單片機外文翻譯

單片機外文翻譯河北農業(yè)大學畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文資料翻譯院（系）:信息科學與技術學院專業(yè):電子信息科學與技術姓名:李洋學號:2007234020316外文出處:frominternetStructureandfunctionoftheMCS-51series附件:1.外文資料翻譯譯文,2.外文原文。完成日期:2011年3月1日1.外文資料翻譯譯文:51系列單片機的結構和功能51系列單片機是英特爾公司生產的具有一定結構和功能的單片機產品。這家公司在1976年引入8位MCS-48系列單片機后，于1980年又推出了8位高檔的MCS-51系列，8031，8751，80C51BH，80C31BH等，單片機。它包含很多種這類型的單片機，如8051它們的基本組成，基本性能和指令系統(tǒng)都是一樣的。一般情況習慣用8051來代表51系列單片機。一個單片機的系統(tǒng)是由以下幾部分組成:（1）一個8位CPU微處理器。（2）靜態(tài)隨機存取存儲器，能夠儲存程序運行過程中產生的數據。（3）程序存儲器ROM/EPROM中（4KB/8KB），用來保存程序和一些初始數據。但是在一些單片機中不使用ROM/EPROM中，如8031，8032，80c系列等。（4）4個8排的I/O并行接口P0?P3,每個口可以用作輸入，也可以用作輸出。（5）2個定時器/計數器，每個定時器/計數器可設置計數用來計數外部事件，可以設置成常用的定時方式，并可以根據計算或結果控制單片機的運行。（6）五個中斷源控制系統(tǒng)。（7）1個雙向串行I/。口的UART（通用異步接收器/發(fā)送器UART）,用于實現單片機的串行通信。（8）振蕩器和時鐘產生電路，需要外部電源的石英晶體微調電路，允許接在12V的振蕩頻率上。上述部分通過內部數據總線連接。其中，CPU是單片機的核心，它是單片機的控制和指揮中心，ALU算數邏輯運算單元可進行算術運算和邏輯運算，由1個8暫時存儲器，和2個8位的累加器組成。Acc累加器是ALU運算結果的存放單元，一般數據通過它來傳送。此外，Acc往往被視為對8051內的數據傳輸中轉站。和通常的微處理器一樣，它是最繁忙的寄存器。有記憶功能并執(zhí)行命令。該控制器包括程序計數器，可讀寫的存儲器，振蕩器和定時電路等。該程序計數器是有兩對8或16位計數器，它是一個字節(jié)地址計數器，在個人電腦運行程序時，執(zhí)行下一個單元的內容，程序執(zhí)行時可以改變它的內容從而改變運行的結果。在8051芯片震蕩電路中，需要外接石英晶體和微調電容，其頻率范圍為1.2MHz—12MHz。該脈沖信號，即為8051的工作周期，是最小的時間單位。8051和其他單片機一樣，都有相同的控制和功能，就像樂隊也有打擊樂器一樣。在8051中有ROM（程序存儲器，只能讀?。?，和RAM（數據存儲器，可以讀和寫），他們有各自獨立的內存地址空間，也有相同的處理方式。8051和8751的程序存儲器的存儲容量為4KB，地址從0000H開始，在使用過程中其中的數據不變。8051、8751、8031數據存儲器的內存為128B，默認地址是00FH，用于保存中間數據和緩存。在這128B的內存中，有32byteses，被稱作工作寄存器，和常用的微處理器不同的是，8051的RAM是按功能來劃分模塊的。MCS-51系列單片機和一般電腦的處理方式不同。一般電腦會自動分配地址空間，ROM和RAM的計算機可以安排在不同的空間內，地址范圍會根據ROM和RAM的位置分配不同地址空間。在訪問的內存，不管是ROM和RAM,只有一個地址對應一個內存單元，都要按這個順序訪問。這種內存結構是所謂的普林斯頓結構。8051的存儲器按物理結構劃分可分為程序存儲器空間和數據存儲空間，共有四個內存空間，按結構位置的不同分為內部程序存儲空間、外部程序存儲空間、內部數據存儲空間和外部數據存儲空間。但從用戶的使用角度看，8051存儲器地址空間被分成三類：（1）片內，安排FFFFH的塊，片外的（使用16個地址）串口0000H地址。（2）外部數據存儲器地址空間為64KB，地址是從0000H到FFFFH（含16個地址）的位置排列也。（3）256B的數據存儲器（使用8個地址）的地址空間。上述三個重疊的內存空間地址，用8051指令系統(tǒng)的傳輸不同的數據和使用的功能區(qū)分。CPU的訪問內存時，訪問ROM使用MOVC語句，訪問RAM塊順序使用片外操作的MOVX語句，訪問內存片段使用MOV語句。8051單片機有4個8并行的I/。端口，分別為P0，P1，P2和P3。每個端口是8位精確的雙向口，共占了32針。每一個I/O線可作為獨立的入口和出口。每個端口包括一個鎖存器（即特殊功能寄存器），一個出口驅動器和引進緩沖器。使數據能夠鎖存輸出，數據可以及時緩沖，其余四個具有相同的功能。接外部存儲擴大它們的內存時，這四個口就可作為雙向口常用的I/?？冢@是，P2口看到高8位地址，P0口是一個公共兩用口，傳送輸出低8的地址和數據。P3口的輸出級別小于P1,可以在里面繪制負載電阻，每一個都能驅動4個LS型TTL-P3負載輸出。作為輸入口時，所有TTL或NMOS電路都可以驅動一個正常的方式8051口作為單片機的P1口?？梢岳酶淖冸娮璧妮敵龃笮?，直接地充當震蕩開路，不需要添加外部電阻。其中每個口都是標準的雙向口。當在當做輸入口時，必須把相應的端口置1來鎖閉輸出。比如8051單片機，所有端口提供的輸出電流只能幾毫安，用作輸出口時接一個普通的晶體管，要穩(wěn)定使用，還要接一定電阻。其主要功能是把初始地址設為0000H，使單片機從0000H的地址開始運行程序。除了正常進入系統(tǒng)的初始化，由于操作失誤或操作過程錯誤，也要能夠解決錯誤，重新運行。在8051中RST引腳是一個輸入復位鍵，復位鍵高電平信號有效，要保證24倍以上的時鐘周期（即2個機器周期）。如果收到高頻的6丫輸入信號，單片機就會復位。初始化時，需要兩部分外部電路。