職稱英語新增文章衛(wèi)生類

閱讀理解第十六篇EattoLive

Ameagerdietmaygiveyouhealthandlonglife,butit*snotmuchfun—anditmightnoteven

benecessary.Wemaybeabletohangontomostofthatyouthfulvigorevenifwedon'lstartto

dietuntiloldage.

StephenSpindlerandhiscolleaguesfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatRiversidehave

foundthatsomeofanelderlymouse'slivergenescanbemadetobehaveastheydidwhenthe

mousewasyoungsimplybylimitingitsfoodforfourweeks.Thegeneticrejuvenationwon't

reverseotherdamagecausedbytimeforthemouse,butcouldhelpitslivermetabolizedrugsor

getridoftoxins.

Spindler'steamfedthreemiceanormaldietfortheirwholelives,andfedanotherthreeon

half-rations.Threemoremicewereswitchedfromthenormaldiettohalf-feedforamonthwhen

theywere34monthsold-equivalenttoabout70humanyears.

Theresearcherscheckedtheactivityof11,000genesfromthemouselivers,andfoundthat

46changedwithageinthenormallyfedmice.Thechangeswereassociatedwiththingslike

inflammationandfreeradicalproduction—probablybadnewsformousehealth.Inthemicethat

haddietedalltheirlives,27ofthose46genescontinuedtobehavelikeyounggenes.Butthemost

surprisingfindingwasthatthemicethatonlystarteddietinginoldagealsobenefitedfrom70per

centofthesegenechanges.

叮hisisthefirstindicationthattheeeffectskickinprettyquickly,“saysHuberWamerfrom

theNationalInstituteonAgingnearWashington,D.C.

Nooneyetknowsifcalorieworksinpeopleasitdoesinmice,busSpindlerishopeful.

“There'sattractingandtemptingevidenceouttherethatitwillwork,“hesays.

Ifitdoesworkinpeople,theremightbegoodreasonsforrejuvenatingtheliver.Asweget

older,outbodiesarelesefficientatmetabolizingdrugs,forexample.Abriefperiodoftimeof

dieting,saysSpindler,couldbeenoughtomakesureadrugiseffective.

ButSpindlerisn'tsurethetrade-offisworthit."Themicegetlessdisease,theylivelonger

butthey'rehungry,“hesays."Evenseeingwhatadietdoes,it'sstillhardtogotoarestaurantand

say:'Icanonlyeathalfofthat'.”

Spindlerhopeswesoonwon*tneedtodietatall.Hiscompany,LifeSpanGeneticsin

California,islookingfordrugsthathavetheeffectsofcalorierestriction.

詞匯：

meageradj.不足的livern.肝臟

youthfuladj.有青舂活力的rationn.定量

vigorn.精力，活力toxinn.毒素

metabolizevi.使（一種物質(zhì)）進(jìn)入新陳代謝過程

calorien.卡（熱量的單位）

inflammationn.炎癥，發(fā)炎

geneticadj.基因的trade-offn.交換，交易

rejuvenationn.恢復(fù)活力，返老還童

rejuvenatevt.使恢復(fù)活力

注釋：

1.hangonto：繼續(xù)保留。例如：Youshouldhangontothatpainting-itmightbeworthalotof

moneyoneday.你應(yīng)該繼續(xù)保留那幅畫---或許有一天它會值很多錢。

2.Thegeneticrejuvenationwon'treverseotherdamagecausedbytimeforthemouse,butcould

helpitslivermetabolizedrugsorgetridoftoxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在

其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。otberdamagecausedbytime歲月

造成的其他方面的破壞，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolizedrugs：代謝藥物，即“使藥物參

與新陳代謝以提高藥效"getridof：擺脫，除去。

3.half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠飼料正常定量（normaldiet）的一半”

4.freeradicalproduction：指體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生（形成）。

5.kickin：意為“開始起作用如：We'restillwaitingfortheairconditioningtokickin.我們還

在等著空調(diào)開始起作用。

6.beworthit：意為“值得，有益如：Theyareexpensive,buttheyareworthit.那些東西很

貴，但劃得來。

練習(xí)：

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.Eatinglessthanusualmightmakeuslivelonger.

