牛頓英文介紹ton

IsaacNewtonTJOslerSirIsaacNewton,

FRS

December1642

–20March1727wasan

English

physicist,

mathematician,

astronomer,

naturalphilosopher,

alchemist,and

theologian

andoneofthemostinfluentialmeninhumanhistoryInJune1661,hewasadmittedto

TrinityCollege,Cambridge

SoonafterNewtonhadobtainedhisdegreeinAugustof1665,theUniversitycloseddownasaprecautionagainsttheGreatPlague.AlthoughhehadbeenundistinguishedasaCambridgestudent,[10]

Newton'sprivatestudiesathishomeinWoolsthorpeoverthesubsequenttwoyearssawthedevelopmentofhistheoriesoncalculus,

optics

andthe

lawofgravitation

In1667hereturnedtoCambridgeasafellowofTrinity.[11]

Newtonshowedthatwhitelightiscomposedoflightofallcolors.Heusedaglassprismtoillustratethis.ElectromagneticSpectrumBinomialTheoremPascal’sTriangleNewton’sdiscoveryNewtoncouldnowapplythisformulatofractionalexponentsHecouldnowwritebinomialstofractionalexponentsAreplicaofa

Newtonreflectingtelescope

thathepresentedtotheRoyalSociety

in1672[15].CassagrainTelescopeImageofarefractingtelescopefromtheCincinnatiObservatoryin1848Woodcutillustrationofa45m(150ft)focallengthKeplerianastronomicalrefractingtelescopebuiltbyJohannesHevelius.Fromhisbook

Machinacoelestis

(firstpart),publishedin1673.RobertHookeFRS(18July1635–3March1703)

HookechallengedNewton’sideas.Newtonhadnostomachforcontroversy,sohestoppedshowinghisideas.EdmondHalley

FRS

(8November1656–14January1742)wasanEnglish

astronomer,

geophysicist,

mathematician,

meteorologist,and

physicist.PlaqueinSouthCloisterofWestminsterAbbeyHalleytoldNewtonthatheandotherswereworkingonaproblem:FindtheForceofAttractionbythesunthatwillcausetheplanetaryorbitstobeellipticalNewtonrepliedthathehadsolvedthisproblemearlier.Thesolutionisaninversesquarelaw.HalleythenurgedNewtontopublishthisandotherresults.Newton'sowncopyofhisPrincipia,withhand-writtencorrectionsforthesecondeditionAlthoughNewtonhadinventedthecalculusandusedittoderivemanyofhisresults,hechoosetowritethePrincipiaingeometriclanguage.Thisisbecausethemodernalgebraicformofanalysiswasnotyetseenasasuitableformforwritingmathematicalideas.Itwouldtakeanother50yearsbeforeanalysiswouldfinallyendthetyrannythatgeometricthinkingheldovermathematics.Newton’sthreeUniversalLawsofMotiopnwereagiantfirstinthehistoryofscience.Nothinglikethemhadbeenseenbefore.BeforeNewton,menobservednatureandtriedtodescribenatureingeometric(mathematical)terms.AfterNewton,weseekthefundamentallaws.Thenaparticularproblemissolvedbyusingmathematicswiththefundamentallaws.ApplicationofUniversalLawsFindtheverticalmotionofaparticlenearthesurfaceoftheearth,neglectingairfriction.InitialConditions:Whent=0,

y=handv=dy/dt=v0UseSecondLaw:Initialcondition1:When

,InitialCondition2:When,NewtonDerivesKepler’sLawofAreasLinefromthesuntotheplanetsweepsoutequalareasinequaltimesGottfriedWilhelmLeibniz

1July1646–14November1716)wasa

German

philosopher

and

mathematicianControversyoverwhoinventedCalculus,NewtonorLeibniz?TodaywebelievethatbothmenshouldsharethediscoveryIsaacNewtoninoldagein1712,portraitby

SirJamesThornhillNewtonenjoyedgreatfameinhisfinalyearsHewasrecognizedthroughoutEuropeasthemostoutstandingmathematician–scientistofhistime(ormaybealltime)NewtonstatueondisplayattheOxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistoryNewton'sgravein

WestminsterAbbey

Newton'sgravein

WestminsterAbbey

Newton'sgravein

WestminsterAbbey

"Threateningmy[step-]fatherandmotherSmithtoburnthemandthehouseoverthem."--FromalistofhissinsmadebyIsaacNewtonatage19."Platoismyfriend,Aristotleismyfriend,butmybestfriendistruth."--HeadofNewton's

QuaestionesQuaedamPhilosophicae

(CertainPhilosophicalQuestions),ca.1664."IknownotwhatIappeartotheworld,buttomyselfIseemtohavebeenonlylikeaboyplayingonthesea-shore,anddivertingmyselfinnowandthenfindingasmootherpebbleoraprettiershell,