2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湖南師范大學(xué)考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湖南師范大學(xué)考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析第1卷一.綜合題(共15題)1.翻譯題21世紀(jì)是一個(gè)將我們聯(lián)系在一起的網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代。無(wú)論我們?cè)敢馀c否,我們的社會(huì)生活與經(jīng)濟(jì)生活已密不可分。我們意識(shí)到先進(jìn)的電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)使我們能夠跨越時(shí)空限制,利用以前難以想象的商機(jī)。這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界己開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)嶄新的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的天地,把我們帶入一個(gè)前所未有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)智能吋代。這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)智能新時(shí)代表明,我們可以將自己的知識(shí)和創(chuàng)造力結(jié)合起來(lái),取得經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的新突破。2.單選題Aviolentthunderstormwas（）asdarkcloudswerecollectingoverhead.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.eminentB.imminentC.instantaneousD.simultaneous3.單選題Hegaveusan（）consenttotaketheapples,forhesmiledwhenhesawusdoit問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.exaggeratedB.implicitC.impartialD.extravagant4.單選題______isgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.That5.單選題Moststaffinthisofficedidnotlikethemanageress,forshewasknowntobesly,selfishand（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.manifestedB.manipulativeC.conscientiousD.controversial6.單選題WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.TheImportanceofBasicResearchB.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-raysC.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearchD.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.providesbetterunderstandingB.offersimmediateprofitC.drivesoutbasicresearchD.solvespracticalproblems7.單選題Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefacts,unalloyed,objectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentconfrontingAmericanjournalismtomakecleartothereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynews,torecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthing(withthepossibleexceptionofsuchcarelesswritingsassocietyandclubnews)as“l(fā)ocal”news,becauseanyeventintheinternationalareahaslocalreactioninmanpowerdraft,ineconomicstrain,interms,indeed,ofourverywayoflife.Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouengageininterpretation,youareenteringroughanddangerouswaters,theswirling(旋動(dòng)的,混亂的)tidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense.Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterortheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:Whatarethefacts?And:Arethebarefactsenough?Astothefirstproblem,considerhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotment(分配,規(guī)定)beingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph).ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithasalargeimpact,oronpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called“factual”of“objective”story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretation,inwhichthereporterandtheeditor,callingupontheirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir“newsneutralism”,arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.Thetwoareasofjudgment,presentationofthenewsanditsinterpretation,arebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses——asobjective,thatis,asanyhumanbeingcanbe.(Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachieved,neverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbetheguidetotheobscurenewschannels).Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenews,hecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbytheplayhegivesastorypromotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty.1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.2.Thewriterofanarticleselectstenoutoffiftyavailablefactsbecause（）.3.Theauthorisimplyingthat（）.4.Theleadsentenceshouldpresentthemostimportantfactbecause（）.5.Oftheitemslistedbelow,whichonewouldtheauthorconsiderthemosteffectivewayof“slanting”thenews?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.InterpretingtheNewsB.EverythingCountsC.SubjectiveversusObjectiveProcessesD.ChoosingFacts問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.spaceislimitedB.hiseditorisprejudicedC.thesubjectisnotimportantD.hewantstosimplifyacomplexstory問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Inwritingafactualstory,thewritermustusejudgmentB.thewritershouldlimithimselftothefactsC.thewritershouldmakethestoryinterestingD.editorscontrolwhatthereporterswrite問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.itwillinfluencethereadertocontinueB.somereadersdonotreadbeyondthefirstparagraphC.itisthebestwaytowrite,accordingtotheschoolsofjournalismD.itdetailsthegeneralattitudeofthewriter問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.Limitingthelengthofparticularstories.B.Presentingbarefactswithnoindicationoftheirrealsignificance.C.Placingthestoryinainconspicuouslocationinthenewspaper.D.Concentratingon“l(fā)ocal”newsasopposedtoworldnews8.單選題Whileitsuniqueeatinghabitsmakethemountaingorillaafascinatingsubjectforobservations,itssmallpopulationanditsshynessserveto______manypotentialstudies.