B.Ifwegoonadietwhenold,wemaykeephealthy.

C.Dietingmightnotbeneeded.

D.Wehavetobegindietingfromchildhood.

2.Whydoestheauthormentionanelderlymouseinparagraph2?

A.Todescribetheinfluenceofoldageonmice.

B.Toillustratetheeffectofmeagerfoodonmice.

C.Totellushowmice'slivergenesbehave.

D.lbinformusoftheprocessofmetabolizingdrugs.

3.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcompletelynormallyfedmicementionedinthepassage?

A.Theywillnotexperiencefreeradicalproduction.

B.Theywillexperiencemoregeneticrejuvenationintheirlifetime.

C.Theyhavemoreoldlivergenestobehavelikeyounggenes.

D.Theyaremorelikelytosufferfrominflammation.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingmostinterestedtheresearchers?

A.Themicethatstarteddietinginoldage.

B.27ofthose46oldgenesthatcontinuedtobehavelikeyounggenes.

C.Calorierestrictionthatworksinpeople.

D.Dietingthatmakessureadrugiseffective.

5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,Spindlerbelievesthat

A.calorierestrictionisveryimportanttoyoungpeople

B.seeingtheeffectofadiet,peoplewilleatlessthannormal.

C.dietingisnotagoOdmethodtogiveushealthandalonglife.

D.drugsdonothavetheeffectsofcalorierestriction.

答案與題解：

l.D第一段第一句講“節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句講“即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，

我們?nèi)匀挥锌赡茉诤艽蟪潭壬媳３智啻夯盍Α?，因此，“我們必須從小就開始節(jié)食”是錯誤的，

D是答案。

2.B第二段提及“一只高齡老鼠”的時候，作者談到“只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食，它的肝

臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力”據(jù)此，“為了描述節(jié)食對老鼠所產(chǎn)中的影響”最好地

回答了題干中的問題

3.D第四段提到，“正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有46條肝臟基因會發(fā)生變化，這

種變化與炎癥和有機體組織無限激增有關(guān)”因此，D正確。

4.A第四段最后一個句子講“但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開始節(jié)食的老鼠也能

從70%的基因變化中受益”。“最驚人的”自然是“最令研究人員感興趣的”。

5.C文章的最后兩段談及Spindler對節(jié)食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。

其次，他希望在不久的將來，我們不必節(jié)食。所以我們可以推知，他認(rèn)為節(jié)食不是得以健康

長壽的好辦法。

第二十九篇"Don'tDrinkAlone”GetsNewMeaning

Inwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsanspubs,anEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeople

drinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneck

thandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthe

drinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3,500adultswhohad

neverhadcancer.

Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthat

individualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to

80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavity,pharynx,andesophagus,whencomparedwithpeople

whodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percent

thelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer."Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedto

smokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteers,"DalMasosays.Thediscouragingnews,histeam

reports,isthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn'teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites.

Fortheirnewanalysis,theEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroups,

basedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroup

includedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningat

least56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthe

mouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonly

withmeals.Forinstance,comparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroup,participants

whodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesother

thanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemeals,

thoseinthehigherconumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavityandesophageal

cancers.

Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskof

oralcancer,7timestheriskofpharyngealcancer,and16timestheriskofesophagealcancer

comparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrast,laryngeal

cancerriskinthehigh-intake,with-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intake

consumerswhodrankwithmeals.

"Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtime,thatinflammationcantriggercancer."DalMaso

says.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesof

byscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealriskswere

dramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue'slowerexposuretoalcohol.

