考研英語真題-1986-1999年全國碩士研究

1986年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIStructureandVocabulary

Ineachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedat

theplacemarked.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(15points)

EXAMPLE:

Iwascaughttherainyesterday.

fA]in

[B]by

[C]with

[D]at

ANSWER:[Al

1.Nodoctorscouldcurethepatienthisstrangedisease.

[A]with

[B]of

[C]from

[D]off

2.Hewashiswits'endwhattodo.

[A]in

[B]on

[C]at

[DIof

3.Priorhisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.

fA]to

[B]of

[C]in

[D]from

4.Thedrivinginstructortoldmetopullatthepostoffice.

[A]up

[B]back

[C]round

[D]along

5.Whenthere'sadoubt,thechairman'sdecisionis.

[A]right

[B]definite

[C]fixed

[D]final

6.WecanrelyonWilliamtocarryoutthismission,forhisjudgmentisalways.

[A]unquestionable

[B]sound

[C]subtle

[D]healthy

7.Thenoiseoftheplanediedinthedistance.

[A]away

[B]out

[C]down

[D]off

8.Hospitaldoctorsdon'tgooutveryoftenastheirworkalltheirtime.

[A]takesaway

[B]takesin

[C]takesover

[DItakesup

9.Attendancesatfootballmatcheshavesincethecomingoftelevision.

[A]droppedin

[B]droppeddown

[C]droppedoff

[D]droppedout

10.Afterthedeathoftheirparents,thesistersgotwellandneverquarreled.

[A]away

[B]in

[C]along

[D]out

11.Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstocomesfirst.

[A]who

[B]whom

[C]whoever

[D]whomever

12.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationtheadvertiserpaysforthe

messagetobedelivered.

[A]inthat

[B]inwhich

[C]inorderthat

[D]intheway

13.Heisofanactor.

[A]anybody

[B]anyone

[C]somebody

[D]something

14.Thecaptainapologizedtotellusmoreabouttheaccident.

[A]fortobeunable

[B]thathewasunable

[C]tobeunable

[D]forbeingunable

15.isnoreasonfordischargingher.

[A]Becauseshewasafewminuteslate

[B]Owingtoafewminutesbeinglate

[C]Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslate

[D]Beingafewminuteslate

SectionIIClozeTest

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose

thebestoneandputyourchoiceinthebracketsbelowthepassage.Readthewholepassagebeforemaking

yourchoices.(10points)

OnWednesdayafternoonsAnnietookthebusintotowntoshopinthemarket.Foranhouror大16家she

wouldwalkupanddownbetweenthestallslookingateverything,buyinghereandthere,and大17家asharp

lookoutforthebargainsthatweresometimestobehad.Andthen,withallthethingssheneeded大18家she

wouldleavethemarketforthestreetsofthetowntospendanotherhour大19家shelikedbest:lookingin

furnitureshopwindows.

OneWednesdayshefoundanewshopfullofthemostdelightfulthings,withanoticeinvitinganyonetowalk

inandlook大20家withoutfeelingtheyhadtobuysomething.Anniehesitatedforamomentbeforestepping

throughthedoorwaywhere,almostatonce,shestopped大21家beforeagreenarmchair.Therewasacard

onthechairwhichsaid:"Thisfinechairisyours大22家lessthanapoundaweek,“andverysmallatthe

bottom,“Cashpriceeighty-ninepoundsfifty.??Apoundaweek...大23家,shecouldalmostpaythatoutof

herhousekeepingmoneyandnevermissit!Avoiceathershouldermadeher大24家.“CanIhelpyou,

Madam?”Shelookedroundattheassistantwhohadcomesoftlytoher大25家.

“Oh,well,no,“shesaid.66Iwasjustlooking.”“We'vechairsofallkindsintheshowroom.Ifyou'lljustcome

up,youwillfindsomethingtosuityou.”

Annie,worriedatthethoughtofbeingpersuadedtobuysomethingshedidn'tneed,lefttheshophurriedly.

