直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語的技巧

直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語的技巧引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語，即原封不動地引用原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語，即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。下面我們一起來學(xué)習(xí)幾種直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語的技巧。一、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換1.直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱如：Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”→Hesaidthathewasverysorry.2.直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱如：“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime.”myfathertoldme.→MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.3.直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱說的，要轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱如：Shesaidtoherson，“I’llcheckyourhomeworktonight.”→Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.4.人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等如：Heaskedme，“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon？”→HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.5.口訣巧記人稱變化口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。（1）“一主”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第一人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句中的主語在人稱上保持一致。如：Hesaid，“Iamforty.”→Hesaidthathewasforty.（2）“二賓”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第二人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句中的間接賓語保持人稱上的一致。如：Hesaid，“Areyoucomingtomorrow？”→HeaskedmeifIwascomingthenextday.（3）“三不變”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。如：Hesaid，“IssheanEnglishteacher？”→HeaskedifshewasanEnglishteacher.另外請同學(xué)們注意，直接引語為復(fù)數(shù)，引述者主語為單數(shù)時，間接引語的主語要相應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：Hesaid，“AreyouinterestedinEnglish？”→HeaskedusifwewereinterestedinEnglish.總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況具體對待，要符合邏輯。二、時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）中的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要做相應(yīng)的變化，變成過去時范疇的各種時態(tài)（實際這也是賓語從句對時態(tài)的要求），變化如下：如：“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”，shesaid.→Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid，“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”→Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked，“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV？”→MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Heaskedtheconductor，“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus？”→HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.“Whydidsherefusetogothere？”theteacherasked.→Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.三、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化1.直接引語為陳述句時，用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可用said，也可用told來代替。請注意，可以說saidthat，saidtosb.that或者toldsb.that，不可直接說toldthat。如：Hesaid，“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”→HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid，“I’llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”→HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.如果間接引語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列從句，第一個連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。如：Thedoctorsaid，“Youarenotseriouslyill，youwillbebettersoon.”→Thedoctorsaid（that）IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.2.直接引語為一般疑問句時，間接引語用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中的謂語動詞said要改為asked，語序是陳述句的語序，這一點非常重要。如：Hesaid，“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation？”→Heasked（me）whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid，“YouareinterestedinEnglish，aren’tyou？”→HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.3.直接引語為選擇疑問句時，間接引語用whether...or...表達，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...，語序是陳述句語序。如：Heasked，“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench？”→HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked，“Willyoutakebusortaketrain？”→Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4.直接引語為特殊疑問句時，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask（sb.）來表達，語序改為陳述句語序。如：Heasked，“What’syourname？”→Heasked（me）whatmynamewas.Heaskedus，“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry？”→Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.5.直接引語為祈使句時，間接引語用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask，advise，tell，warn，order，request等。如asksb.todo（用于肯定祈使句），asksb.nottodo（用于否定祈使句）。不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態(tài)都做相應(yīng)的變化。如：Hesaid，“Beseated，please.”→Heaskedustobeseated.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwritting.”hesaid→Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.“Don’ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission”，theteachersaid.→Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.6.有些直接引語含有“建議”“勸告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等動詞轉(zhuǎn)述。如：Hesaid，“Let’shavearest.”→Hesuggestedushavingarest.Hesaid，“Letmehelpyou.”→Heofferedtohelpme.7.當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示“請求”“建議”的意義時，可用asksb.todosth.，advisesb.todosth.等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor？”heasked.→Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.“Whynotgoingoutforawalk？”heaskedus.→Headvisedustogooutforawalk.8.直接引語是感嘆句時，可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。如：Shesaid，“Whatalovelydayitis！”→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas./Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.四、從句時態(tài)無須改變的情況1.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時時如：Healwayssays，“Iamtiredout.”→Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.2.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時時如：Hewillsay，“I’lltrymybesttohelpyou.”→Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3.當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時如：Hesaid，“Iwenttocollegein1994.”→Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.4.當(dāng)直接引語中有以when，while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過去的時間時如：Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild，Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”→Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild，heusuallypla