2022-2023年黑龍江省綏化市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級知識點匯總（含答案）

2022-2023年黑龍江省綏化市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級知識點匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

AmongscholarsinEnglishliterature,Oslerisknownasanauthorityon______.

2.

Stranglersaresocalledbecausethey______byblockingthesunlightandcompetingforthenutrients.

3.

Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.Changeblindnessreferstothephenomenonthat______.

A.manypeoplefailtonoticethebigchangearoundthem

B.peopletendtoignorethesmallchangesinthesurroundings

C.people'schoicescanbeeasilyinterruptedbyabigchange

D.quiteafewpeopledonothaveagoodsenseofdirections

5.

Psychologistsaskpeopletoansweraseriesofeasyquestionstogaininsightsintotheirrecollections.Thistechniqueis______.

6.

TheInternetandmediacompanieshaverealizedtheimplicitvaluationsofsocialnetworking,buthaven'tmadeitaworkingrevenuemodel.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.CrossCulturalConflictResolutioninTeams

Teammembersworkinincreasinglydiverseenvironments:intermsofage,gender,race,language,andnationality.Beyondthesedifferences,therearealsodeeperculturaldifferencesthatinfluencethewayconflictisapproached.

Theuseofteamsrepresentsanimportantchangeinthewaywework.Thetheoryisthatthroughtheinterdependencyofthepartsgreaterproductivityisachievedbythewhole.Experiencehasbeenlesskind.Onereasonthatteamsfailtomeetperformanceexpectationsistheirparalysisthroughunresolvedconflict.

TeamsDynamics

Overtimesuccessfulteamsdevelopculturallydistinctpathwaystocommunicate,problemsolving,makedecisions,andresolveconflict.Mostliteratureonteamssuggeststhattheyrealizehighperformancelevelsbypassingthroughfourdistinctdevelopmentphases,'forming','storming','norming'and'performing'.

Thedevelopmentofteamnormsdoesnottakeplaceinavacuum,butisembeddedinthewidersocial,politicalandeconomiccontextoftheday;Anotherrealityisthatteammembersdonothaveaccesstothesamepower.Sourcesofpowerdiffer,asdoexpectationsabouthowandwhenitwillbeused.Itissuggestedthatasuccessfulteamwill:

becomfortabledealingwithconflict

becommittedtoresolvingdisputesclosetothesource

resolvedisputesbasedoninterestsbeforerightsandpower

learnfromexperiencewithConflicts.

Thistiesinwithresearchontheeffectsofinterpersonalconflictinteams.Ateammember'scommitmenttotheteamandtheteammissiondecreasesifconflictgoesunresolved,butcanincreaseifconflictiswell-managedandresolved.Ifunhealthyconflictgoesunresolvedfortoolong,teammembersarelikelytoquitortosearchforalternatives.

DefiningCulture

Socialanthropology,astheacademicfieldresponsibleforthestudyofculture,hasyettosettleonadefinitionofculture.However,forourpracticalpurposes,cultureisdefinedasthesharedsetofvalues,beliefs,norms,attitudes,behaviors,andsocialstructuresthatdefinerealityandguideeverydayinteractions.

Thisdefinitionimpliesthatcultureisanattributeofagroup,andalsocontemplatesthefactthattheremaybeasmuchvariationwithinthegroupasbetweendifferentgroups:Weoftenassociateculturewithanationalgroup,however,cultureincludesethnicgroups,clans,tribesandorganizations.Teamswithinorganizationsalsohavebeliefs,attitudesandbehaviorsthatconstituteuniquecultures.

Althoughtherearemanysimilaritiesbetweencultures,itisimportantnottominimizerealdifferencesthatdoexist.

Ausefultoolforconsideringtheculturesofdifferentgroupsisthebellcurve.Themajorityofagroupculturewillconfirmtoadominantsetofbeliefs,attitudesandbehaviors,buttherewillbemembersoftheculturalgroupthatdifferinsignificantwaysfromthenorm.

IndividualisticandCollectivistDimensionsofaCulture

Animportantdimensionofcultureistheextenttowhichmembersidentifywiththegroup(inthiscasetheteam)ratherthanthemselvesasindividuals.Individualisticculturesplaceahighvalueon"autonomy,initiative,creativity,andauthorityindecisionmaking."Individualintereststrumpgroupinterests,andanygroupcommitmentisafunctionofaperceivedself-benefit.Collectivistcultures,ontheotherhand,valuethegroupabovetheindividual.Groupconformityandcommitmentismaintainedattheexpenseofpersonalinterests.Harmony,gettingalongandmaintaining'faceareseenascrucial'.

