英文翻譯原文

GRAVITYRETAINING?WALL1.INTRODUCTIONRetainingwallsarestructuresusedtoprovidestabilityforearthorothermaterialwhereconditionsdisallowthemasstoassumeitsnaturalslope,andarecommonlyusedtoholdbackorsupportsoilbanks,coalororepiles,andwater.Retainingwallsareclassified,basedonthemethodofachievingstability,intosixprincipaltypes(Fig.1).Thegravity-walldependsuponitsweight,asthenameimplies,forstability.Thecantileverwallisareinforced-concretewallthatutilizescantileveractiontoretainthemassbehindthewallfromassuminganaturalslope.Stabilityofthiswallispartiallyachievedfromtheweightofsoilontheheelportionofthebaseslab.Acounterfortretainingwallissimilartoacantileverretainingwall,exceptthatitisusedwherethecantileverislongorforveryhighpressuresbehindwallandhascounterforts,whichtiethewallandbasetogether,builtatintervalsalongthewalltoreducethebendingmomentsandsheers.AsindicatedinFig.1c,thecounterfortisbehindthewallandsubjectedtotensileforces.Abuttressedretainingwallissimilartoacounterfortwall,exceptthatthebracingisinfrontofthewallandisincompressioninsteadoftension.Twoothertypesofwallsnotconsideredfurtherarecribwalls,whicharebuilt-upmembersofpiecesofprecastconcrete,metal,ortimberandaresupportedbyanchorpiecesembeddedinthesoilforstability,andsemigravitywalls,whicharewallsintermediatebetweenatruegravityandacantileverwall.Figure.1Typesofretainingwalls:(a)Gravitywallsofstonemasonry,brick,orplainconcrete.Weightprovidesoverturningandslidingstability;(b)cantileverwall;(c)counterfort,orbuttressedwall.Ifbackfillcoverscounterforts,thewallistermedacounterfort;(d)cribwall;(e)semigravitywall(smallamountofsteelreinforcementisused);(f)bridgeabutment.Bridgeabutments(Fig.1f)areoftenretainingwallswithwingwallextensionstoretaintheapproachfillandprovideprotectionagainsterosion.Theydifferintwomajorrespectsfromtheusualretainingwallin:1.Theycarryendreactionfromthebridgespan.2.Theyarerestrainedatthetopsothatanactiveearthpressureisunlikelytodevelop.Foundationwallsofbuildingsincludingresidentialconstructionareretainingwallswhosefunctionistocontaintheearthoutofbasements.Retainingwallsmustbeofadequateproportionstoresistoverturningfor(orexcessivetilting)andslidingaswellasbeingstructurallyadequate.Termsusedinretaining-walldesignareshowninFig.2.Notethatthe“toe”isboththefrontbaseprojectionandtheforwardedge;similarlyforthe“heel”.2.COMMONPROPORTIONSOFGRAVITYWALLRetaining-walldesignproceedswiththeselectionoftentativedimensions,whicharethenanalyzedforstabilityandstructuralrequirementsandarerevisedasrequired.Sincethisatrialprocess,severalsolutionstotheproblemmaybeobtained,allofwhicharesatisfactory.Acomputersolutiongreatlysimplifiestheworkinretaining-walldesignandprovidestheonlypracticalmeanstooptimizethedesign.Gravity-walldimensionsmaybemaybetakenasshowninFig.3.Gravitywalls,generally,aretrapezoidal-shapedbutalsomaybebuiltwithbrokenbacks.Thebaseotherdimensionsshouldbesuchthattheresultantfallswithinthemiddleone-thirdofthebase.Thetopwidthofthestemshouldbeontheorderof0.30m.Iftheheelprojectionisonly100to150mm,theCoulombequationmaybeusedforevaluatingthelateralearthpressure,withthesurfaceofslidingtakenalongthebackfaceofthewall.TheRankinesolutionmayalsobeusedonasectiontakenthroughtheheel.Becauseofthemassiveproportionandresultinglowconcretestresses,low-strengthconcretecangenerallyusedforthewallconstruction.Acriticalsectionforanalysisoftensileflexurestresseswilloccurthroughthejunctionofthetoeportionatthefrontfaceofwall.3.GRAVITYWALLFORCETheforcesonagravitywallareasindicatedinFig.4.TheactiveearthpressureiscomputedbyeithertheRankineorCoulombmethods.IftheCoulombmethodisused,itisassumedthatthereisincipientslidingonthebackfaceofthewall,andthepressureactsattheangleofwallfrictionδtoanormalwiththewall.TheRankinesolutionappliestoPaactingattheangleβonaverticalplanethroughtheheel.ThevectorcanthenbeaddedtotheweightvectorofthewedgeofsoilWbetweentheverticalplaneandbackofthewalltogetthedirectionandmagnitudeoftheresultantPaonthewall.TheverticalresultantRactingonthebaseisequaltothesumoftheforcesactingdownward,andwillhaveaneccentricityewithrespecttothegeometricalcenterofthebase.Takingmomentsaboutthetoe,躲sum猴ofo捏vert嗚urni馳ngm惹omen萌ts(n演et)/取R悠熊派Ift房hew養(yǎng)idth行of堆the煙base負(fù)is杰B,t就hee菌ccen哪tric灑ity杠oft勉heb貴ase斤can口then羅be毯comp盆uted想as肆濃歐附乏訴4.S如TABI午LITY虹OF懸GRAV伍ITY客WALL冒Reta擦inin棵gwa聯(lián)lls悟must慰pro他vide劉ade戲quat孔est些abil萄ity犧agai朽nst壁slid法ing,何as面show粉nin孕Fig振.5.染The霜soil顧in埋fron商tof購貸the摧wal挑lpr銷ovid桿esa洽pas蛾sive國-ear裳th-p菜ress非ure哈resi哨stan縮ce,陣as裁the是wall合ten醉dst味osl罰ide糖into小it.粘If佳the去soil允is訂exca尊vate辟dor畏ero耳ded此afte埋rth見ewa僑lli嘴sbu潔ilt,疤the瓶pas熟sive秩-pre躺ssur澤eco蠢m(xù)pon游ent移isn壯ota艦vail圖able腿and節(jié)sli戚ding蛾ins漂tabi活lity汽may視occ板ur.驚Ift產(chǎn)here謠is額cert愁aint頭yof輪no坦loss抹of寺the舒toe夾soil嶺,th還ede澇sign極erm刷ayu餃set災(zāi)hep優(yōu)assi躍vep街ress旱ure源int蛛his輩zone莫as星part樹of愈the乓slid陽ing奴resi韻stan隱ce.響Addi篩tion暴als驢lidi司ngs項(xiàng)tabi舍lity貞may充be庫deri旨ved立from灑the飲use拋of封ake贈(zèng)ybe芒neat刑hth吃eba殲se.更Unle沖sst炭hek琴eyi橋squ恰ite鴿deep歸,ho巖weve勾r,t傍hes囑lidi排ngz碧one足(Fig今.6)順may掠brid疲geo之ver伴the陡key僻int捆akin葬gth紙atp覆ath乞ofl儉east縱躺resi漠stan銳ce翅.A備key允into虧fir剩mso晶ilo且rro店ckm沫ayb毫equ助ite淡adva嗓ntag褲eous坐,si芬nce漫the沙resi們stan刃cei影sno善wth爹efo辰rce賤nece都ssar所yto傾she動(dòng)ert咬hek用eyf補(bǔ)rom珠the慌base叛sla莊b.成The貫best鐮key敢loc登atio逼nis頃at暫the孩heel酸as蝕indi糾cate酬din牲Fig兄.6.失This鑄loc釋atio旗ncr也eate不sa壩slig氣htly詞lag苗ers寇lidi帖ng-r炸esis草tanc啞edi務(wù)stan碼ce熄,as產(chǎn)wel摟las瓶an塘addi豈tion戀alc太ompo鉆nent施of壘forc疤efr碑omt云heu表pwar廈d-sl丘opin門gpl腳ane.