外部電路采用施密特觸發(fā)方式觸發(fā)了復位鍵（RST），形成了復位信號輸出電路，并把信號傳送到每個引腳，按順序到了復位引腳，就會迅速響應信號指令。復位功能的可靠性，適合6V電壓的電容震蕩電路，復位信號的周期可以大于兩個機器周期。雖然復位電路的結構很簡單，但它的功能是非常重要的。一個單片機系統(tǒng)能否正常運行，應先檢查它有沒有正確的復位電路。檢查和檢測其發(fā)出信號，用示波器顯示時，結合復位電路很重要，觀察波形時，輸出口（瞬時）的波動范圍是很大的，也可以通過復位電路對實驗進行有必要的改變。.外文原文:StructureandfunctionoftheMCS-51seriesStructureandfunctionoftheMCS-51seriesone-chipcomputerMCS-51isanameofapiece2ofone-chipcomputerserieswhichIntelCompanyproduces.Thiscompanyintroduced8top-gradeone-chipcomputersofMCS-51seriesin1980afterintroducing8one-chipcomputersofMCS-48seriesin1976.Itbelongtoalotofkindsthislineofone-chipcomputerthechipshaVe,suchas8051,8031,8751,80C51BH,80C31BH,etc.,theirbasiccomposition,basicperformanceandinstructionsystemareallthesame.8051dailyrepresentatives-51serialone-chipcomputers.Anone-chipcomputersystemismadeupofseveralfollowingparts:(1)Onemicroprocessorof8(CPU).(2)AtslicedatamemoryRAM(128B/256B),itusenotdeposittingnotcanreading/datathatwrite,suchasresultnotmiddleofoperation,finalresultanddatawantedtoshow,etc.(3)ProcedurememoryROM/EPROM(4KB/8KB),isusedtopreservetheprocedure,someinitialdataandforminslice.ButdoesnottakeROM/EPROMwithinsomeone-chipcomputers,suchas8031,8032,80C,etc..(4)Four8runsidebysideI/OinterfaceP0fourP3,eachmouthcanuseasintroduction,mayuseasexportingtoo.(5)Twotimer/counter,eachtimer/countermaysetupandcountintheway,usedtocounttotheexternalincident,cansetupintoatimingwaytoo,andcanaccordingtocountorresultoftimingrealizethecontrolofthecomputer.(6)Fivecutoffcuttingoffthecontrolsystemofthesource.(7)OneallduplexingserialI/OmouthofUART(universalasynchronousreceiver/transmitter(UART)),isitrealizeone-chipcomputerorone-chipcomputerandserialcommunicationofcomputertousefor.(8)Stretchoscillatorandclockproducecircuit,quartzcrystalfinelytuneelectriccapacityneedouter.Allowoscillationfrequencyas12megahertasnowatmost.Everytheabove-mentionedpartwasjoinedthroughtheinsidedatabus.Amongthem,CPUisacoreoftheone-chipcomputer,itisthecontrolofthecomputerandcommandcentre,madeupofsuchpartsasarithmeticunitandcontroller,etc..Thearithmeticunitcancarryon8personsofarithmeticoperationandunitALUoflogicoperationwhileincludingone,the1storingdevicetemporariliesof8,storingdevice2temporarily,8'saccumulationdeviceACC,registerBandprocedurestateregisterPSW,etc.PersonwhoaccumulateACCcountby2inputendsenteredofcheckingetc.temporarilyasoneoperationoften,comefrompersonwhostore1operationisitisitmakeoperationtogoontocounttemporarily,operationresultandloopbackACCwithanotherone.Inaddition,ACCisoftenregardedasthetransferstationofdatatransmissionon8051inside.Thesameasgeneralmicroprocessor,itisthebusiestregister.HelprememberingthatagreeingwithAexpressesintheorder.Thecontrollerincludestheprocedurecounter,theorderisdepositted,theorderdecipher,theoscillatorandtimingcircuit,etc.Theprocedurecounterismadeupofcounterof8fortwo,amountsto16.Itisabyteaddresscounteroftheprocedureinfact,thecontentisthenextIAthatwillcarriedoutinPC.Thecontentwhichchangesitcanchangethedirectionthattheprocedurecarriesout.Shakethecircuitin8051one-chipcomputers,onlyneedouter3quartzcrystalandfrequencytofinelytunetheelectriccapacity,itsfrequencyrangeisits12MHZof1.2MHZ.Thispulsesignal,as8051basicbeatsofworking,namelytheminimumunitoftime.8051isthesameasothercomputers,theworkinharmonyunderthecontrolofthebasicbeat,justlikeanorchestraaccordingtothebeatplaythatiscommanded.ThereareROM(procedurememory,canonlyread)andRAMin8051slices(datamemory,canisitcanwrite)twotoread,theyhaveeachindependentmemoryaddressspace,disposewaytobethesamewithgeneralmemoryofcomputer.Procedure8051memoryand8751sliceprocedurememorycapacity4KB,addressbeginfrom0000H,usedforpreservingtheprocedureandformconstant.Data8051-87518031ofmemorydatamemory128B,addressfalse00FH,useformiddleresulttodepositoperation,thedataarestoredtemporarilyandthedataarebufferedetc..InRAMofthis128B,thereisunitof32bytesesthatcanbeappointedasthejobregister,thisandgeneralmicroprocessorisdifferent,8051sliceRAMandjobregisterrankoneformationthesametoarrangethelocation.ItisnotverythesamethatthememoryofMCS-51seriesone-chipcomputerandgeneralcomputerdisposesthewayinaddition.Generalcomputerforfirstaddressspace,ROMandRAMcanarrangeindifferentspacewithintherangeofthisaddressatwill,namelytheaddressesofROMandRAM,withdistributingdifferentaddressspaceinaformation.Whilevisitingthememory,correspondingandonlyanaddressMemoryunit,canROM,itcanbeRAMtoo,andbyvisitingtheordersimilarly.ThiskindofmemorystructureiscalledthestructureofPrinceton.8051memoriesaredividedintoprocedurememoryspaceanddatamemoryspaceonthephysicsstructure,therearefourmemoryspacesinall:Theprocedurestoresinoneanddatamemoryspaceoutsidedatamemoryandoneinprocedurememoryspaceandoneoutsideone,thestructureformsofthiskindofproceduredeviceanddatamemoryseparatedformdatamemory,calledHarvardstructure.Butusetheanglefromusers,8051memoryaddressspaceisdividedintothreekinds:(1)Intheslice,arrangeblocksofFFFFH,0000Hoflocation,inunisonoutsidetheslice(use16addresses).(2)Thedatamemoryaddressspaceoutsideoneof64KB,theaddressisarrangedfrom0000H64KBFFFFH(with16addresses)tootothelocation.