新東方托福閱讀 杜昶旭老師課堂講義及筆記總結(jié)

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新托福閱讀講義

杜昶旭

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一.準(zhǔn)備知識

1.iBT托福閱讀理解的形式特點(diǎn)

(1)文章數(shù)量:3-5篇(和聽力相對應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個聽力段子或5篇閱讀,6個聽力段子)(2)文章長度:650-750詞/篇

(3)題目數(shù)量:12-14個/篇(每篇有一個多項(xiàng)選擇,形式為6選3,7選5或9選7)

(4)測試時間:20分鐘/篇

(5)測試分?jǐn)?shù):0-30分(由原始分42分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分30分)2.iBT托福閱讀的考察重點(diǎn)

(1)主題:辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn),并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分;辨析段落主題.(注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題)

(2)細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)蜹RUE?FALSE?NOTGIVEN?

GeneralstatementideasSomedetails(3)詞匯:辨析詞匯和短語的含義,并通過上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語的含義:認(rèn)知(一詞多義);詞匯推斷(4)推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱蔽的信息

(5)態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷意圖和態(tài)度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6)結(jié)構(gòu):判斷句子和句子之間的規(guī)律關(guān)系,并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu)托福閱讀是以句子為核心的

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3.閱讀的本質(zhì):(1)獲取有效信息(2)消除閱讀障礙4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

(1)文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)主體.

?結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐):主題段(文章的前幾段)和主題句(每段的前幾句).

?細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充)(2)文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下:

?Intro:background(細(xì)節(jié))一律記錄為數(shù)字?人名\\地名\\專有名詞:使用首字母標(biāo)記?舉例主體?新概念和核心概念

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?重要的規(guī)律關(guān)系

(3)快速筆記的簡單符號體系

(4)快速筆記的重要性和必要性閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性規(guī)律(PREDICTING)(5)好筆記的特點(diǎn):?筆記中有明了的規(guī)律脈絡(luò)?根據(jù)筆記可以對文章進(jìn)行有效復(fù)述6.閱讀和口語的關(guān)系:(1)規(guī)范口語的規(guī)律(2)提供口語表達(dá)的素材

二.閱讀方法

1.精讀句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法(1)句子閱讀中的障礙1)定語

?前置定語:adj+n?后置定語:

n+adjphrase形容詞短語:abookusefulforyouprepphrase介詞短語:apenonthedesk

v-ing/-edphrase分詞短語:apersonwalkingontheroad;atool

developedfortheproject

不定式:awaytosolvetheproblem

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注:

?分詞短語作后置定語時,其規(guī)律主語是其修飾的名詞?不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾

?不定式作后置定語其規(guī)律主語是第三方:sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem?定語從句:

?關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句:that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引導(dǎo)的是非完整句,whose引導(dǎo)的是完整句)

?關(guān)系連詞:when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引導(dǎo)的是完整句

?介詞+關(guān)系代詞:inwhich,此關(guān)系代詞不包括what2)同位語:同插入語一樣處理刪除

?A,B(定語從句/同位語從句)?A,orB

?Athat+句子(完整句)?AofB:thecityofBeijing3)狀語:處理方式隔離?Adv副詞

?Prepphrase介詞短語?分詞短語?不定式

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c.支持:有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

?意圖:對應(yīng)原文假使有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,則答案在當(dāng)前句之前出現(xiàn),否則答案在當(dāng)前句中出現(xiàn);假使找不到概括性描述.則想段落中心或全文中心靠攏.

Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallWhatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1speciesthateverexistedhavebecomeregardingmostspeciesinearth?shistoryextinct.Whatcausesextinction?When(A)Theyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedfromtheiroriginalfromtheiroriginalforms.environment,itmayperish.Theexact(B)Theyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalcausesofaspecies?deathvaryfromchanges.situationtosituation.Rapidecological(C)Theyhavecausedrapidchangeinthechangemayrenderanenvironmentenvironment.hostiletoaspecies.Forexample,(D)Theyarenolongerinexistence.temperaturesmaychangeandaspecies2.whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesparagraph1asresultingfromrapidecologicalmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchange?changes,whichwillthencauseproblems(A)Temperaturechangesforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.(B)AvailabilityoffoodresourcesOtherspeciesmaybecomebetteradapted(C)Introductionofnewspeciestoanenvironment,resultingin(D)Competitionamongspeciescompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeath3.Whyisplanktonmentionedinthepassage?ofaspecies.(A)Todemostratetheinterdependenceof628041.doc-27-

Thefossilerecordrevealsthatdifferentspeciesextinctionhasoccurredthroughoutthe(B)Toemphasizetheimportanceoffoodhistoryofearth.Recentanalyseshaveresourcesinpreventingmassextinctionalsorevealedthatonsomeoccasions(C)Toillustrateacomparisonbetweenmanyspeciesbecameextinctatthesameorganismsthatliveonthelandofthosethattimeamassextinction.Oneoftheliveintheoceanbest-knownexamplesofmassextinction(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciescouldoccurred65millionyearsagowiththeneverbecomeextinct.demiseofdinosaursandmanyother4.Accordingtoparagraph2,evidencefromformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestmassfossilessuggeststhatextinctionwasonethatoccurred225(A)extinctionofspecieshasoccurredfrommillionyearsago,whenapproximatelytimetotimethroughoutearth?shistory95percentofallspeciesdied,mass(B)Extinctionsonearthhavegenerallybeenextinctionscanbecausedbyarelativelymassiverapidchangeintheenvironmentandcan(C)therehasbeenonlyonemassextinctioninbeworsenedbythecloseearth?shistoryinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,for(D)dinosaursbecameextinctmucheasierthanexample,somethingweretohappentoscientisroriginallybelieved.destorymuchoftheplankoninthe5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutoceans,thentheoxygencontentofearththetheorymentionedinparagraph3?woulddrop,affectionevenorganismsnot(A)Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtolivingintheoceans.Suchachangedisagreewithit.628041.doc-28-