茫The悶les建ser增of摧the葉two編val嫁ues辱1.P復(fù)assi礦vep罵ress捕ure萄deve耕lope孟dto絨駱the帳bot賢tom寨oft哪hek趨ey.善2.S街lidi責(zé)ngr冶esis繪tanc提eup壟pla程ne白.洞isu何sed業(yè)inc喚ompu附ting撿sli譽(yù)ding撿妄stab宵ilit嗽y衣.義The貢slid貝ing吳resi暑stan棗cea句long心the兩bas役eis跟tak皂ena矛s寬fR緩,wh質(zhì)ere溜R若incl旨udes民all諸the荒ver搖tica盟lfo塊rces泳,in牛clud梢ing彈the補(bǔ)vert戒ical型com撕pone承nto改fPa巧,ac姜ting送on孩the臨bas瓣e.吊The艦coef坑fici社ent辭off雷rict鎖ion坑bet豬ween甲the向bas碑ean錯(cuò)dth弦eso購ilm甜ayb獸eta辭ken享as繞f域=tg驅(qū)to涼0.67赤tg筆and梅base黨coh盛esio孔n嫩as封=0.5離cto愧0.7燃5c嬌The唇base勸soi厚lis每usu兄ally券com射pact控edp嚴(yán)rior嚴(yán)to強(qiáng)pour串ing扎the并bas正esl資ab;蔬h(yuǎn)owe幟ver,仇the煙wet腫con獄cret脂ewi煤lla澤lway順sat昌tach絮to困the那grou付nds唉uch酬that漲緊f牧=tg晉is腥obta冬ined屋.Th創(chuàng)eco棄hesi盒onm努ayb揪eco妄nsid觀erab叨lyd使estr蠢oyed像fro傾mwa捆ter從and擾remo宇ldin參g;t介hus因valu并eso櫻f0.掌5to潛0.7醉5ca濟(jì)rem借ore練appr芹opri肝ate.渴The石safe臨tyf道acto弊r盞agai紹nst竹sli怖ding題sho把uld給bea膝tle蓬ast隱1.5債for狼cohe怪sion改less慢bac寨kfil鹿lan膽d親abou意t拒2.0桑for愚coh揭esiv眼eba獵ckfi養(yǎng)llc惕ompu營ted炸asf潮ollo衣ws:規(guī)=輪sumr廉esis立ting輩f(xié)orc子es眉/薄sum思deri押ving榮for宮ces遙禿以The執(zhí)usua喜lsa聰fety純fac惑tor死agai驢nst黎over頸turn欠ing授wit溜hre紹spec烏tto末the宏toe記is項(xiàng)1.5,透wit究ha期valu層eof守2.0夠sug冤gest扶edf耕orc蠅ohes壯ive頸soil閣:風(fēng)=脖sum鴿ofm赴omen洞tst樓ore不sist驗(yàn)ove呈rtur雪ning首/向sum槐ofo群vert嫁urni混ngm銹omen撇ts愧(示d)巡The債safe晃tyf厲acto仍rca聲nbe碑com財(cái)pute刪din汪sev忘eral度way輪sde傳pend章ing鹽ont曲hei傳nter神pret張atio總nof聯(lián)wha蒼tgo移esi沖nth話enu蔥mera鳴tor刷ord降enom犧inat抄oro三fEq顯s.(狼a)a挖nd(欄b).鑄5.D項(xiàng)ESIG蟻NOF診GRA爛VITY鍋WAL玻L咱The掃desi星gno崖fgr像avit塞ywa起llw亦ill劃bei大llus生trat跌edb僵yan擊exa棄mple滲.層The豎firs怎tst份epi抄nth倦ede想sign事of鼠agr話avit眾ywa敬lli慨sto懸sel單ect旗prop譽(yù)orti胞ons.趁Fig裳ure糊3is惰use積das匹ag尺uide撲for敬sel屠ecti辰ng嶄init價(jià)ial羞wal境l亮dime池nsio緞ns稼.Fi福gure設(shè).7i駁ndic含ates攔cri薄tica慮lse垃ctio紡nsa猛ndt殿hem圈etho合dof盼com今puti腳ngc串oncr州ete鈔stre押sses荒.Al扒sos沿hown裹are壓the被all幕owab子leA重CI(白USD)趕Cod乘eco邊ncre匯tes依tres姻ses科inF傘psa朱ndS垃Iun豪its.休Exam痰ple數(shù)Desi脾gn獸as星olid存g.8a繡.gr嘩avit拼ywa五llt虧ore授tain穿a5頃.5m易emba而nkme戴nt.補(bǔ)The我gene請(qǐng)ral共wal暴l疑geom續(xù)etry愁is電show柜non課Fi恰Soil意dat肆a:鏈Back組fill帽Base袋soi筒l蠻18.5捏0譜on畏=275接kpa)圓275k浴pa,,,恒SOLU塵TION避Step寄1貫Find歇the差lat色erw恭all挖forc丈eus尖ing徒the掠Rank格ine層Ka:剃Ka=帥0.32彎1Pa=,蒜Step繩2引Com斃pute遍rwa敢lls咐tabi稅lity潛.Ne勸glec中tso熔ilt塵oea錢ndn羽otu糠sep焦assi專vep耍ress任ure.浙Part握Weig駁ht,井Arm,險(xiǎn)m妖Mr,缺1率17.5香(公)遷2.6哲341握2掩1.8誘261抗3采0.9借61繩4武0.5畜8訂5固1.7豬122篇Vert偏ical塘com亞pone獻(xiàn)nto痛fso扇ilp胞ress馬ure旋=25凈3.4鬧85醫(yī)W=樣457隸Mr=藏878廊*Usi拍nga目ppro欣pric境iati術(shù)ono勁fce鴨ntro特id2侵.27/濱3fr霸oms王hear藍(lán)pla允ne.膚(慰a)T紀(jì)heo嘩vert歸urni受ngs綱afet您yfa絲ctor布is絲>1偽.5幟O.K犧.般(怎b)T躲hes堆lidi考ngf礙acto滑rof小saf破ety鋼(and蔑neg云lect拾ing張any覽pass抗ive窯pres舞sure乒)is逐往Take滲coh跨es