2023學年完整公開課版Lecture11Memoryandretrival

Lecture11:

MemoryandRetrieval

MemoryProcessesEncoding--transforminginformationintoaformthatcanbeenteredandretainedinthethememorysystemStorage--retaininginformationinmemorysothatitcanbeusedatalatertimeRetrieval--recoveringinformationstoredinmemorysothatweareconsciouslyawareofitThreeStagesofMemoryThreememorystoresthatdifferinfunction,capacityanddurationLong-termmemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryInputSensoryMemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalMaintenanceRehearsalSensoryMemoryFunction—holdsinformationlongenoughtobeprocessedforbasicphysicalcharacteristicsCapacity—largecanholdmanyitemsatonceDuration—verybriefretentionofimages.3secforvisualinfo2secforauditoryinfoSensoryInputSensoryMemorySensoryMemoryDividedintotwotypes:iconicmemory–visualinformationechoicmemory–auditoryinformationGeorgeSperlingstudiediconicmemory

SensoryInputSensoryMemorySensoryMemorySensorymemoryformsautomatically,withoutattentionorinterpretationAttentionisneededtotransferinformationtoworkingmemorySensoryInputSensoryMemorySensoryMemoryVisualsensorymemory—briefmemoryofanimageoricon.Alsocallediconicmemory.Auditorysensorymemory—briefmemoryofasoundorecho.Alsocalledechoicmemory.AuditorysensorymemoriesmaylastabitlongerthanvisualsensorymemoriesShortTermorWorkingMemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryInputSensoryMemoryAttentionShort-TermMemoryFunction—consciousprocessingofinformationwhereinformationisactivelyworkedonCapacity—limited(holds7+/-2items)Duration—briefstorage(about30seconds)

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryInputSensoryMemoryAttentionMaintenanceRehearsalMentalorverbalrepetitionofinformationallowsinformationtoremaininworkingmemorylongerthantheusual30seconds

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryInputSensoryMemoryAttentionMaintenanceRehearsalChunkingGroupingsmallbitsofinformationintolargerunitsofinformationexpandsworkingmemoryloadWhichiseasiertoremember?483792516483792516Long-TermMemoryOnceinformationpassesfromsensorytoworkingmemory,itcanbeencodedinto

long-termmemoryLong-termmemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryMemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalMaintenanceRehearsalLong-TermMemoryFunction—organizesandstoresinformationmorepassiveformofstoragethanworkingmemoryUnlimitedcapacityDuration—thoughtbysometobepermanentLong-termmemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryMemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalMaintenanceRehearsalLong-TermMemoryEncoding—processthatcontrolsmovementfromworkingtolong-termmemorystoreRetrieval—processthatcontrolsflowofinformationfromlong-termtoworkingmemorystoreLong-termmemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryMemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalMaintenanceRehearsalAutomaticvs.EffortfulEncodingAutomaticprocessingUnconsciousencodingofinformationExamples:Whatdidyoueatforlunchtoday?Wasthelasttimeyoustudiedduringthedayornight?Youknowthemeaningsoftheseverywordsyouarereading.Areyouactivelytryingtoprocessthedefinitionofthewords?Automaticvs.EffortfulEncodingEffortfulprocessingRequiresattentionandconsciouseffortExamples:MemorizingyournotesforyourupcomingIntroductiontoPsychologyexamsRepeatingaphonenumberinyourheaduntil

youcanwriteitdownTypesofLong-TermMemoryExplicitmemory—memorywithawareness;informationcanbeconsciouslyrecollected;alsocalleddeclarativememoryImplicitmemory—memorywithoutawareness;memorythataffectsbehaviorbutcannotconsciouslyberecalled;alsocallednon-declarativememoryExplicitMemoryDeclarativeorconsciousmemoryMemoryconsciouslyrecalledordeclaredCanuseexplicitmemorytodirectlyrespondtoaquestionTwosubtypesofexplicitmemoryExplicitMemoryEpisodicinformation—informationabouteventsor“episodes”

Semanticinformation—informationaboutfacts,generalknowledge,schoolworkEpisodicMemoryMemorytiedtoyourownpersonalexperiencesExamples:Whatmonthisyourbirthday?Doyouliketoeatcaramelapples?Q:Whyaretheseexplicitmemories?A:BecauseyoucanactivelydeclareyouranswerstothesequestionsSemanticMemoryMemorynottiedtopersonaleventsGeneralfactsanddefinitionsabout

theworldExamples:Howmanytiresonacar?Whatisacloud?Whatcolorisabanana?SemanticMemoryQ:Whyaretheseexplicitmemories?A:BecauseyoucanactivelydeclareyouranswersImportantnote:Thoughyoumayhavepersonalexperiencewiththeseitems,yourabilitytoanswerdoesNOTdependontyingtheitemtoyourpasti.e.,DonothavetorecallthetimelastweekwhenyouateabananatosaythatbananasareyellowImplicitMemoryNon-declarativememoryInfluencesyourthoughtsorbehavior,butdoesnotenterconsciousnessProceduralMemoryMemorythatenablesyoutoperformspecific

learnedskillsorhabitualresponsesExamples:RidingabikeUsingtheshiftstickwhiledrivingTyingyourshoelacesQ:Whyaretheseproceduralmemoriesimplicit?A:Don’thavetoconsciouslyrememberthestepsinvolvedintheseactionstoperformthemTrytoexplaintosomeonehowtotieashoelaceHowarememoriesorganized?Clustering--organizingitemsintorelatedgroupsduringrecallfromlong-termmemorySemanticNetworkModelMentallinksbetweenconcepts commonpropertiesprovidebasisformentallinkShorterpathbetweentwoconcepts=strongerassociationinmemoryActivationofaconceptstartsdecrementalspreadofactivitytonearbyconceptsSemanticNetworkModelRedFireHouseCherryAppleRosePearAmbulanceFireEngineTruckBusCarFlowerVioletHotPotStovePanPieReviewofLong-termMemoryRetrievaltransfersdatafromLTMtoSTMForgetting—inabilitytoretrievepreviouslyavailableinformationWhydopeopleforget?Long-termmemory

