工程造價(jià)與管理論文英文文獻(xiàn)中英對(duì)照

EngineeringcostmanagementProjectcostcontrolemphasisshouldbetransferredtotheprojectconstructionearlydays,istransferredtotheprojectdecisionanddesignstage.Projectcostcontrolinconstructionprojectsthroughouttheentireprocess,thekeyliesinthepreconstructioninvestmentdecision-makingwithdesignphase,whereasintheinvestmentdecisionismade,thekeyliesindesigning.Accordingtoexpertanalysis:architecturaldesign,inthepreliminarydesignstage,designstage,constructiondesignstagetotheengineeringeffectwere75%~95%,35%~75%,5%~35%;whileintheconstructionphase,throughtheoptimizationofconstructionorganizationdesign,constructioncostsavingthepossibilityofonly5%to10%.Weshouldputthefocusshiftedtothedesignstage,inordertogettwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.Payattentiontothetechnicalandeconomicoptimizationcombination.Thecombinationoftechnologywitheconomyismosteffectivewaytocontrolengineeringcost.Chinaengineeringfieldsforalongtimedidnotdothis.Thelackoftechnicalpersonneleconomyidea,designthoughtisconservative,thedesignoftheoutcomeoftheeconomyarenotfullyreflect.Therefore,weshouldsolvetheproblemistoimproveeconomicefficiencyasthegoal,intheconstructionprocess,organization,technologyandeconomyorganicgroundunionrises.Throughtheeconomicanalysis,comparativestudyandeffectevaluation,correctprocessingofadvancedtechnologyandreasonableineconomybetweentherelationofunityofopposites,strivetoadvancedtechnologyundertheconditionsofeconomicrational,reasonableineconomybasedonadvancedtechnology.Carryout"limitationisdesigned"method.Tobeconsciouslyputtheapplicationofvalueengineeringtothespecificdesign,activelypromotequotadesigninengineeringdesigncontract,bywayofbidding.Thishasbeenproveninpracticeisaneffectiveway,itisnotonlyaneconomicproblem,morepreciselyatechnicalandeconomicproblems.This"limitationisdesigned"toeffectivelycontroltheprojectcost.Inordertomakethe"limitationisdesigned"toachievethedesiredobjectives,shouldbeinvolvedinthedesignpersonnelmustbeexperiencedskilledeconomicdesigner.Theirdesignresultsmustbepractical,advancedandreasonablecost.Controlofengineeringcostontheotherhandistheneedforcomparison,becausetheoutcomeisaprocessofgradualimprovement,andnottodecide,sothecomparisonisameasureofitspractical,advancedandeconomicalmeans.Dogoodprojectcostcontrolintheprocess.(1)compilationofeconomicandfeasibleconstructionscheme.Beforeconstruction,constructionenterprisesshouldbecombinedwiththeconstructiondrawingsandtheactualsituationatthescene,theirmechanicalequipment,constructionexperience,themanagementlevelandtechnicalspecificationacceptancecriteria,asetofpracticalandfeasibleconstructionscheme.Theconstructionschemeisengineeringimplementationoftheprogrammeofaction.(2)totechnicalpersonnel,materials,machineryandpersonnelstaffcommunicationandcoordination.Intheprocessofconstruction,constructiontechnology,materialsandmechanicalpersonnelshouldcooperateclosely,understandeachother,tomanagementasthecore,toreducecostsforthepurposeof.(3)totheprojectcompletionsettlement.Strictsupervisionsystem.Controlprojectcosteffectively,intheearlyphaseoftheprojectshallbesubjecttosupervision(includingcostmanagement)system.Throughanalyzingthedesignprocessofsupervision,makethedesignmorereasonable,costcontroltolimitthescopeof,accomplishtrulywiththesmallestinvestmentmaximizeoutput.Strictsupervisionsystem.Controlprojectcosteffectively,intheearlyphaseoftheprojectshallbesubjecttosupervision(includingcostmanagement)system.Throughanalyzingthedesignprocessofsupervision,makethedesignmorereasonable,costcontroltolimitthescopeof,accomplishtrulywiththesmallestinvestmentmaximizeoutput.Toestablishandperfecttheindependentprojectcostadvisorybody,cultivateaZhiDehavebothengineeringteam.Toestablisharealsenseofindependentengineeringcostconsultingagencies.Throughimprovingthelawsandregulations,normativebehavior,separategovernmentfunctionsfromenterprisemanagement,theestablishmentofindependentbusinesspartnership,share-holdingsystem,thelimitedresponsibilitysystemandotherformsoforganization,anindustry-based,diversifiedservicesintegratedprojectconsultingcompany,buildanddevelopmentandreformtheengineeringcostintermediaryserviceinstitutions,makeconstructionprojectmanagementofagradualtransitionbyanindependentspecializedagencyinchargeofprojectcostwholeprocesstrackingmanagement,trulybetweenownerandcontractorplaysanintermediaryrole.Tostrengthenengineeringcostconsultingindustryassociationconstruction,establishprojectcostconsultingindustryself-disciplinemechanism,andconstantlyimprovetheEngineeringCostAssociationinengineeringcostconsultingindustrystatus,tobetrulyrepresentativeoftheinterestsofthemajorityoftheindustrypractitioners,governmentandenterprisestobecomeconnectionlinkandthebridge.Atthesametimetostrengthentheprojectcostspecialtyinhighereducationandinserviceeducation.Asaresultofprojectcostmanagementinconstructionprojectsandvariouseconomicinterestsarecloselyrelated,andthewholesocialeconomicactivitiesplayaveryimportantrole,itrequiresthecostengineeringtechnicalpersonnelshouldhavedifferentlevelsofknowledge,inadditiontotheirprofessionalknowledgeandhaveadeepunderstanding,alsodealwiththedesigncontent,designprocess,constructiontechnology,projectmanagement,economiclawsandregulationshaveacomprehensiveunderstandingof.Therefore,theprojectcostmanagement,projectcostperunitofsocietygroups,hasalreadyobtainedacostengineerqualificationpersonnel,inordertocarryoutplan,hasthegoal,multiplelevelsofcontinuingeducationandtraining,tounderstandandmasterChinesebilateralagreementswithcountriesprojectcosttechnology,regulations,managementsystemanditsdevelopmenttrend,toexpanddomesticandforeignexchanges,andactivelyparticipateininternationalorregionalengineeringactivities,improvetheirprofessionalquality,sothatthecurrentpractitionersinintelligentstructure,theoryandworkingexperiencethreeaspectscanmeettheneedsofengineeringcostmanagement.Costengineeringprofessionalsneedtostrengthentheirownlearning,inadditiontotheprofessionalknowledgetoupgrade,shouldalsoworkincombinationwithabroadunderstandingandmastertherelevantengineeringandtechnicalexpertise,educationalorganizationsandindustryregulatorybodiesconstituteacompleteeducationsystem,soastothefieldofengineeringseniortalentdevelopmenttocreategoodconditions.工程造價(jià)與管理工程造價(jià)限制重點(diǎn)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的前期，即轉(zhuǎn)移到項(xiàng)目決策和設(shè)計(jì)階段。工程造價(jià)限制貫穿于項(xiàng)目建設(shè)全過(guò)程，關(guān)鍵在于施工前的投資決策和設(shè)計(jì)階段，而在做出投資決策后，關(guān)鍵在于設(shè)計(jì)。據(jù)有關(guān)專家分析：建筑設(shè)計(jì)方案，在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段對(duì)工程的影響分別達(dá)75％～95％、35％～75％、5％～35％；而在施工階段，通過(guò)優(yōu)化組織施工設(shè)計(jì)，節(jié)約工程造價(jià)的可能性只有5％～10％。所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到設(shè)計(jì)階段，以取得事半功倍的效果。注意技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)化結(jié)合。技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合是限制工程造價(jià)最有效的手段。中國(guó)工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)沒(méi)有做到這點(diǎn)。技術(shù)人員缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念，設(shè)計(jì)思想保守，使設(shè)計(jì)成果的經(jīng)濟(jì)性得不到充分體現(xiàn)。因此，我們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)解決的問(wèn)題是以提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為目的，在工程建設(shè)過(guò)程中將組織、技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析、技術(shù)比較及效果評(píng)價(jià)，正確處理技術(shù)先進(jìn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)合理兩者之間的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，力求在技術(shù)先進(jìn)條件下的經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，在經(jīng)濟(jì)合理基礎(chǔ)上的技術(shù)先進(jìn)。推行“限額設(shè)計(jì)”方法。要自覺(jué)地把價(jià)值工程運(yùn)用到詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)中去，主動(dòng)推行限額設(shè)計(jì)，在工程設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)包中采納招投標(biāo)方式。這是被實(shí)踐證明的有效途徑，它不單純是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題，更精確地說(shuō)是一個(gè)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。這種“限額設(shè)計(jì)”能有效地限制整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的工程造價(jià)。為使“限額設(shè)計(jì)”達(dá)到預(yù)期目的，應(yīng)當(dāng)做到參加設(shè)計(jì)人員必需是有閱歷懂技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)師。他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的成果必需好用、先進(jìn)而且造價(jià)合理。限制工程造價(jià)的另一方面是必需進(jìn)行多方案比較，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)成果是一個(gè)逐步完善的過(guò)程，并不是一起先就能確定下來(lái)，所以多方案比較是衡量其好用性、先進(jìn)性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的重要手段。做好工程實(shí)施過(guò)程中的造價(jià)限制。（1）編制經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的施工方案。施工前，施工企業(yè)要結(jié)合施工圖紙及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際狀況、自身的機(jī)械設(shè)備、施工閱歷、管理水平和技術(shù)規(guī)范驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，編制一套切實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的施工方案。該施工方案是工程實(shí)施的行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)。（2）做好技術(shù)人員、材料人員、機(jī)械人員的溝通與協(xié)作。施工過(guò)程中，施工技術(shù)人員，材料人員和