ThedominantcultureintheUSA,Canada,WesternEurope,Australia,andNewZealandisindividualistic,whilecollectivismpredominatestherestofthe

A.YB.NC.NG

8."Areyoustillbeatingyourwife?"isinrealitytwoquestionsthatareusually______.

9.

Studentsgetmoneyfromnotonlyfederalloansbutalso______.

10.Whyaresleddogssaidtobephysicalwonders?

A.Becausetheyareraisedbywolves.

B.Becausetheycanstandmostsevereweather.

C.BecausetheyarefastestrunneramongArcticanimals.

D.Becausetheycanbeargoodslikehorsesdo.

11.

Peopleaspotentialclients,customers,orpartnershelpyoutobenoticedbyothersandto______.

12.AFuturevehicle

What'stheMollerSkycar?

Whilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallyarevolutionarytechnologyappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycar,whichisnamedafteritsinventor.Withtheinventorpermission,Iwouldliketodiscussthemilitarypotentialofthisvehicle.ThereinforcedMollerSkycarvariantthemilitaryisevaluatingiscalledthelightaerialmultipurposevehicle,orLAMV(pronounced"lam-vee").

TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinaquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.

TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed-orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohand-operatorstodirecttheredundantcomputercontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle'sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse(crosswise)movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuser-friendly.

TheLAMVofthefuturewillbe18feetlong,10feetwide,and6feethighandweight2,200pounds.Itwillholdfourpassengersandapayloadof875pounds(includingfuel).Thevehiclewillhaveamaximumrateofclimbof6,400feetperminuteandanoperationalceilingof30,000feet.Itwillattainatopspeedof390milesperhouratanaltitudeof6,000feetandacruisingspeedof350milesperhourat25,000feet,anditwillhaveamaximumrangeof900milesat80passengermilespergallon.TheLAMValsowillbequietenoughtofunctionasanacoustic"stealth"planeat500feet.Itwillhaveaverticaltake-offandlandingcapabilityandemergencyairframe.parachutes,anditwillbecapableofusingvariousfuels.

TheLAMVfeaturesredundant,independentcomputersystemsforflightmanagement,stability,andcontrol.Twoairframe.parachutescanbedeployedintheeventofthevehicle'scatastrophicfailure.TheseparachutesensurethattheLAMVandtheoperatorandsoldiersitcarriescanlandsafely.TheWankel-typerotaryenginesareveryreliablebecauseoftheirsimplicity.Thethreemovingpartsinatwo-rotorRotapowerenginesareapproximatelysevenpercentofthenumberofpartsinafour-cylinderpistonengine.Eachengineroomfullyenclosestheenginesandfans,greatlyreducingthepossibilityofinjurytosoldierswhomightbenearthevehicleintheeventofanenginefireorexplosion.Multiplesystemscheckfuelforqualityandquantityandprovideappropriatewarnings.TheLAMVcanlandonvirtuallyanysolidsurface.

TheLAMVisaerodynamicallystable.Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV'sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheairframe.parachutes.SincecomputerscontroltheLAMV'sflightduringhoverandtransition,theonlyoperatorinputistocontrolspeedanddirection.Undesirablemovementscausedbywindgustsarepreventedautomatically.

TheusageofLAMVinthefuture

ThepotentialeconomicadvantagesoftheLAMVareworthmentioning.Itsfuel-efficientenginesandabilitytooperateonvariousfuelswilllowfuelcosts.TheLAMVusesone-fourthofthefuelperpassengermileusedbythetilt-rotorV-22Ospreyorhighperformancehelicopters.TheLAMV'sacquisitioncostalsowillbeasignificantfactorinitsfavor.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

ResearchesinthewildfieldevaluatingthetwomostcommonBtcornplantsshowedthatthetoxinabsorbedwastoo______.

14.

Eachfederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforceismadeupofatleast60members.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

NoWestern-style.librariesexistedforthegenerationpublicinChinauntil___________.

16.

ThetwomajorshiftstheU.S.populationisundergoingarechangesingeographicdistributionandin______.

17.

BeforePiaAbolagotapositionattheMSI,shespentathome______.

A.twoyearsB.threeyearsC.fouryearsD.fiveyears

18.