詞匯：

cavityn.腔tripleadj.三倍的；n.三倍；v.成三倍

pharynxn.咽servingn.（食物或飲料的）一份

pharyngealadj.咽的inflamev.使發(fā)炎

esophagusn.食管digestive-tracttissue消化道組織

esophagealadj.食管的quadruplev.成四倍；adj.四倍的

larynxn.喉larygealadj.喉的

scrubv.擦凈,擦掉

注釋：

1....thandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood：這是一個倒裝句，其正常語序為than

thosetakingtheirlibationswithfooddo。這里的do是一個代詞，代替上半句中的havea

significantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandnecko

2.drinkingpatternsof1500patientfromfourcancerstudies：取自四項癌癥研究的1500個

病例的飲酒習(xí)慣模式

3.downedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmeals：在就餐時間以外灌下大量

烈酒。down：在此作動詞用，意為“喝下，灌下"；significant：意為“l(fā)argeinamount^^（大量

的）

4.laryngeal：larynx（喉）的形容詞形式。

5.thesefoursites：指該段前兩句提到的oralcavity,pharynx,esophagus,larynxo

6.tracedtosmokingordrinking：根源就是抽煙或喝酒。traceto：回溯到...

7.inanaverageweek：平均每星期

8.upto：高達(dá)

9.56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday：每周56杯，平

均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意為“（食物或飲料的）一份”。

10.forallsitesotherthanthelarynx：除喉以外的全部部位。otherthan：除了。

11.high-intake,with-meals-onlygroup：（酒精）高攝入、僅在就餐時飲酒的（實驗）組。

high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容詞，修飾group0

12.wasonlytriplethat：是它的三倍。that指該句前半句中的laryngealcancerrisko

1.Researchershavefoundthattheriskofcancerinthemouth和neckishigherwith

people

A.whodrinkalcoholoutsideofmeals.

B.whodrinkalcoholatmeals.

C.whoneverdrinkalcoholatmeals.

D.whodrinkalcoholatbars和pubs.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheconclusionmadebytheresearchersabout

“drinkingwithmeals”？

A.Ithasalowerriskofcancerthandrinkingwithoutfood.

B.Itmayalsobeacauseofcancer.

C.Itincreasesby20percentthepossibilityofcancerinallsites.

D.Itdoesnoteliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites.

3.Approximatelyhowmanydrinksdothelowest-intakegroupaverageperday?

A.3drinks.

B.8drinks.

C.20drinks.

D.56drinks.

4.Whichcancerriskisthelowestamongallthefourkindsofcancermentionedinthe

passage?

A.Oralcancer.

B.Laryngealcancer.

C.Pharyngealcancer.

D.esophagealcancer.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,tissue'slowerexposuretoalcohol

A.explainswhyinflammationtriggerscancer.

B.accountsforwhyfoodcancoatdigestive-tracttissues.

C.isthereasonwhyfoodcanscrubalcoholofftissues.

D.reducestheriskoflaryngealcancer.

答案與題解：

LA文章第一個句子就是答案。

2.C第二段的第二句說的是餐外飲酒使得喉癌幾率增加了20%,而不是就餐飲酒的情況。

所以C是正確答案。其他三項均在文中直接或間接提到。

3.A第三段第二句告訴我們，酒精攝入量最低的一組每星期飲酒量達(dá)20杯，因此，大約每

天在三杯左右。

4.B文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由連接詞incontrast連接的兩個句子。incontrast表達(dá)

的是句間的反比關(guān)系。第一句說明酒精消費量最大的一組患其他三種癌癥的幾率與低酒精攝

入量組相比，分別是他們的10倍、7倍和16倍，而第二句告訴我們，相比之下，其患喉癌

的幾率只是另一組的3倍。因此，B是正確選項。

5.D文章最后一句提供了答案。

第二十四篇SleepLetsBrainFileMemories

Tosleep.Perchancetofile?FindingspublishedonlinethisweekbytheProceedingsofthe

NationalAcademyofSciencesfurthersupportthetheorythatthebrainorganizesandstows

memoriesformedduringthedaywhiletherestofthebodyiscatchingzzz's.

GyorgyBuzsakiofRutgersUniversityandhiscolleaguesanalyzedthebrainwavesofsleeping

ratsandmice.Specifically,theyexaminedtheelectricalactivityemanatingfromthe

somatosensoryneocortex(anareathatprocessessensoryinformation)andthehippocampus

whichisacenterforlearningandmemory.Thescientistsfoundthatoscillationsinbrainwaves

fromthetworegionsappeartobeintertwined.So-calledsleepspindles(burstsofactivityfrom

theneocortex)werefollowedtensofmillisecondslaterbybeatsintbehippocampusknownas

ripples.Theteampositsthatthisinterplaybetweenthetwobrainregionsisakeystepin

memoryconsolidation.