WorkingorShort-termMemorySensoryMemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalMaintenanceRehearsalWhydoweforget?ForgettingcanoccuratanymemorystageRetrievalfromlong-termmemoryDependingoninterference,retrievalcues,moods,andmotives,somethingsgetretrieved,somedon’tLong-termstorageSomeitemsarealteredorlostShort-termmemoryAfewitemsarebothnoticedandencodedSensorymemoryThesensesmomentarilyregisteramazingdetailForgettingasretrievalfailureRetrieval—processofaccessingstoredinformationSometimesinfoISencodedintoLTM,butwecan’tretrieveitRetrievalfailureleadstoforgettingRetrievalXEncodingShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryTipofthetonguephenomenonTOT—involvesthesensationofknowingthatspecificinformationisstoredinlong-termmemorybutbeingunabletoretrieveitCan’tretrieveinfothatyouabsolutelyknowisstoredinyourLTMMeasuresofRetrievalRecall—testofLTMthatinvolvesretrievingmemorieswithoutcues,alsotermedfreerecallCuedrecall—testofLTMthatinvolvesrememberinganitemofinformationinresponsetoaretrievalcueRecognition—testofLTMthatinvolvesidentifyingcorrectinformationfromaseriesofpossiblechoicesSerialpositioneffect—tendencytorememberitemsatthebeginningandendofalistbetterthanitemsinthemiddleEncodingSpecificity–Whenconditionsofretrievalaresimilartoconditionsofencoding,retrievalismorelikelytobesuccessful–YouaremorelikelytorememberthingsiftheconditionsunderwhichyourecallthemaresimilartotheconditionsunderwhichyoulearnedthemEncodingSpecificityContexteffects—environmentalcuestorecallStatedependentretrieval—physical,internalfactorsMoodCongruence—factorsrelatedtomoodoremotionsFlashbulbMemoriesRecallofveryspecificimagesordetailsaboutavivid,rare,orsignificanteventMayseemveryvividandspecific,buttheyarenotmoreaccuratethanordinarymemoriesMemoryDistortionMemorycanbedistortedaspeopletry

tofitnewinfointoexistingschemasGivingmisleadinginformationafteraneventcausessubjectstounknowinglydistorttheirmemoriestoincorporatethenewmisleadinginformationEyewitnessTestimonyScripts—typeofschemaMentalorganizationofeventsintimeExampleofaclassroomscript:Comeintoclass,sitdown,talktofriends,bellrings,instructorbeginstospeak,takenotes,bellringsagain,leaveclass,etc.EyewitnessTestimonyRecallnotanexactreplicaoforiginaleventsRecallaconstructionbuiltandrebuiltfromvarioussourcesOftenfitmemoriesintoexistingbeliefsorschemasSchema—mentalrepresentationofanobject,scene,oreventExample:schemaofacountrysidemayincludegreengrass,hills,farms,abarn,cows,etc.LoftusExperimentSubjectsshownvideoofanaccidentbetweentwocarsSomesubjectsasked:Howfastwerethecarsgoingwhentheysmashedintoeachother?Othersasked:Howfastwerethecarsgoingwhenthehiteachother?AccidentLeadingquestion:“Abouthowfastwerethecarsgoingwhentheysmashedintoeachother?”MemoryconstructionLoftusResultsWordUsedinQuestionAverageSpeedEstimatesmashedcollidedbumpedhitcontacted41m.p.h.39m.p.h.38m.p.h.34m.p.h.32m.p.h.TheForgettingCurveHermannEbbinghausfirstbegantostudyforgettingusingnonsensesyllablesNonsensesyllablesarethree-lettercombinationsthatlooklikewordsbutaremeaningless(ROH,KUF)ForgettingTheoriesEncodingfailureInterferencetheoriesMotivatedforgettingDecayForgettingasencodingfailureInfoneverencodedintoLTMEncodingXLong-termmemoryEncodingfailureleadstoforgettingShort-termmemoryWhichistherealpenny?(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)AnswerEncodingFailuresEventhoughyouhave

seenthousandsofpennies,youhaveprobablyneverlookedatonecloselytoencodespecificfeaturesInterferenceTheories“Memoriesinterferingwithmemories”ForgettingNOTcausedbymerepassageoftimeCausedbyonememorycompetingwithorreplacinganothermemoryTwotypesofinterferenceTwoTypesofInterferenceTypesofInterferenceRetroactiveInterferenceProactiveInterferenceRetroactiveInterferenceWhenaNEWmemoryinterfereswithrememberingOLDinformationExample:WhennewphonenumberinterfereswithabilitytorememberoldphonenumberFrench101Mid-termexamRetroactiveInterferenceExample:Learninganewlanguageinterfereswithabilitytoremember

oldlanguageF-StudyFrenchpapierlivreplumeécoleStudySpanishpapellibroplumaescuelaretroactiveinterferenceProactiveInterferenceOppositeofretroactiveinterferenceWhenanOLDmemoryinterfereswithrememberingNEWinformationExample:Memoriesofwhereyouparkedyourcaroncampusthepastweekinterfereswithabilityfindcartoday????????MotivatedForgettingUndesiredmemoryishel