Airconditioning,especiallyheatinginwintercouldreallymakeusgainweight.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.FreshwatersuppliesinAsiaandsouthAmericaisdisappearingastheglaciersmeltaway.

20.

Oftenstudentsarequite______thattheyaremovingtheirheadswhilereading.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B6】

22.聽力原文：W:Guesswhat?Al!Dr.Wattsfoundapart-timejobforme!Ican'tbelieveit!I'llbeworkingalongsideaprofessorfromHarvard!

M:Wow,that'ssocool,Lily!It'ssogreatthatyourenvironmentisfinallysupportingyou.Iwasn'tsureyouweregoingtomakeitacoupleoftimes!Especiallywhenyourfatherlosthisjob.Thatwashardonyouandyourfamily,wasn'tit?

W:Yeah,that'swhyIhavetriedhardtomakemoney.IhavetoadmitIwasprettyfiredallthesedays.Andthoseclasses,especiallybusinessclasses—Ithoughttheyweregoingtokillme!

M:(laughing):Ifeelthesamewayaboutmyliberalartsclasses!Jeffseemstobetheonlyonewhocandowellinallofhisclasses!He'samazing!Bytheway,hehadalongtalkwithDrewtheothernight.Iguessheisinterestedinmeetingyou!

W:Wow!Areyoukidding?

M:No!He'sreallyinterested.Maybewecandoubledatewithyouguys.Thatway,therewouldn'tbesomuchpressureoneachofyou.Especiallysinceyou'veneverofficiallymetbefore!

W:Soundsgoad.Letmeknowwheneveryonecanmakeit.IthinkitwouldbeeasierformetomakeitafterIlearnmoreaboutmypart-timejob.

M:OK.I'lltalktoJeffandwe'llseewhatwecanschedulewithmygirlfriend.I'llgiveyouacallassoonaswefigureoutwhatwillworkforeveryone.Howaboutdinnerandamovie?

M:Perfect.Givemeacallwhenyoucan.Seeyousoon!

(20)

A.Becauseshewantstopracticeherself.

B.BecauseshewantstoworkwiththeprofessorfromHarvard.

C.Becauseshehastosupportthefamily.

D.Becausesheistiredoftheclasses.

23.

【B3】

24.(19)

A.Gohomeandhaveagoodrest.

B.Callallthepeopleonthelisttoday.

C.Gothroughailthenumbersontheirlist.

D.Askpeopleonthelisttocontribute.

25.(29)

A.Thetechnicalspecialistshouldimprovethesoftware.

B.Thesoftwarecannotsolvethestudents'problemsatall.

C.Thesoftwareisdesignedforeditorsandwriters,notthestudents.

D.Studentsshouldhavetheirownjudgmentwhenusingthesoftware.

26.聽力原文：W:IamsoluckyIdon'thavethesimilarjobasyours.Workingallnightandsleepinginthedaytime.Howterribleitistobelikethisallthetime.

M:Oh,IstoppedthatwhenIgotmypromotionlastmonth.NowIamonthreedaysandofftwo.

Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?

(17)

A.Thewomanenviestheman'sjob.

B.Themanstoppedworkinglastmonth.

C.Themanworksthreenightseverytwoweeks.

D.Themanhastwofreedaysforeverythreedaysheworks.

27.(43)

28.(32)

A.Theypaythesamewage.

B.Theyinvolveworkingoutdoors.

C.Theycanbesubstitutedforcollegestudents.

D.They'repart-time.

29.聽力原文：W:David,listentothis:"Mr.GraySmith,80yearsold,ismakinghisfirstattempttoparachutethisWednesday.Mr.Smithsaidhehadbeenlookingforwardtothejumpforalongtime."

M:Yes.Goodforhim.

W:Idon'tthinkitisagoodideaforMr.Smith.

M:Whynot?

W:Becauseheisold.Inmycountry,whenapersonis80,heissupposedtostayathomeandbetakencareof

M:Really?IthinkMr.Smithcandowhateverhewantsaslongasheknowshowtodoitwellandheissurebeissafe.

W:Iagreewithyouthere.

(20)

A.Tojoininthesportgames

B.Tohaveaparachutejump

C.Totravelaroundtheworld

D.Topracticingdiving

30.(40)

31.聽力原文：M:You'renotstillwatchingtelevision,areyou?