(3)Datamemoryaddressspaceof256B(use8addresses).Threeabove-mentionedmemoryspaceaddressesoverlap,fordistinguishinganddesigningtheordersymbolofdifferentdatatransmissionintheinstructionsystemof8051:CPUvisitslice,ROMorderspendMOVC,visitblockRAMorderusesMOVXoutsidetheslice,RAMorderusesMOVtovisitinslice.8051one-chipcomputerhavefour8walkabreastI/Oport,callP0,P1,P2andP3.Eachportis8accuratetwo-waymouths,accountsfor32pinsaltogether.EveryoneI/Olinecanbeusedasintroductionandexportedindependently.Eachportincludesalatch(namelyspecialfunctionregister),oneexportsthedriverandaintroductionbuffer.Makedatacanlatchwhenoutputting,4datacanbufferwhenmakingintroduction,butfourfunctionofpasswaytheseself-same.Expandamongthesystemofmemoryoutsidehavingslice,fourportthesemayserveasaccuratetwo-waymouthofI/Oincommonuse.Expandamongthesystemofmemoryoutsidehavingslice,P2mouthseehigh8addressoff;P0mouthisatwo-waybus,sendtheintroductionof8lowaddressesanddata/exportintimesharingOutputgrade,P3ofmouth,P1ofP1,connectwithinsidehaveloadresistanceofdrawing,everyoneoftheycandrive4ModelLSTTLloadtooutput.Aswhileinputtingthemouth,anyTTLorNMOScircuitcandriveP1of8051one-chipcomputersasP3mouthinanormalway.Becausedrawresistanceonoutputgradeofthemhave,canopenawaycollectortooordrain-sourceresistanceisiturgetoopenaway,donotneedtohavetheresistanceofdrawingouterly.Mouthsareallaccuratetwo-waymouthstoo.Whentheconductisinput,mustwritethecorrespondingportlatchwith1first.Asto80C51one-chipcomputer,portcanonlyoffermilliampereofoutputelectriccurrents,isitoutputmouthgowhenurgingoneordinarybasingoftransistortoregardas,shouldcontactaresistanceamongtheportandtransistorbase,inordertotheelectricitywhilerestrainingthehighlevelfromexportingP1~P3Beingrestoredtothethroneistheoperationofinitializingofanone-chipcomputer.ItsmainfunctionistoturnPCinto0000Hinitially,maketheone-chipcomputerbegintoholdtheconductprocedurefromunit0000H.Exceptthattheonesthatenterthesystemareinitializednormally,asbecauseprocedureoperateitmakemistakesoroperatetherearen'tmistake,inordertoextricateoneselffromapredicament,needtobepressedandrestoredtothethronethekeyrestartingtoo.Itisaninputendwhichisrestoredtothethronethesignalin8051ChinaRSTpin.Restoretothethronesignalhighleveleffective,shouldsustain24shakecycle(namely2machinecycles)theaboveitseffectivetimes.If6offrequencyofutilizationbrillianttoshake,restoretothethronesignaldurationshouldexceed4delicatetofinishrestoringtothethroneandoperating.Producethelogicpictureofcircuitwhichisrestoredtothethronethesignal:Restoretothethronethecircuitandincludetwopartsoutsideinthechipentirely.Outsidethatcircuitproducetorestoretothethronesignal(RST)handovertoSchmitt'strigger,restoretothethronecircuitsampletooutput,SchmittoftriggerconstantlyineachS5P2,machineofcycleinhavingonemore,thenjustgotandrestoredtothethroneandoperatedthenecessarysignalinsidly.Restoretothethroneresistanceofcircuitgenerally,electriccapacityparametersuitablefor6brillianttoshake,canisitrestoretothethronesignalhighleveldurationgreaterthan2machinecyclestoguarantee.Beingrestoredtothethroneinthecircuitissimple,itsfunctionisveryimportant.Piecesofone-chipcomputersystemcouldnormalrunning,shouldfirstcheckitcanrestoretothethronenotsucceeding.Checkingandcanpopone'sheadandmonitorthepinwiththeoscillographtentatively,pushandisrestoredtothethronethekey,the5waveformthatobservesandhasenoughrangeisexported(instantaneous),canalsothroughisitrestoretothethronecircuitgroupholdingvaluecarryontheexperimenttochange.Withthecostantgrowingconsumptionoffossilenergy,globalenergycrisisandenvironmentalproblemshavebecomemoreandmoreacute.Amongvariousgreenrenewableenergyresources,solarenergyhasdrawntheattentionfromthescientificcirclesofvariouscountriesduetoitsuniqueadvantagessuchasbountlessstoragecontent,cleanessandsafety,andeasinesstoobtain.Inparticular,theapplicationofsolarphotovoltaictechnologyhasbecomeauniversalfocus.Chinahasrelativelyscarcefossilenergyresourceswhileahugeenergyconsumption.Therefore,theresearchandapplicationofsolarphotovoltaictechnologyhasimportantstrategicmeaningforthefutureeconomicdevelopmentofChina.Abasicsolarphotovoltaicsystemisgenerallycomposedofsolarpanels,storagebatteries,DC(directcurrent)controlsystemandinverters,amongwhich,DCcontrolsystemisthecentralpartofthesolarphotovoltaicsystem.隨著化石能源消耗的不斷增長，世界性的能源危機和環(huán)境問題已經日益突出。在綠色可再生能源中，太陽能憑借其存儲量無限、清潔安全以及易于獲取等獨特優(yōu)點而受到了世界各國科研領域的普遍關注，太陽能光伏發(fā)電技術的應用更是普遍關注的焦點。我國化石能源相對貧乏而能源消耗量巨大，因此展開對太陽能光伏發(fā)電技術的研究和應用上的普及對我國未來的經濟發(fā)展有著非常重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。一套基本的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一般由太陽能電池板、蓄電池、直流控制系統(tǒng)和逆變器組成。其中，直流控制系統(tǒng)是光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的核心部分。本課題的主要內容包括太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和應用，太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的分類，太陽能光伏電池和蓄電池的選型，直流控制系統(tǒng)的設計，太陽能電池最大功率點的跟蹤設置，逆變器容量的確定及電路設計，三相變壓器及交流配電系統(tǒng)的設置。關鍵詞:太陽能光伏發(fā)電;光伏電池;直流控制系統(tǒng);交流配電系統(tǒng)6Themajorcontentofthissubjectincludesthedevelopmentandapplicationofthesolarphotovoltaicsystem,theclassificationofthesolarphotovoltaicsystem,solarphotovoltaiccells,thedesignofDC(directcurrent)controlsystem,settingsofmaximumpowerpointtracking,circuitdesignanddeterminationofthecapacityoftheinverter,andthesettingsofthree-phasetransformerandtheAC(alternatingcurrent)distributionsystem.Keywords:solarphotovoltaicpower,photovoltaiccells,DC(directcurrent)controlsystem,AC(alternatingcurrent)distributionsystemProspects:根據我國路燈照明現狀，小城市在晚上9點后，大中城市在凌晨2點以后，道路上行人、車輛已逐漸稀少。