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.inspireB.fortifyC.releaseD.hinder9.單選題ProfessorHawkingis（）asoneoftheworld’sgreatestlivingphysicists.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.dignifiedB.clarifiedC.acknowledgedD.illustrated10.單選題Oneofthereasonsforhispopularityinourvillageisthathe（）almosteveryoneeverytimewhenhecomesbackfromthebigcity.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.asksafterB.runsforC.bringsupD.takesafter11.寫(xiě)作題Somepeopletendtostudyasubjectinaveryintensivewayoverashortperiodoftime,whileotherstendtostudyasubjectconstantlyoveralongperiodoftime.Whatdoyouthinkisabetterwayoflearning?Explainwhy.12.單選題Theprisoner（）ameansofescapefromprison.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.contrivedB.conspiredC.intriguedD.plotted13.單選題Evensensiblemendo（）thingssometimes.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.abruptB.absurdC.acuteD.apt14.單選題ThemoistairofthePacificOceanbringsa（）climatetothewestcoastoftheUnitedStates.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.chillyB.temperateC.modestD.compromising15.單選題Theaddictivenatureofonlinegamblinghasforcedmany______garnerstoseektreatment.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.sedativeB.fortifiedC.compulsiveD.impulsive第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】The21stcenturyisanetworkagebindingustogether.Whetherwearereadyornot,oursociallifehasbeeninseparablefromeconomiclife.Andwerealizethattheadvancedelectricalnetworkcanmakeuscrossthetimeandspacelimitationstotakeadvantageofthepreviouslyunimaginablebusinessopportunity.Thenetworktimehasopenedupanewworldforinnovationanddevelopment,bringingusintoanunprecedentederaofnetworkintelligence.Thisnewageofnetworkintelligenceshowsthatwecancombineourknowledgeandcreativityandmakenewbreakthroughintheeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopment.2.【答案】B【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即將來(lái)臨的；instantaneous即時(shí)的；simultaneous同時(shí)的。句意：當(dāng)烏云在頭頂聚集時(shí),一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨即將到來(lái)。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。3.【答案】B【解析】exaggerated夸張的；implicit含蓄的,暗示的；impartial公正的；extravagant奢侈的,浪費(fèi)的。句意：他默許我們拿走蘋(píng)果,因?yàn)楫?dāng)他看到我們這樣做時(shí),他笑了。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。4.【答案】B【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：人們普遍認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)取決于生產(chǎn)的順利發(fā)展。as引出非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。B選項(xiàng)As符合題意，其余選項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。5.【答案】B【解析】manifested顯然的；manipulative操縱的；conscientious認(rèn)真的；controversial有爭(zhēng)議的。根據(jù)句意可知,填空處應(yīng)填入和sly,selfish意思相近的貶義詞,所以選項(xiàng)B更符合語(yǔ)境。6.【答案】第1題:D第2題:B【解析】1.主旨大意題。1.首尾段核心句首段第一句提出問(wèn)題：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（為什么基金會(huì)集中支持基礎(chǔ)研究而不是應(yīng)用研究？），具體介紹基礎(chǔ)研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（應(yīng)用研究是為了解決具體的實(shí)際問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行的，它具有吸引力，因?yàn)榭梢灾苯涌吹胶拖硎艹晒＃?，具體講述應(yīng)用研究。這篇文章分別介紹了這兩種研究并且進(jìn)行對(duì)比，由此推斷本文的主旨是“基礎(chǔ)研究與應(yīng)用研究”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。2.分析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)本文的行文邏輯是“A—B”，分別講述基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。排除干擾項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)“基礎(chǔ)研究的重要性”：基礎(chǔ)研究?jī)H僅是第一段的內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)X射線的不了解”：關(guān)鍵詞X-rays對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，這個(gè)例子用來(lái)支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往無(wú)法預(yù)料基礎(chǔ)研究的實(shí)際應(yīng)用），不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)用研究的吸引力”：這里只總結(jié)了第二段，也屬于以偏概全。2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。精確定位根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇開(kāi)用于工業(yè)研究的資金不談——工業(yè)研究自然更關(guān)心應(yīng)用方面，因?yàn)檫@些能迅速帶來(lái)利益），可知工業(yè)界因?yàn)閼?yīng)用研究帶來(lái)的好處而關(guān)注它，B選項(xiàng)“立刻帶來(lái)利益”正確。排除干擾項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)“幫助更好地理解”：根據(jù)第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基礎(chǔ)研究的目標(biāo)是為了理解而理解。），可知這指的是基礎(chǔ)研究而不是應(yīng)用研究，屬于張冠李戴。C選項(xiàng)“排斥基礎(chǔ)研究”：根據(jù)第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，應(yīng)用研究往往會(huì)排斥基礎(chǔ)研究。），這里指出的是基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究的關(guān)系，沒(méi)有解釋題干的原因，屬于偷換概念。D選項(xiàng)“解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題”：根據(jù)第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（應(yīng)用研究是為了解決具體的實(shí)際問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行的，它具有直接的吸引力），這里講的是應(yīng)用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人員的原因，并不等工業(yè)界喜歡應(yīng)用研究的原因，屬于偷換概念。7.【答案】第1題:A第2題:A第3題:D第4題:B第5題:C【解析】1.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講的是對(duì)新聞的解讀,選擇事實(shí)以及主觀和客觀的過(guò)程都是屬于解讀新聞的,所以選項(xiàng)A最恰當(dāng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段第二句“Thereportercollects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.”可知,選項(xiàng)A符合原文。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知,選項(xiàng)A,B,C是記者在原文中明確提及,只有選項(xiàng)D是作者在第四段的時(shí)候暗指的。4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段“Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallco