwillnotbeoverinthenear［D］HogwartsschoolofmagicwillbethebiggestattractionworldMsRowling’sreadinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHallismentionedtoshow［A］publishersarereallyadventurousinmanagingthePotter’s［B］businessesareactuallymorecrediblethanmediainPotter’s［C］themediaarepromotingPottermaniamoreactivelythan［Ｄ］businessesinvolvedwithPotteraremovingalonginanunusualTheauthorbelievesthat［A］Britain’sSundayTimesrichlistisnotveryconvincingasit［B］TimeWarner’smanagementoflicensesisabitover［C］otherfirmsmayproducegoodsusingHarryPotterimagesat［D］whatMsRowlinggotinreturnforherofferingtoWarnerisarealParagraph4intendsmainlytoshowWarner’s［A］determinationtopromote［B］consistenceinconducting［C］highregardforMsRowling’s［D］carefulrestrictionsonlicensingtoCoco-Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat［A］productsofPotterfihavebroughtenormousprofitsto［B］currentHollywood’smarketingofPottermaydamageits［C］readerscouldgettiredofMsRowling’swritingssooneror［D］WarnerwillmaintainthesamestrategywithPotterinPartBSample1Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.(41)Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploy60percentoftheworkandexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2,000.(42)Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.(43).Midcareerexecutives,dbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavetheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso.atleastforawhile,bebookkeepersandreceptionists,too.(44)By1995,morethan60ofthose100startups,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.MostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortableinEightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.(45)youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse,intheirzeal,toexpand.Smallbusinessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullyfourmoreandmoreintotheenterprise,preferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeansthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporated,orthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Tosnatchopportunity,youmustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquerthenewmarkets,addproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotideas.［A］Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillness,andbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.［B］Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage［C］Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateof［D］Some1.2millionsmallformshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepast6yearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.［E］AccordingtosmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytodisappearintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.［F］ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandarefactories.［G］Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessSample2Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagrphshavebeencedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.［A］Chastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheirchastity.Itisoneofthebestbonds,bothofchastityandobedience,inthewife,ifshethinkherhusbandwise;whichshewillneverdo,ifshefindhimlous.［B］Hethathaswifeandchildrenhasgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen;whichbothinaffectionandmeans,havemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathavechildren,shouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes;untowhichtheyknowtheymusttheirdearest［C］Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;andsinglemen,thoughtheymaybemanytimesmorecharitablebecausetheirmeansarelessexhaust,yet,ontheothersidetheyaremorecruelandhardhearted(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becausetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalledupon.Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses。［D］Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelife,isliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorouswhicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarters,tobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants;butnotalwaysbestsubjects;fortheyarelighttorunaway;andalmostallfugitives,areofthatcondition.［E］Somethereare,whothoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.Therearesomeother,thataccountwifeandchildren,butasbillsofcharges.Therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmen,thattakeapride,inhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk,Suchanoneisagreatrichman,andanotherexcepttoit,Yea,buthehasagreatchargeofchildren;asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.aquarreltomarry,whenhewill.Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisemen,thatmadeanswertothequestion,whenamanshouldmarry,—Ayoungmannotyet,aneldermannotatall.Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbands,haveverygoodwives;whetheritbe,thatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusband’skindness,whenitcomes;orthatthewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfails,ifthebadhusbandswereoftheirownchoosing,againsttheirfriendsconsent;forthentheywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.［G］Asinglelifedothwellwithchuren;forcharitywillhardlywatertheground,whereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates;foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservant,fivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheirhortatives,putmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurks,makeththevulgarsoldiermorebase. FSample3Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonbooks,followedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading(41-45).Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Manmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythe hekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebest,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.［41］Agoodbookmaybeamongthebestof［42］Menoftendiscovertheiraffinitytoeachotherbythelovetheyhaveeachfora［43］Agoodbookisoftenthebesturn(甕ofalifeenshrining（銘記）thebestthatlifecouldthink［44］Bookspossessanessenceof［45］Booksintroduceusintothebestsocietytheybringusintothepresenceofthegreatestmindsthathaveever［A］Wehearwhattheysaidanddid;weseethemasiftheywerereallyalive;wesympathizewiththem,enjoywiththem,grievewiththem;theirexperience esours,andwefeelasifwewereinameasureactorswiththeminthesceneswhichtheydescribe.［B］Thegreatandgooddonotdieeveninthisworld.Embalmedinbooks,theirspiritswalkabroad.Thebookisalivingvoice.Itisaninlecttowhichonestilllistens.Henceweeverremainundertheinfluenceofthegreatmenofold.Theimperialinlectsoftheworldareasmuchalivenowastheywereagesago.［C］Thereisanoldproverb,“Loveme,lovemydog.”Butthereismorewisdominthis:“Loveme,lovemybook.”Thebookisatruerandhigherbondofunion.Mencanthink,feel,andsympathizewitheachotherthroughtheirfavoriteauthor.Theyliveinhimtogether,andheinthem.［D］Theyarebyfarthemostlastingproductsofhumaneffort.Templesandstatuesdecay,butbookssurvive.Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor’sminds,agesago.Whatwasthensaidandthoughtstillspeakstousasvividlyaseverfromtheprintedpage.Theonlyeffect［E］Fortheworldofaman’slifeis,forthemostpart,buttheworldofhisthoughts.Thusthebestbooksaretreasuriesofgoodwords,thegoldenthoughts,which,rememberedandcherished, eourconstantcompanionsandcomforters.“Theyareneveralone,”saidSirPhilipSidney,“thatare paniedbynoblethoughts.”Itdoesnotturnitsbackuponusintimesofadversityordistress.Italwaysreceivesuswiththesamekindness;amusingandinstructingusinyouth,andcomfortingandconsolingusinage.Sample4Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Nowadays,asthedevelopmentsofsocietyprogressforward,especiallytheachievementintheeconomyandtechnology,butmoreandmoreproblemsappear.Amongtheseproblems,whatistheworstbelongstotheareaof［A］Itisfutiletoadjusttothe［B］Thehistoryoflifeonearthhasbeenahistoryof ctionbetweenlivingthingsandtheir［C］Wehavesubjectedenormousnumbersofpeopletocontactwiththesepoisons,withouttheirconsentandoftenwithouttheirknowledge.［D］Duringthepastquartercenturythepowertoinfluencethenaturehasnotonly eincreasinglygreatbutithaschangedincharacter（性質(zhì)）.［E］Therapidityofchangefollowstheimpetuouspaceofmanratherthanthedeliberatepaceof［F］Ittookhundredsofmillionsofyearstoproducethelifethatnowinhabitstheearth.Thenewproductscomefromourlaboratoriesinanendlessstream;almostfivehundredannuallyfindtheirwayintoactualuseintheUnitedStatesalone.Amongthemaremanythatareusedinman’swaragainstnature.Sincethemid1940’sover200basicchemicalshavebeencreatedforuseinkillinginsects,weeds,andotherorganismsdescribedas“pests.”Giventimenotinyearsbutinmillennialifeadjusts,andabalancehasbeenreached.Butinthemodernworldthereisnotime.Themostalarmingofallman’sassaultsupontheenvironmentisthecontaminationofair,earth,rivers,andseawithdangerousandevenlethalmaterials.Thispollutionisforthemostpartirrecoverable.Inthisnowuniversalcontaminationoftheenvironment,chemicalsarethesinisterpartnersofradiationinchangingtheverynatureoftheworldtheverynatureofitslife.Chemicalssprayedoncrondsorsorg