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水域生態(tài)學(xué)英文第1頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LenticEcosystemsDepressionsinland1-2,000metersdeepInnorthernhemispheres,glaciersleftbehindcarvedoutbasinsthatfilledwithrainandsnowOthercausesinclude:Silt,driftwoodandothermaterialsthatblocktheflowofstreamsStreamsthatwereflatgetcutofftocreate“oxbows”第2頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LenticEcosystemsCratersfromextinctvolcanoesfillwithwater第3頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeFormationManylakesareformedbyoneoftwomammalsHumans-damriversforpower,irrigation,diggingBeavers-damstreamstoformshallowpondsorlakes第4頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeLayers3layersEpilimnion-“upperlake”consistsofafreecirculatingupperlayerMetalimnion-alsocalledthermoclineor“middlelake”hasarapiddeclineintemperature(1degreeCelsiusforeverymeteryougodown)Hypolimnion-“l(fā)owerlake”isthedeep,colderlayer第5頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeStructureLittoralzone-shallowwaterzone,lightreachesthebottomanditusuallyhasplantsEmergents-plantswhoserootsandstemsareinwaterbutupperstemsandleavesareoutofthewaterLimneticorPelagiczone-openwater,andhasPlankton-suspendedorganismsNekton-freeswimmingfish第6頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeZonesBenthiczone-sedimentonbottomoflakesandpondsPhoticzone-wherelightpenetratestothebottomAphoticzone-underwaterareawherelightdoesnotreachEutrophic-nutrientrichOligotrophic-nutrientpoorHypertrophic-excessivenutrients第7頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeTemperaturesSummer/SpringWateriswarmontopandcoldonbottom第8頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LakeTemperaturesFall/winterTemperatureonsurfacedropsandmetalimnionsinksEpilimnionincreasesuntilallwateristhesametemperature\WatercirculatesoxygenandnutrientsOverturn-seasonalmixingofwater第9頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六WaterChemistryDissolvedOxygen(DO)EntersthewaterthroughtheatmosphereandphotosynthesisAmountofoxygenthewatercanholddependsonpressure,temperature,andsalinityColdwaterholdsmoreoxygenthatwarmwaterAsatmosphericpressureincreases,sodoestheamountofoxygeninthewaterOxygenabsorbedbythesurfaceismixedbyturbulenceofinternalcurrentsOverturnreplenishesoxygeninthewater第10頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六WaterChemistryCarbonDioxideCarbondioxideisusuallythesameconcentrationasthatintheatmosphere第11頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六WaterChemistrypHAmeasureoftheacidicorbasicthewaterisOnascaleof1-141isveryacidicand14isverybasic7isneutralFreshwater3-10Rainwater5-6Streamsandlakes6.5-8.5LimestoneunderthewatercausesthepHtoincrease(orbecomemorebasic)第12頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六LoticEcosystemsFlowingwater(riversandstreams)VelocityandcurrentdecidemostthingsbecauseitcutschannelsandaffectslivingorganismsVelocityisdeterminedbysize,shape,gradientofthechannel,roughnessofbottom,depth,andprecipitation第13頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamsMaybeginasoutletsofpondsorlakesFlowisdeterminedbythelayofthelandifthestreamhasnotbeendisturbedAswaterflows,itpicksupdebristhatscrapesthebottomandmakesthestreambigger第14頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六TermsMeander-bendsinstreams(aka.Sinuosity)Watershed-bodyoflandwhereallrunoffcollectsinacommonbodyofwaterTurbidity-theamountofparticlessuspendedinwaterprohibitinglighttoshinethroughChannel-thestreambedandbanksformedbyflowingwaterFloodPlain-astripoflandthatisnormallydryandflatthatisonthesidesofariverorstreamandiswetduringfloods.