16.[A]so

[B]more

[C]else

[D]another

17.[A]taking

[B]making

[C]fixing

[D]keeping

18.[A]buy

[B]bought

[C]buying

[D]tohavebought

19.[A]inaway

[B]bytheway

[C]intheway

[D]ontheway

20.[A]behind

[B]round

[C]back

[D]on

21.[A]doubted

[B]wondered

[C]puzzled

[D]delighted

22.[A]at

[B]for

[C]with

[D]in

23.[A]Why

[B]When

[C]How

[D]What

24.[A]jump

[B]leap

[C]laugh

[D]wonder

25.[A]place

[B]back

[C]side

[D]front

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Eachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Read

thepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketson

theleft.(10points)

Text1

Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersin

engineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeople

whoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.

Thereis,inotherwords,ademandfbrpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,of

makinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists."Andthese“generalists“areparticularly

neededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wherethey

havetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople'swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.

Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained"man;andhis

educationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallytheadministrator

—dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan

“educated"man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeingan

administrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganization

needsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtaskto

findout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareer

accordingly.

Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou—butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnot

changejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyou

mustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstand

yourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.

26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor.

[A]allroundpeopleintheirownfields

[B]peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople'swork

[C]generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional

[D]specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers

27.Thespecialistis.

[A]amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople

[B]amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields

[C]amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees

[D]amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters

28.Theadministratoris.

[A]a"trained“manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist

[B]amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest

[C]amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities

[D]amanwhoisan“educated"specialist

29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.

[A]totrytobeageneralist

[B]tochooseaprofitablejob

[C]tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou

[D]todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist

30.Aman'sfirstjob.

[A]isnevertherightjobforhim

[B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob

[C]shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob

[D]isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljob

Text2

AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,

unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.

Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofits

area.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdrifting

packediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisa

continentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleand

surroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld-theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.

Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmore

refrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthe

nearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheopposite

endoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPolein

anareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia-aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.

Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,

industry,orsettlement.

31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe.

[A]Iceland

[B]LandofOpportunity

[C]TheUnknownContinent

[DIUtopiaatLast

32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas.

[A]verylimited

[B]vast

[C]fairlyrich

[D]nonexistent

33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe.

[A]PacificOcean

[B]IndianOcean

[C]AtlanticOcean

[D]Allthree

34.TheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby.

[A]coldair

[B]calmseas

[C]ice

[D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent

35.Accordingtothisarticle.

[A]2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent

[B]amillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole

[C]weatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpractical

[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarctica

SectionIVStructureandVocabulary

Fillintheblankswiththewordswhichbestcompletethesentences.Putyourchoicesinthebracketsontheleft.

(10points)

EXAMPLE:

Itwasthelargestexperimentwehaveeverhad;itsixhouses.

[A]ended

[B]finished

[C]was

[D]lasted

ANSWER:[D]

36.Musicoftenusofeventsinthepast.

[A]remembers

[B]memorizes

[C]reminds

[D]reflects

37.IfItakethismedicinetwiceadayitshouldmycold.

[A]heat

[B]cure

[C]treat

[DIrecover

38.Icouldjustseeacarinthedistance,butIcouldn'twhatcolouritwas.

[A]makeout

[B]lookto

[C]lookout

[D]takein

39.Icouldtellhewassurprisedfromtheonhisface.

[A]appearance

[B]shock

[C]look

fD]sight

40.Thetoyboatturnedoverandsanktotheofthepool.

[A]base

[B]depth

[Clground

[D]bottom

41.Marynevertellsanyonewhatshedoesfora.

[A]job

fB]work

[C]profession

fD]living

42.Thatboyissuchagoodviolinisthewillprobablymakequiteaforhimself.

[Alstar

[B]credit

[C]name

[D]character

43.Oldphotographsgiveoneabriefofthepast.

[A]glance

[B]glimpse

[C]sight

[D]look

44.Thenovelistisahighlyperson.

[A]imaginable

[B]imaginative

[C]imaginary

[D]imagined

45.Althoughthepayisnotgood,peopleusuallyfindsocialworkinotherways.