wouldprobablyleadtoamass(B)Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlyextinction.beenfound.Oneinteresting,andcontroversial,(C)Thetheoryisnolongerserioulyfindingisthatextinctionsduringthepastconsidered.250millionyearshavetendedtobemore(D)Mostscientistsbelievethetheorytobeintenseevery26millionyears.Thisaccurate.periodicextinctionmightbedueto6.Inparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofintersectionoftheearth?sorbitwithathefollowingstatementsaboutaspecies?cloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelysurvival?speculative.Someresearchershavealso(A)Itreflecstheinterrelationshipofmanyspeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenbespecies.random.Thatis,certainspeciesmaybe(B)Itmaydependonchanceevents.eliminatedandothersmaysurviveforno(C)Itdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestoparticularreason.Aspecies?survivalspeciesmayhavenothingtodowithitsabilityor(D)Itisassociatedwithastronomicalinabilitytoadapt.Ifso,someofconditions.evolutionaryhistorymayreflecta7.Accordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatsequenceofessentiallyrandomevents.thelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred(A)26millionyearsago(B)65millionyearsago(C)225millionyearsago(D)250millionyearsago628041.doc-29-

7.句子簡化題(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)(1)句子簡化題簡介和提問方式:參見OG第28頁(2)句子簡化的兩個層面:語義和規(guī)律

(3)常見的規(guī)律關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)換四大“明顯〞/“隱含〞關(guān)系（４）句子簡化題解題步驟

１）尋覓給定句子中的規(guī)律關(guān)系：因果＼比較＼最高級＼否定．２）確定與規(guī)律相關(guān)的語義：原因和結(jié)果，作用對象，最簡化原則３）驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)，選擇與題干規(guī)律和相關(guān)語義均一致的選項(xiàng)，先驗(yàn)證規(guī)律（由主到次）再驗(yàn)證規(guī)律．?否定

?明顯否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯:no,not,none,never,neither,deny?隱含否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定詞綴less.?因果

?明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.?隱含因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:

a.表示導(dǎo)致含義:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役動詞,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.

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b.由……而來:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.c.反映,表達(dá):reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考慮到…,依靠…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.

e.條件關(guān)系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虛擬條件句.f.粉刺短語\\不定式\\獨(dú)立主格作狀語?比較

?明顯比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯:同級比較\\比較級?隱含比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯:

a.“變化〞:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.b.“差異〞:same,different.

c.“超越〞:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.

?最高級\\絕對化

?明顯最高級/絕對化關(guān)系的特色詞匯:-est/比較級?隱含最高級\\絕對化關(guān)系的特色詞匯:

a.自身含有最高級含義:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比較:nothingcanbetterthanthat

c.程度較深的詞:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修飾價格的high)

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TheCivilWarInvolvementinawarispainfultoanynation.Nonationswantstosentit?syoungpeopletofightanddie.Itisevenworsewhenthewarisfoughtwithinthecountry,butworstofalliswhenacountryfindsitselfdivided,andpeopleofthesamenationfighteachother.InAmerica?shistory,themostpainfulperiodissurelytheCivilWar.Thecivilwarwasfoughtformanycomplexreasons.Probablythemostimportantwastheissueofslavery.TheSouthernstates,dependentonslavesforproducingcotton,wantedtocontinuethepracticeofslaverywhiletheindustrializedNorthernstateswantedtoabolishit.Theissueof“States?Right〞,therightofindividualstatestomakelawswithoutinterferencefromthenationalgovernment,wasalsoverydivisive.TherewereevenbasiccuturaldifferenceswhichcausedfrictionbetweenNothernersandSoutherners.(1)AllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation?shistory.Bothsidessufferedterriblyinthewar.Familiesweretornapartasfathers,sons,andbrotherschosedifferentsides.Hundredsofthousandsofyoungmendiedonbothsides.ThecityofAtlantawasburnedtotheground.FoutunewereruinedandtheeconomyoftheSouthernstateswaswrecked.(2)Thepeopleonbothsidessuffered,andthatsufferingwasworsebecauseitwasinflictedbypeoplewhohadbeentheircountrymen,andeventheirbrothers.Shortlyafterthewar,abitterSoutherner628041.doc-32-

assassinatedthebelovedpresidentAbrahamLincoln.Afterfourbloody,terribleyears,theNorthwonthewarandthecountrywasre-united.Theslaveswerefreedandthenationsetaboutrebuilding.HistorianswillalwaysarguewhetherornottheCivilWarcouldhavebeenavoided.Andwhatit?slongtermbenefitshavebeen.(3)therecanbenoargument,however,thattheCivilWarwasthemostpainfulperiodinAmerican?shistory.Question1:Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpresstheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence1inthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.(A)Therearemanyreasonsforthewarinwhichmorepeoplediedthananyotherwar.(B)Duringthewar,therearemorecasualtiesinthesouthandnorththanintheeastandwest.(C)Theonlyonereasoncontributedtothewarwhichistheworstintheworldhistory.(D)Manypeoplediedbecauseoflackofbloodtransfusionwhichledtoawar.Question2:Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpresstheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence2inthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethe628041.doc-33-

meaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.(A)Ifthewarhadnotbeenwiththeirbrothers,therewouldhavebeennopain.(B)Ifthewarhadnottakenplaceinthecountryside,therewouldhavebeenlesspain.(C)Ifthewarhadbeenwithothernations,theresultswouldhavebeenworse.(D)Ifthewarhadnotbeenwith