W:Ienjoyyourtelevision--I'llhavetowatchlotsmorewhileI'mhere.Thecamera-workwasverygood.Itlookedliketheworkofrealexperts.Er...howlonghastelevisionbeengoinginBritain?

M:Oh,since1936.

W:Ah!

M:OnlyintheLondonareaatthattime,though.Therewasn'tanytelevisionduringtheSecondWorldWar.Itstartedupagainafterwards.TheBBCwastheorganizationresponsibleforit.

W:WhatdotheinitialsBBCstandfor?

M:BritishBroadcastingCorporation.It'sapubliccorporation.Itisn'tcontrolledbythegovernment,butit'snotaprivatecompanyeither.Thatmeansthatthegovernmentcan'tusetheBBCforpropagandapurpose,andnorcanprivateindividualsorfirms.

W:Isthereanyadvertising?

M:NotontheBBC,ITVgetsitsmoneyfromadvertising,though.

W:ITV?

M:ITVstandsforIndependentTelevision.Itwasstartedin1954againintheLondonarea.Itcoversthewholecountrynow,though.

W:Whatdopeoplethinkoftheadvertisementsontelevision?

M:Itdepends.Alotofpeoplethinkit'sagoodideabecauseitmeansthattelevisioncanpayitsway--theITVgetsallitsmoneyfromtheadvertisements.

W:WhatabouttheBBC?

M:YouhavetopayaTVlicenseof￡7ayearthatgoestotheBBC.Or￡12forcolor.Alotofpeopledon'tlikehavingtopayandwishthattherewereadvertisementsontheBBCtoo.Ontheotherhand,otherpeoplehateTVadvertisingbecausetheythinkit'saninsulttotheirintelligence.

(20)

A.Therewastelevision,butnotinLondon.

B.TherewasnotelevisionanywhereinEngland.

C.Therewastelevision,butonlyintheLondonarea.

D.TherewastelevisionsomewhereinBritain.

32.(42)

33.聽力原文：W:Ican'tbelieveIhavealmostspentall$4,000ofmystudentloan.Thatmoneywassupposedtolastmeallyear.

M:Maybeyoushouldstartlivingwithinyourmeans,likeyou'vebeentoldtimeandtimeagain.

W:Whatdoesthemansuggest?

(15)

A.SheShouldfindajob.

B.Sheshouldjuststopworrying.

C.Sheshouldbemorerealisticwithhermoney.

D.Sheshouldaskformoremoneyfromtheloanoffice.

34.聽力原文：W:Haveyougotajobwaitingforyou?

M:No,IgaveupmyjobwhenIcamehere.Iworkedinashippingcompany,butitwasdocuments,documents,alldaylong.SoIdecidedIneededachange.NowI'mgoingtotryandgetajobwithatravelfirm.I'dlikeajobdealingwithpeople.

Q:Whatsortofafirmwouldsheliketoworkfor?

(15)

A.Theshippingcompany.

B.Thetravelfirm.

C.Thefirmdealingwithdocuments.

D.Thefirmwithalotofpeople.

35.聽力原文：W:You'realwaysworkingaroundthehouseonSaturday,paintinganddoingrepairs.Youmustenjoyit.

M:Notreally.I'dratherrelaxorgofishing,butSaturdayistheonlydayIhavetogetanythingdone.BythetimeIgethomefromworkduringtheweek,I'mtootired.

Q:WhatdoesthemanusuallydoonSaturdays?

(19)

A.Herelaxes.

B.Hegoestowork.

C.Hegoesfishing.

D.Heworksathome.

36.聽力原文：W:ThisisEnglishLanguageCentre.HowcanIhelpyou?

M:Yes.I’mcallingtofindoutmoreinformationaboutyourprogram.Forexample,whatkindofcoursedoyouoffer?

W:Well,firstofall,thepurposeofourprogramisto(19)providelanguagelearningopportunitiestothisarea'scommunity,whetherastudent'sgoalistomasterbasicfunctionallanguageskills,let'ssay,forhisorherjob,ortostudyintensivelytoenteraUScollegeoruniversity.

M:Okay.I'mcallingforafriendwhoisinterestedinattendingaUSuniversity.Myfriendisconsideringaboutfurthereducation.

W:Andthat'sthekindof,uh,instructionthatweprovide,frombasiccommunicationcoursetocontent-basedclassessuchas(20)computerliteracy,interculturalcommunication,andbusinessEnglish.

M:Thatsoundsgreat.Whatareyourapplicationdeadlinesforthenextsemester?

W:Well,(21)weaskapplicantstoapplynolaterthantwomonthsbeforethesemesterbegins.

M:Alright.Whatisthetuitionforafull-timestudent?

W:Letmesee.It'stwothousandthirtydollarsforafull-timestudent.

M:Andhowdoesoneapply?Isitcomplicated?

W:Well,wecansendyouanapplicationandyoucanmailitbacktous,oryoucanfilloutourapplicationthat'sonourWebsite.

M:Great.Thankyouforhelp.Iappreciatethat.

W:Youarewelcome.Youcancallatanytimeifyouhaveanyotherquestions.Goodbye.

(20)

A.Toprovidelanguagelearningopportunities.

B.Toteachstudentshowtobeexpertincomputer.

C.Toprovideworkopportunitiesforgraduatingstudentsinthecommunity.

D.Tohelpstudentspassmathexam.

37.(35)

A.Itwassixdayslong.

B.Itdidn'tincludeSaturdayafternoon.

C.Italwaysincludedatleastoneholiday.

D.Itdidn't'allowtheworkerstimeoff.

38.(21)

A.Speed.B.Concentration.C.Strength.D.Agility.

39.(28)

A.Joggingisbetterthantheothertypesofexercise.

B.HeartdiseaseisnolongeranAmericannationalproblem.

C.Joggingcanbeharmfuliftherunnerisnotproperlyprepared.

D.Warm-upsuitsarebetterthangymshortsandT-shirtsforjoggers.

40.

【B11】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

【C9】

42.

Accordingtothepassage,malemarmosetandtamarinmonkeys______

A.can'tdefendmorethanonefemale

B.practicemonogamy

C.getmoreoffspring

D.investheavilyintheirpartnersandtheyoung

43.

Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassageprovideinformationtoanswer?

A.Whatisthemostpowerfulinfluenceonthehealthstatusofacountry'spopulation?

B.Whichnationintheworldleadsinhealthstatus?

C.IsthelifeexpectancyofmalesintheU.S.longerthanthatoffemales?

D.Whatarethemostimportantgeneticfactorsinfluencingthehealthofanindividual?

44.

Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat______.

A.rewardsarehighlyeffectiveinAmerica

B.rewardsarenotmuchsought-afterinacademiccircles

C.rewardshavelonglosttheirappealinAmericansociety

D.Americansareaddictedtorewards

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

InonlytwodecadesAsianAmericanshavebecomethefastest--growingU.S.minority.Astheirchildrenbeganmovingupthroughthenation'sschools,itbecameclearthatanewclassofacademicachieverswasemerging.Theirachievementsarereflectedinthenation'sbestuniversities,wheremathematics,scienceandengineeringdepartmentshavetakenonadecidedlyAsiancharacter.ThisspeciallikingformathematicsandscienceispartlyexplainedbythefactthatAsian-AmericanstudentswhobegantheireducationabroadarrivedintheU.S.withasolidgroundinginmathematicsbutlittleornoknowledgeofEnglish.Theyarealsoinfluencedbythepromiseofagoodjobaftercollege.Asiansfeeltherewillbelessunfairtreatmentinareaslikemathematicsandsciencebecausetheywillbejudgedmoreobjectively.Andthereturnontheinvestmentineducationismoreimmediateinsomethinglikeengineeringthanwithanartsdegree.

MostAsian-AmericanstudentsowetheirsuccesstotheinfluenceofparentswhoaredeterminedthattheirchildrentakefulladvantageofwhattheAmericaneducationalsystemhastooffer.Aneffectivemeasureofparentalattentionishomework.AsianparentsspendmoretimewiththeirchildrenthanAmericanparentsdo,andithelps.ManyresearchersalsobelievethereissomethinginAsianculturethatbreedssuccess,suchasidealsthatstressfamilyvaluesandemphasizeeducation.

BothexplanationsforacademicsuccessworryAsianAmericansbecauseoffearsthattheyfeedatypicalracialimage.ManycanrememberwhenChinese,JapaneseandFilipinoimmigrantswerethevictimsofsocialisolation.Indeed,itwasnotuntil1952thatlawswerelaiddowngivingallAsianimmigrantstherighttocitizenship.

Whilemakingtremendousachievementsatcollege,Asian-Americanstudents______.