AccordingtothestatusquoofChina'sstreetlighting,smallcitiesinthe21o'clock,thelargeandmediumcitiesin2:00later,theroadtopedestrians,vehicleshavebeengraduallyscarce.從這一時段直至清晨6點，在如此低交通流量的道路上仍然保持較高照度顯然沒有必要。Fromthistimeuntil6am,atsuchalowtrafficroadisstillclearthatthereisnoneedtomaintainahighillumination.據了解，城市公共照明在我國照明耗電中占30,的比例，約439億卜亞^以平均電價0(65元,kWh計算，一年開支285億元。ItisunderstoodthatthecitypubliclightinglightingpowerconsumptioninChinaaccountedfor30%oftheproportionofabout43.9billionkWh,withanaverageprice0.65yuan/kWhcalculation,theannualexpenditureof28.5billion.在市政開支極度緊張的今天，國內絕大部分的城市和地區(qū)幾乎不約而同地采用了的路燈隔盞關燈的省錢方法，不僅導致了路面照度分布不均，給治安及交通安全埋下了隱患，而且后半夜電網電壓升高對路燈壽命造成損害，每年需更換大量燈具,因此不能稱作是真正意義上的節(jié)能。Extremetensioninthemunicipalspendingtoday,thevastmajorityofcitiesandregionsofChinaisalmostinvariablyusedinstreetlightstosavemoneyeveryothermethodoflights,notonlyledtotheunevendistributionofsurfaceillumination,givinglawandorderandtrafficsafetylayahiddendanger,andlateatnightonthestreetlifeofmainsvoltageincreasesdamagecausedbytheneedtoreplacealargenumberoflampseveryyearandthereforecannotbecalledarealsenseofenergysavings.節(jié)能是在保證照明效果下點著燈節(jié)電。Energy-savinglightingeffectsareguaranteedunderthepointofthepower-savinglamps.以上智能控制的主要優(yōu)點是大幅降低了耗電，節(jié)約耗電達40%以上，避免了隔盞關燈的隱患。Themainadvantageoftheaboveintelligentcontrolistodramaticallyreducethepowerconsumption,savepowerconsumptionupto40%ormoretoavoidthelightsofthehiddencompartmentlights.對于推廣高效、節(jié)能智能照明器具，配合照明實際情況有效進行光能利用，節(jié)約照明用電具有極其深遠的意義。Forthepromotionofefficientandintelligentenergy-savinglightingappliances,lightingtheactualsituationwiththe7effectiveuseofsolarenergy,savinglightingelectricitywithextremelyfar-reachingsignificance.[編輯本段][Editthisparagraph]原理:Principle:智能型路燈充分考慮了城市道路照明的實際狀況，采用單片機控制技術對路燈照度進行動態(tài)智能化管理，實現路燈人性化。Intelligentstreetfullconsiderationtotheactualsituationofurbanroadlighting,usingmicrocomputercontroltechnologyfordynamicilluminationofthelampsintelligentmanagement,anduser-friendlystreet.由于LED路燈具有其它路燈所沒有的瞬態(tài)響應極快的特性，電路上極易實現使用KHZ級的脈寬調制(PWM)方式對LED路燈的亮滅進行占空比調節(jié)，(例如1ms內亮0.5ms亮0.5ms滅此時其亮度為全亮時的50%)即調節(jié)了整體燈具亮度。AswiththeotherlightsareLEDlightsdonothavefasttransientresponsecharacteristics,circuiteasilyachievedusingtheKHZ-levelpulse-widthmodulation(PWM)modetothebrightLEDlightstoeliminateduty-cycleregulator,(forexampl