Asecondstudy,alsopublishedonlinethisweekbytheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademy

ofSciences,linksage-associatedmemorydeclinetohighglucoselevels.

Previousresearchhadshownthatindividualswithdiabetessufferfromincreasedmemory

problems.Inthenewwork,AntonioConvitofNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicineandhis

collaboratorsstudied30peoplewhoseaverageagewas69toinvestigatewhethersugarlevels,

whichtendtoincreasewithage,affectmemoryinhealthypeopleaswell.Thescientists

administeredrecalllasts,brainscansandglucosetolerancetests,whichmeasurehowquickly

sugarisabsorbedfromthebloodbythebody'stissues.Subjectswiththepoorestmemory

recollection,theteamdiscovered,alsodisplayedthepoorestglucosetolerance,inaddition,their

brainscansshowedmorehippocampusshrinkagethanthoseofsubjectsbetterabletoabsorb

bloodsugar.

“Ourstudysuggeststhatthisimpairment"maycontributetothememorydeficitsthatoccuras

peopleage,"Convitsays."Anditraisestheintriguingpossibilitythatimprovingglueose

tolerancecouldreversesomeage-associatedproblemsincognition."Exerciseandweightcontrol

canhelpkeepglucoselevelsincheck,sotheremaybeonemorereasontogotothegym.

詞匯：

perchanceadv.<古>偶然;或許onlineadj.adv.在線的（地）

stowv.貯藏，堆裝

emanatev.發(fā)源（from）diabetesn.糖尿病

somatosensoryadj.（耳、目、口等以外的）體覺的

neocortexn.新（大腦）皮層

oscillationn.振蕩

intertwinev.（使）纏結(jié),（使）纏繞

spindlen.紡錘體

ripplen.脈動，波動

recollectionn.回憶；回憶起的事物

shrinkagen.收縮,減少

impairmentn.損傷，損害

intriguev.引起...興趣（或好奇心）

心）

cognitionn.認(rèn)知；認(rèn)識的結(jié)果

注釋：

1.filememories：歸檔并儲存記憶。file：意為"toputorkeep（papers,etc.）inusefulorderfor

storageorreference^^（把...歸檔）。

2.Tosleep.Perchancetofile?：從莎士比亞筆下哈姆雷特的獨白中的名句'Tosleep：perchance

todream.”改編而來。

3.theProceedigs：（科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)、會議文獻(xiàn)）匯編,常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

4.zzz：（擬聲詞）打鼾聲

5.RutgersUniversity：指美國新澤西州立大學(xué)（TheStateUniversityofNewJersey）。

6.emanatingfrom：發(fā)源于。

7.neocortex：新（大腦）皮質(zhì)，尤指大的高等哺乳動物大腦中新生長的部分，也叫做

eopalliumoneo-：前綴，意思是“新的

8.thehippocampus：大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物，也稱“海馬狀突起'在泛記過程中起主要

作用。

9.tensofmilliseconds：幾十毫秒

10.age-associatedmemorydecline.與年齡相關(guān)的記憶衰退

11.administer：實施

12.thisimpairment：指上句中hippocampusshinkage.

13.memorydeficits：記憶衰退

14.theintriguingpossibilitythatimprovingglucosetolerancecouldreversesomeage-associated

problemsincognition.：令人興奮的可能性，即，不斷改善葡萄糖容許量可以完全改變對某

些與年齡相關(guān)的認(rèn)知問題。

15.keepglucoselevelsincheck：限制葡萄糖濃度。incheck：在控制中，被阻止

練習(xí)：

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnearestinmeaningtothesentence"TDsleep.Perchance

tofile?"?

ADoesbrainarrangememoriesinusefulorderduringsleep?

BDoesbrainhavememorieswhenoneissleeping?

CDoesbrainrememberfilesafteronefallsasleep?

DDoesbrainworkonfilesinsleep?

2.WhatistheresultoftheexperimentwithratsandmicecarriedoutatRutgersUniversity?

ATheelectricalactivityisemanatingfromthesomatosensoryneocortex.

BOscillationsinbrainwavesarefromhippocampus.

CSomatosensoryneocortexandhippocampusworktogetherinmemoryconsolidation.

DSomatosensoryneocortexplaysaprimaryroleinmemoryconsolidation.

3.Whatistherelationofmemorytoglucosetolerance,asisindicatedbyaresearchmentionedin

paragraph4?

APeoplewithpoormemoryhavehighglucosetolerance.

BPeoplewithgoodmemoryhavelowglucosetolerance.

CMemorylevelhasnothingtodowithglucocetolerance,

DThepoorerthememory,thepoorerglucosetolerance.

4.Inwhatwayismemoryrelatedtohippocampusshrinkage?

AThereisnorelationbetweenmemoryandhippocampusshrinkage.

BThemorehippocampusshrinks,thepoorerone'smemory.

CThemorehippocampusshrinks,thebetterone'smemory.

DThelesshippocampusshrinks,thepoorerone'smemory.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatistheultimatereasonforgoingtothegym?

ATopreventhippocampusshrinkage.

BTocontrolweight.

CToexercise.

DTocontrolglucoselevels.

答案與題解：

l.A文章第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)新發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步支持了一種理論，即，當(dāng)人體進(jìn)入睡眠狀態(tài)時，

大腦對在白天形成的記憶進(jìn)行組織和儲存。Tosleep.Perchancetofile?見注釋1和注釋2。

2.C第二段說科學(xué)家分析了老鼠的腦電波，尤其是從somatosensyneoconex和hippocampus

兩個區(qū)域發(fā)出的腦電波。該段最后兩句指出，這兩個大腦區(qū)域的活動是互相作用的。第二

段并沒有說somatosensoryneoeortex或hippocampus起主導(dǎo)作用。

3.D該段倒數(shù)第二句提供了答案。

4.B第四段最后一■個句子中theirbrains,指上句中的Subjectswiththepoorestmemory

recollection的大腦掃描，所以選擇B。

5.D鍛煉身體和體重控制能限制葡萄糖濃度，因而，去健身房就有了另一個原因。

第三十九篇Sauna

Ceremonialbathinghasexistedforthousandsofyearsandhasmanyforms,oneofwhichis

thesauna.TheFinnshaveperfectedthesteambath,orsauna,whichmaybetaken,usuallyinan

enclosedroom,bypouringwateroverhotrocksorasadryheatbath.TheJapanese,Greeks,

TurksandRussiansaswellasNativeAmericanshaveformsofthesweatbathintheirbathing

rituals.DryheatandsteambathshadadvocatesinancientRomeandpre-ColumbianAmericas

usedsweatlodges.

Theearliestsaunaswereprobablyundergroundcavesheatedbyafirethatnaturallyfilled

withsmokeaschimneymakingwasunknownatthattime.Afirekeptinafire-pitwouldheat

therockwallsofthecave.Afterreachingfullheat,thesmokewasletoutofthecaveandthe

stoneswouldretainheatforseveralhours.Afewpeopletodaysaythatthesmokesauna,

Usavusauna"istheonlytruesaunaexperienceandthatallsaunasshouldhaveatleasta

backgroundodororsmoke.Todaymostsaunasuseelectricstoves,althonghgasandwood-burning

stovesareavailable.

Saunasarerelaxingandstressrelieving.Thosewithmuscleachesorarthritismayfindthatthe

heatrelaxesmusclesandrelievespainandinflammation.Asthmapatientsfindthatthebeat

enlargesairpassagewaysofthelungandfacilitatesbreathing.Saunasdonotcurethecommon

coldbuttheymayhelptoalleviatecongestionandspeedrecoverytime.Thebody'score

temperatureusuallyrisesa1-2degreeswhileinthesauna,thusimitatingaslightfever.Thesauna

couldbeconsideredtofollowtheoldsaying"feedacold,starveafeverr"，Theregularuseofa

saunamaydecreasethelikelihoodofgettingacoldinthefirstplace.

Saunaisgoodforyourskinasthebloodflowtotheskinincreasesandsweatingoccurs.