A.feeltheyaremistreatedbecauseoflimitedknowledgeofEnglish

B.areafraidthattheiracademicsuccessesbearastrongAsiancharacter

C.stillworryaboutunfairtreatmentinsociety

D.generallyfeelitashametohavetodependontheftparents

46.

Whatattitudedopeopletaketowardthedisabledpeopletoday?

47.

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver'slicense.

B.Oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy.

C.Noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one.

D.Inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted.

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Everyonceinawhilethereasonsfordiscouragementaboutthehumanprospectpileupsohighthatitbecomesdifficulttoseethewayahead,anditisthenagreatblessingtohaveoneconspicuousandundeniablegoodthingtothinkaboutourselves,somethingsolidenoughtostepontoandlookbeyondthepile.

Languageisoftenusefulforthis,andmusic.Aparticularpainting,ifyouhavetherightreceptors(感受器),canlightthespiritsandholdthemhighenoughtoseeawholefuturefortherace.Thesoundoflaughterinthedistanceinthedarkcanbeamarvelousencouragement.Buttheseareuncertainstimuli,readytoworkonlyifyouhappentoreceivethem,whichtakesabitofluck.

Ihavebeenreadingmagazinestoriesaboutthetechnologyofliedetectionlately,anditoccurstomethatthismaybethethingI'vebeenlookingfor,anencouragementsupportedbygenuine,hardscientificdata.ItispromisingenoughthatI'vedecidedtotakeasgivenwhatthearticlessay,uncritically,andtolooknofurther.

AsIunderstandit,ahumanbeingcannottellalie,evenasmallone,withoutsettingoffakindofsmokealarmsomewheredeepinadarkrecessofthebrain,resultinginthesuddendischargeofnerveimpulses,orthesuddenoutpouringofneurohormones(神經(jīng)激素)ofsomesort,orboth.Theoutcome,recordedbythelie-detectordeviceissimilartotheresponsestovariouskindsofstress.

Lying,thenisstressful,evenwhenwedoitforprotection,orrelief,orescape,orprofit,orjustforthepurepleasureoflyingandgettingawaywithit.Itisastrain,distressingenoughtocausetheemissionofsignalstoandfromthecentralnervoussystemwarningthatsomethinghasgonewrong.Itis,inapurephysiologicalsense,anunnaturalact.

NowIregardthisasapieceofextraordinarilygoodnews,meaning,thatwearecompelledtobeamoralspeciesatleastinthelimitedsensethatwearebiologicallydesignedtobetruthfultoeachother.

Itseemsapettythingtohavethisinformation,butperhapsittellsustolookagain,andlookdeeper.Weareindeedasocialspecies,moredependentoneachotherthanthecelebratedsocialinsects.Wecannomoreliveasolitarylifethancanabee.Weareobliged,asaspecies,torelyoneachother.Trustisafundamentalrequirementforourkindofexistenceandwithoutitallourlinkageswouldbegintosnaploose.

Itisenough,quiteenough,toknowthatwecannoteventellaplainuntruth,betrayatrust,withoutscaringsomepartofourownbrains.

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorimpliesthat______.

A.therearealotofobstaclesonthewayaheadofhumanbeings

B.humanbeingsaresurroundedbypilesofrubbish

C.weareconvincedthatmenarebornevil

D.man'sfutureisseentobebetteradvantagedfromhisgoodnature

49.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto______.

A.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

D.ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates

50.

Itwillbeevenmoredifficulttodevelopavaccinebecause______.

A.mostwomenareinfectedbyasinglevariantoftheHIVvirus

B.theviruscanduplicateitselfintomoregeneticvariants

C.itisdifficulttomonitortheactivitiesoftheviruses

D.technologiesarenotadvancednow

51.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Teachingchildrentoreadwellfromthestartisthemostimportanttaskofelementaryschools.Butrelyingoneducatorstoapproachthistaskcorrectlycanbeagreatmistake.Manyschoolscontinuetoemployinstructionalmethodsthathavebeenprovenineffective.Thestayingpowerofthe"look-say"or"whole-word"methodofteachingbeginningreadingisperhapsthemostnotoriousexampleofthisfailuretoinstructeffectively.

The"whole-word"approachtoreadingstressesthemeaningofwordsoverthemeaningofletters,thinkingoverdecoding,developingasightvocabularyoffamiliarwordsoverdevelopingtheabilitytounlockthepronunciationofunfamiliarwords.Itfitsinwiththeself-directed,"learninghowtolearn"activitiesrecommendedbyadvocatesof"open"cla