第15頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六TermsRiparianZone-thelandandvegetationborderingflowingorstandingwaterRiffle-asectionofastreamwherethewaterisshallow,fastmoving,andisbrokenintowavesbyanobstructionSiltation-depositionoffineparticles(silt)onthebedsofstreamsorlakesPools-waterthatisrelativelydeepBankfullWidth-wherewaterwillstopifitcomesoutofthestream第16頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六Howcanyoutellifastreamishealthy?StreamQualityisdeterminedbyAreacover Dothingshangoverthestream?Embeddedness Aretheredirtparticlesonthebottom?Depth Isthestreamshallowordeep?Sedimentdeposits Aretheresedimentbuildups?Channelflow Doeswaterfillupthechannel?第17頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六Streamqualitycontinued…ChannelAlteration Hasconcrete,rock,oranythingelsebeenaddedtothestream?Frequencyofrifflesorbends Doesthestreamcurveorhaveanywhitewater?Bankstability Arethebanksfallingintothestream?VegetativeProtection(onthebanks) Arethereplantsgrowingonthebanks?Riparianzonewidth Howbigistheareaonthebankwhereplantsgrow?第18頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六第19頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamChemistrypHArangeof6-9isidealforrunningfreshwaterfishandbottomdwellinginvertebratesSynergisticEffectsHappenswhentwothingscombinetoproduceeffectsgreaterthantheirsum Example.)PollutantscanchangethepHofastream第20頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamChemistryDissolvedOxygen(DO)Ifdissolvedoxygendropsbelow5mgperliter,aquaticlifeisstressedThelowertheconcentration,themorestressLevelsbelow1-2mgperliterforafewhoursresultin“fishkills”第21頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamChemistryBOD(biochemicaloxygendemand)TheamountofoxygenneededfordecompositionIfthereislittleoxygen,decomposersthatuseitwilldieToomuchoxygencauses“gasbubbledisease”RareOxygenblocksbloodvesselsCanseebubblesonthefinsandtheskin第22頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六第23頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamOrdersStreamsjointogethertoformrivers.Eachtimeonestreamjoinsanother“order”changes.Afirstorderstreamisonethatdoesnothaveanyotherstreamjoiningit.Astreamcanonlyincreaseinorderifastreamofasimilarorderjoinsit.Forexample,whenafirstorderstreamrunsintoanotherfirstorderstream,itbecomesasecondorderstream.Likewise,whentwosecondorderstreamsjoineachother,itbecomesathirdorderstreamandsoon.第24頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamOrdersOrderisnotincreasedwhenalowerorderstreamjoinsoneofalargerorder.Generally:FirstthroughthirdorderstreamsareusuallycalledheadwaterstreamsFourththroughsixthorderstreamsareusuallycalledmedium-sizedstreamsAbovesixthorder,thestreamsbecomeriversLowerorderstreamsareusuallyonsteepslopescomparedtohigherorderstreamsHigherorderstreamshavefloodplains第25頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六Awatershedisasectionoflandwhereallthewaterrunoffflowsintoacommonbasin.第26頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamRestorationTherearemanyaspectstostreamrestoration,butsomesuggestionswouldbe:Decreasetheslopeofthebanks(ifitwillnotcompromiseoreliminatetheriparianzone).Thisisgenerallyaccomplishedbyusinga3:1ratio.Stream3ft.1ft.BankReducesthestressonchannelwallsfromflowingwaterBecomesmorestableStopserosionandsedimentationCreatesasurfaceforvegetation

Stream3ft.1ft.Bank第27頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamRestorationStabilizetheStreamBanksRiparianForestationPlantnativevegetationonthestreambankstostoperosion.Therootsoftheplantswillholdthesoilontothebanks.Addbigstructurestothebankslikewood,stone,orfabricthatwillnotwashaway.Fabricprovidesasurfacetoholdplantedvegetation.Drivepostsintothebanktokeepsoilfromerodingintothestream.Makethechannelbigger.第28頁(yè),共31頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期六StreamRestorationConstructrifflesandpoolsAddinglargerocksand/orothermaterialsfromthesitetothestreampreventsnaturalareasfrombeingdisturbedby

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