[A]payable

[B]respectful

[C]grateful

[D]rewarding

SectionVError-detectionandCorrection

Eachquestionconsistsofasentencewithfourunderlinedparts(wordsorphrases).Thesepartsarelabeled[A],

[B],[C],and[D].Choosethepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceinthebracketsonthe

left.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownthecorrectwordorphraseontheline

followingthebrackets.(10points)

EXAMPLE:

You'vetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecauseAthere'sBhardlysomethingCleftD.

ANSWER:[C]anything

46.TheprofessortoldtheeconomicsAstudentthathedidn'tapproveBinChistakingtheadvancedcourse

beforeDhemadeapassingmarkinEconomics1.

47.AlthoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillAinneedofrepairBtherehavebeenC

improvementinthefacilitiesD.

48.Mr.GilmoreisoneofthosemenwhoappearsAtobefriendlyBhowever,itisveryhardtodealCwith

himD.

49.TounderstandthesituationcompletelyArequiresBmorethoughtthanhasgivenCthusfarD.

50.AgreatmanyAeducatorsfirmlyBbelievethatEnglishisoneofthepoorestCtaughtsubjectsinhigh

schoolstodayD.

51.OfallhisoutdoorAactivities.PaullikesfishingbestofallBbuthedoesn'tenjoycleaningCfishingrods

afterwardsD.

52.IshouldAnothaverecognizedtheBmanevenCyouhadtoldDmehisname.

53.Inanhour'sAtimeIhaddonetheworkwithBmysatisfaction;IgotmyhatinChallandslippedout

unnoticedD.

54.ThenewhotelhaserectedAabeautifulbuildingwithBrecreationareasandconferencefacilitiesonthetop

floorinwhichCthefinestviewofthecitycanbeobtainedD.

55.WhileinAEurope,thetouristsenjoyedtoBtheirheart9sCcontenttheweather,thefoodandgoingtothe

theatreD.

SectionVIVerbForms

Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsofverbsgiveninbrackets.(10points)

EXAMPLE:

Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident(appoint)forthiscollege.

ANSWER:(should)beappointed

56.Theenemyretreatedtothewoodsafterthey(defeat).

57.I(speak)tohimforsometimebeforeIrealizedwhohewas.

58.Oneshouldneverloseone'sheartwhen(confront)withtemporarydifficulties.

59.Thehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileit(pull)down.

60.On(give)anassignmenttomakeabusinesstourabroad,hegladlyacceptedit.

61.(Get)everythingready,theygotdowntomapoutaplanfortheconstructionofanewexpress

way.

62.AfterPetergrewabeard,evenhisclosefriends(notrecognize)himatfirstsight.

63.Darkness(set)in,theyoungpeoplelingeredonmerrymaking.

64.Thestudentswereto(assemble)attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascanceled

atthelastminute.

65.Emphasisislaidonthenecessitythatalltheobjectivestobeattained(take)intoaccountbefore

startinganewproject.

SectionVIIChinese-EnglishTranslation

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)

66.去年的好收成是由于農(nóng)場(chǎng)管理的改進(jìn)和有利的氣體條件。

67.他在科研上取得的成就要比預(yù)期的大。

68.我們現(xiàn)在必須做的是把情況作一番仔細(xì)的調(diào)查。

69.很難說哪個(gè)方案更為切實(shí)可行。

70.昨晚如果他來了，問題也許已得到解決。

SectionVIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)

Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhat

theyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardto

seehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudent

goestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,

hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesand

disciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Most

studentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose

“allrounders“withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywantto

taketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenan

archaeologist.IfIhadn,ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn'thaveendedupasaninterpreter,but

it'stoolatenow.Icouldn'tgobackandbeginalloveragain.^^

(75)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone'stimeatuniversity.

(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)Heisimmediately

acceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emerging

withafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)It

thereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewill

havetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesure

thatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,

andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleor

nodemandintheworkingworld.

1987年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIStructureandVocabulary

Ineachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedat

theplacemarked.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)

EXAMPLE:

Iwascaughttherainyesterday.

[A]in

[B]by

[C]with

[D]at

ANSWER:[A]

1.Theskyscraperstandsoutthebluesky.

[A]in

[B]against

[C]under

[D]beneath

2.Theyhavealwaysbeenongoodwiththeirnext-doorneighbors.

[A]friendship

[B]relations

[C]connection

[D]terms

3.Hello!Isthat21035?Pleaseputmetothemanager.

[A]across

[B]up

[C]through

[D]over

4.Whydoyoulookso?Youneversmileorlookcheerful.

[A]miserable

[B]unfortunate

[C]sorry

[D]rude

5.Eggs,thoughnourishing,haveoffatcontent.

[A]largenumber

[B]alargenumber

[C]thehighamount

[D]ahighamount

6.Jimalwayshisclassmatesinadebate.

[A]backsout

[B]backsaway

[C]backsup

[D]backsdown

7.Mostofthepeoplewhotwoworldwarsarestronglyagainstarmsrace.

[A]havelivedout

[B]havelivedthrough

[C]havelivedon

[D]havelivedoff

8.Therearemanyinconveniencesthathavetobewhenyouarecamping.

[A]putup

fB]putupwith

[C]putoff

[D]putaway

9.Isittruethatthoseoldhousesarebeingpulleddownnewofficeblocks?

[A]toaccommodate

[B]toprovidefor

[C]toincrease

[D]tomakeroomfor

10.Beinginnogreathurry,.

[A]wewentthelongroutewithscenery

[B]thelong,scenicroutewasourpreference

[C]wetookthelongscenicroute

[D]ourpreferencewastakingthelong,scenicroute

SectionIIReadingComprehension

Eachofthreepassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers,readthe

passagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWER

SHEET.(15points)

Text1

Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoy

thatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanical

apparatus,calleda“HelixJwhichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.

Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteel

tubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hovereda

fewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewas

calledahelicopter.

Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.Peopleanticipate

thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantastic

expectationswerenotfulfilled.

Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,

gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,many

metropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvarious

advantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthe

bestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgentmissiontoa

hard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacross

town,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.

11.Peopleexpectthat.

[A]theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicopters

[B]helicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersare

nowdoing

[C]theimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer'sinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefuture

[D]theirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftoday

12.Helicoptersworkwiththeaidof.

[A]acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontop

[B]arotatingdevicetopside

[C]onerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachend

[D]arotatingfanunderneathforlifting

13.Whatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?

[A]Helicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.

fB]Chinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.

[C]Helicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes.

[D]Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.

14.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?

[AlTheyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes.

[B]Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.

[C]Theyareusedforrescuework.

[D]Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.

15.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?

[A]Foroverseaspassengertransportation.

[B]Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights.

[C]Forhigh-speedtransportation.

[D]Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.

Text2

InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympian

athleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocal

character,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,

international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom

776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.Manythousandsofspectators

gatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenand

dishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincluded

boy'sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolved

thaninthemodemOlympicGames.

OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedon

theirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.

AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstate

authorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodemstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.

Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.

TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theidea

thatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswas

preferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternational

athleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.

Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,

includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirown

athletes9expenses.

TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun'srays.Itis

carriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreek

athleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,

however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents

participatingintheGames.

16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames.

[A]weremerelynationalathleticfestivals

[B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour

[C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition

[D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants

17.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames.

[A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames

[B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart

[C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGames

[D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames

18.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics.

[A]hasnotdefinitelybeenestablished

[B]variedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors

[C]wasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheld

[D]wasconsideredunimportant

19.Modernathletes5resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause.

[A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults

[B]theyaremuchbetter

[C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast

[D]theyaremuchworse

20.Nowadays,theathletes?expensesarepaidfbr.

[A]outoftheprizemoneyofthewinners

[B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations

[C]bytheathletesthemselves

[D]bycontributions

Text3

Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain“sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Science

cannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,but

oftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodemscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureofthe

electrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatman

caneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“reaHy''are."Electricity,BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,

likeSt.PauFsCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhenthey

areelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistoUntil

recentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalscience

dominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldaniveatanunderstandingof

realitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethat

everythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecause

that'swherethey