Adultssweatabout2lbsofwaterperhouronaverageinasauna.Agoodsweatremovesdirtand

grimefromporesandgivestheskinahealthyglow.Thelossinwaterweightistemporaryasthe

body*sphysiologicalmechanismswillquicklyrestorepropervolumes.Thecardiovascular

system,getsaworkoutastheheartmustpumpharderandfastertomovebloodtothesurfacefor

heatexchange.Heartratemayincreasefrom72beatsperminuteonaverageto100-150beatsper

minute.

Anormalheartcanhandlethesestressesbutthosewithhearttroublewishingtobegintousea

saunashouldseekadoctor'sadvice.Theelderlyandthosewithdiabetesshouldcheckwiththeir

doctorpriortobeginningtotakesaunas.Pregnantwomenshouldnottakesaunas,particularlyin

thefirstthreemonths.Indeed,everyonejuststartingoutshouldtakeshortsessionsatfirstto

becomeaccustomedtothigtypeofbath..

詞匯：

saunan.（芬蘭式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴congestionn.阻塞；擁塞

odorn.氣味，味道grimen,污垢；塵垢

arthritisn.關(guān)節(jié)炎cardiovascularadj.心血管的

inflammationn,炎（癥）asthman.氣喘

diabetesn.糖尿病

注釋：

1.ceremonialbathing：儀式性的沐浴。許多宗教都有這種以沐浴作為儀式的習(xí)俗。

2.pre-ColumbianAmericans：哥倫布前的美洲人。Columbian是Columbus的形容詞形式，

意思是“哥倫布的"；pre-是前綴，意思是：在...前。pre-ColumbianAmericans,其完整的

意思是：哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人。

3.fire-pit：火槽

4.relaxingandstressrelieving:能使人放松并消除壓力。

5.alleviatecongestionandspeedrecoverytime：減輕胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。

6.imitate：toappea:like：Iesemble：像：類似

7.feedacold.starveafever：［諺］傷風(fēng)時宜吃,發(fā)熱時宜餓;傷風(fēng)不怕吃,熱病不怕鉞。

8.lb：pound(磅)的縮寫形式。

9.cardiovascularsystem:心血管系統(tǒng)

10.aworkout：做名詞用，意為“運動,鍛煉”。

11.sessions：(做某事或進(jìn)行某活動的)一段時間

練習(xí)：

1.Ceremonialbathing

A)iscalledthesaunabyFinns

B)isequivalenttothesteambath

C)hasvariousforms

D)isheldinanenclosedroom

2.Whatisunderstoodbysomepeopletobethetruesaunaexperience?

A)Saunasinundergroundcaves.

B)Saunaswithsmoke.

C)Saunasusingwoodburningstoves.

D)Saunasusingelectricstoves.

3.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,saunascandoallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A)reducingthechanceofgettingcold

B)speedingrecovery

C)relievingstress

D)curingasthma

4.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,saunagivestheskinahealthyglowbecause

A)poresarecleanedbysweat

B)waterislostbysweating

C)bloodmovestothesurfaceforheatexchange

D)theheartpumpsharderandfaster

5.Whoareadvisednottotakeasauna?

A)Elderlypeople.

B)Pregnantwomen.

C)Peoplewithhearttrouble.

D)Alloftheabove.

答案與題解：

1.C第?段的第一一句告訴我們，ceremonialbathing有多種形式，其中一種是sauna。所以

只有C是正確的選項。

2.B根據(jù)文章第二段的第四句，smokesauna被有些人認(rèn)為是真正的sauna。句中

backgroundodor也是指煙熏的氣味。

3.D該段最后一-句說Theregularuseofasaunamaydecreasethelikelihoodofgettingacold；

第四句說theymayhelpto...speedrecoverytime；第——句Saunasare...stressrelieving所

以，A、B、C都是桑拿可以做的。第三句說AsthmapatientsfindIhaltheheatenlargesair

passagewaysofthelungandfac血atesbreathing,這不足以說明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因

此，應(yīng)選擇D項。

4.A該段第三句提供了答案。

5.D文章最后一段告誡幾種人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心臟病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕婦

等。所以D是正確的選項。

完形填空第二篇ABiologicalClock

Everylivingthinghaswhatscientistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.The

biologicalclocktells1___whentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopenl.Ittells

2whentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway,andittellsanimalsandhuman

beingswhentoeat,sleepandwake.

Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimal3theactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientists

recentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfur4thenumber

ofhoursofdaylight.IntheshortB_ofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite.Thefurbecomesgray

brownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightsummer.

Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindof

internalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigration6twiceeachyear.

Birds7flyingbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,8___theybecome

calmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.

Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhich9ofthebraincontainbiological

clocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthe

brain10tocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions.These11tellaperson

whento12,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood.Scientistssaythereprobablyare

otherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.

Dr.Moorheadisstudying13ourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoour

work2.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentwork

hours.14____cantake3manydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinwork

hours.Dr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiological

clocksandhowtheyaffectworkers.Hesaid15understandingcouldcutsicknessand

accidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory'sproduction.

詞匯：

biologicaladj.生物(學(xué))的migrationn.遷徙

insectn.昆蟲restlessadj.焦躁不安的

cocoonn.防護(hù)卵袋，繭containv.含有

furn.軟毛celln.細(xì)胞

注釋：

1.本句中謂語動詞tells的賓語由兩部分組成。第一部分是whentoformflowers,是帶疑問

副詞的動詞不定式，第二部分是whentheflowersshouldopen,是名詞從句。從修辭上說，

兩者有些不平衡。

2....thewaywedoourwork可以理角單為thewayinwhichwedoourwork或thewaythatwe

doourwork.實際上，三種說法都成立。如：

HespeaksEnglishthewaytheEnglishpeopledo.

Idon'tunderstandthewayinwhichhedealtwiththematter.

3.take作“花費，花去”解時可用于幾種不同的句型：

Itwilltakemefivedaystocompletethework.

Theworkwilltakemefivedaystocomplete.

Tocompletethisworkwilltakemefivedays.

練習(xí)：

1.A)scientistsB)humansC)plantsD)animals

2.A)insectsB)birdsC)fishD)snakes

3.A)effectB)affectC)effectedD)affected

4.A)becauseB)forthereasonthatC)becauseofD)since

5.A)monthsB)daysC)minutesD)weeks

6.A)flightB)flyC)movementD)transportation

7.A)preventedfromB)orderedbyC)helpedbyD)intrudedon

8.A)andB)butC)thereforeD)however

9.A)portionsB)partsC)sectionsD)kinds

10.A)tryB)triesC)seemD)seems

11.A)thingsB)partsC)cellsD)actions

12.A)awakenB)wokeC)awakeningD)wake-up

13.A)howB)whyC)whereD)what

14.A)WeB)ItC)TheyD)You

15.A)soB)withC)suchD)if

答案與題解：

l.C從后半句whentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen知道，只有plants才有

花。前面沒有定冠詞修飾的plants是泛指植物這一大類，與動物類相對應(yīng)。

2.A后面出現(xiàn)的whentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway提示我們，唯有選insect

才是正確的，因為只有insects才有protectivecocoons,而birds、frsh和snakes都沒有。

3.Baffect作為動詞是“影響”的意思，而eifect作為動詞則是“使發(fā)生；使生效”的意思。這

里談?wù)摰氖莿又参锷镧姷囊话闱闆r，所以使用動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時。

4.C這里應(yīng)使用介詞短語，因為其后是名詞。because和since都有“因為”的意思，但它們

都是連詞，用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，如：

Hewillnotcomebecauseheisill.

Sinceheisill,hewillnotcome.

forthereasonhat后接句子，所以也不是答案。

5.B根據(jù)下句中的inthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer和上句中的thenumberofhours

ofdaylight,以及該段的中心意思，可以判斷，應(yīng)選擇B,因為冬天日短夜長，夏天則反之。

6.A本句中有birds,migration這些詞，下一句又談及遷徙飛行前的躁動不安，就知道應(yīng)該

填詞義為“飛行”的名詞。fly是動詞，不能選擇；其他兩個選項也都不合適。Hight是fly的

名詞形式，所以是合適的選擇。

7.A該句句子的主干是：主語birds,謂語becomerestless。所以，所