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TransmissionFundamentalsChapter2ElectromagneticSignalFunctionoftimeCanalsobeexpressedasafunctionoffrequencySignalconsistsofcomponentsofdifferentfrequenciesTime-DomainConceptsAnalogsignal-signalintensityvariesinasmoothfashionovertimeNobreaksordiscontinuitiesinthesignalDigitalsignal-signalintensitymaintainsaconstantlevelforsomeperiodoftimeandthenchangestoanotherconstantlevelPeriodicsignal-analogordigitalsignalpatternthatrepeatsovertime
s(t+T)=s(t) -¥<t<+¥whereTistheperiodofthesignalTime-DomainConceptsAperiodicsignal-analogordigitalsignalpatternthatdoesn'trepeatovertimePeakamplitude(A)-maximumvalueorstrengthofthesignalovertime;typicallymeasuredinvoltsFrequency(f)Rate,incyclespersecond,orHertz(Hz)atwhichthesignalrepeatsTime-DomainConceptsPeriod(T)-amountoftimeittakesforonerepetitionofthesignalT=1/fPhase()-measureoftherelativepositionintimewithinasingleperiodofasignalWavelength()-distanceoccupiedbyasinglecycleofthesignalOr,thedistancebetweentwopointsofcorrespondingphaseoftwoconsecutivecyclesSineWaveParametersGeneralsinewaves(t)=Asin(2ft+)Figure2.3showstheeffectofvaryingeachofthethreeparameters(a)A=1,f=1Hz,=0;thusT=1s(b)Reducedpeakamplitude;A=0.5(c)Increasedfrequency;f=2,thusT=?(d)Phaseshift;=/4radians(45degrees)note:2radians=360°=1periodSineWaveParametersTimevs.DistanceWhenthehorizontalaxisistime,asinFigure2.3,graphsdisplaythevalueofasignalatagivenpointinspaceasafunctionoftimeWiththehorizontalaxisinspace,graphsdisplaythevalueofasignalatagivenpointintimeasafunctionofdistanceAtaparticularinstantoftime,theintensityofthesignalvariesasafunctionofdistancefromthesourceFrequency-DomainConceptsFundamentalfrequency-whenallfrequencycomponentsofasignalareintegermultiplesofonefrequency,it’sreferredtoasthefundamentalfrequencySpectrum-rangeoffrequenciesthatasignalcontainsAbsolutebandwidth-widthofthespectrumofasignalEffectivebandwidth(orjustbandwidth)-narrowbandoffrequenciesthatmostofthesignal’senergyiscontainedinFrequency-DomainConceptsAnyelectromagneticsignalcanbeshowntoconsistofacollectionofperiodicanalogsignals(sinewaves)atdifferentamplitudes,frequencies,andphasesTheperiodofthetotalsignalisequaltotheperiodofthefundamentalfrequencyRelationshipbetweenDataRateandBandwidthThegreaterthebandwidth,thehighertheinformation-carryingcapacityConclusionsAnydigitalwaveformwillhaveinfinitebandwidthBUTthetransmissionsystemwilllimitthebandwidththatcanbetransmittedAND,foranygivenmedium,thegreaterthebandwidthtransmitted,thegreaterthecostHOWEVER,limitingthebandwidthcreatesdistortionsDataCommunicationTermsData-entitiesthatconveymeaning,orinformationSignals-electricorelectromagneticrepresentationsofdataTransmission-communicationofdatabythepropagationandprocessingofsignalsExamplesofAnalogandDigitalDataAnalogVideoAudioDigitalTextIntegersAnalogSignalsAcontinuouslyvaryingelectromagneticwavethatmaybepropagatedoveravarietyofmedia,dependingonfrequencyExamplesofmedia:Copperwiremedia(twistedpairandcoaxialcable)FiberopticcableAtmosphereorspacepropagationAnalogsignalscanpropagateanaloganddigitaldataDigitalSignalsAsequenceofvoltagepulsesthatmaybetransmittedoveracopperwiremediumGenerallycheaperthananalogsignalingLesssusceptibletonoiseinterferenceSuffermorefromattenuationDigitalsignalscanpropagateanaloganddigitaldataAn脖al四og統(tǒng)S差ig箭na元li外ngDi弄gi翼ta管l射Si搜gn云al盼in翼gRe飄as軋on念s疾fo言r投Ch相oo拼si羽ng易D洞at貝a鬧an拌d歲Si慌gn底al參C腎om怕bi象na鋸ti慈on筑sDi趕gi棟ta矩l啟da蒼ta陷,票di東gi拒ta腰l嫂si食gn她alEq意ui絹pm親en睬t兆fo添r項(xiàng)en肺co揚(yáng)di漫ng判i盾s磁le察ss束e蔥xp巴en棟si爹ve雅t尚ha憂n秋di優(yōu)gi盛ta捐l-問to沉-a扶na動lo資g逮eq姓ui楊pm嗎en檔tAn鉆al盜og霞d沫at傻a,戀d挖ig甘it室al放s浮ig希na地lCo怕nv安er晌si泳on腿p脆er俱mi釘ts針u議se賢o秩f紫mo欠de樓rn扶d難ig糖it夠al濫t饞ra灣ns前mi綱ss愚io政n紙an承d妄sw燭it緊ch插in顆g闖eq受ui輕pm玻en叔tDi聞gi萬ta臭l訂da鑄ta幅,吐an筑al辨og虧s絹ig標(biāo)na介lSo熱me古t架ra蓬ns較mi脂ss急io栽n瀉me肯di謠a蟲wi茄ll法o綢nl吧y賠pr皂op酒ag尊at顫e燒an肯al芳o(jì)g衫s規(guī)ig話na慘lsEx駝am芝pl虹es街i擴(kuò)nc子lu噸de界o粱pt眠ic水a(chǎn)l堂f姓ib噸er名a傷nd處s南at法el倘li惰teAn勁al斃og錦d念at波a,陸a秘na偽lo戲g民si協(xié)gn懂a(chǎn)lAn孤al似og帖d駱at表a邁ea策si末ly構(gòu)c嘴on水ve境rt寒ed執(zhí)t背o遣an膛al統(tǒng)og朋s走ig準(zhǔn)na將lAn狼al驚og纏T死ra支ns我mi鎮(zhèn)ss伴io粗nTr兆an砌sm驢it堵a身na待lo緩g涉si善gn屯al猾s萌wi挺th故ou評t泉re未ga海rd滔t昨o止co僚nt村en每tAt計te筒nu巧at樣io園n覆li訴mi依ts怕l葬en湖gt宴h復(fù)of右t魚ra駁ns士mi恐ss戶io儉n號li挨nkCa粘sc回ad蝦ed隸a械mp制li旨fi喘er蔑s頂bo舒os待t溉si永gn鍬al票’s潔e屯ne掘rg顆y丙fo制r勁lo驢ng襲er欣d污is牙ta雄nc筆es綿b堤ut抄c垮au稍se詢d韻is封to橋rt趟io響nAn豬al籠og坐d塔at臥a朵ca蔽n意to魚le濾ra敢te頌d鉛is煎to塵rt等io備nIn缺tr耍od狼uc努es尋e步rr著or呀s爬in味d擾ig樣it經(jīng)al很d雜at強(qiáng)aDi雜gi溫ta他l燭Tr奮an疾sm睛is川si朽onCo溪nc覺er壘ne農(nóng)d施wi武th蟻t喝he肆c投on絲式te枝nt江o腹f般th宋e鈴si怖gn慘alAt桂te組nu津at多io雙n戰(zhàn)en槳da驅(qū)ng護(hù)er末s夸in慈te仿gr議it創(chuàng)y柱of跑d蚊at掘aDi牌gi鴉ta男l(wèi)腸Si茅gn孔alRe罰pe窮at澇er需s今ac領(lǐng)hi脹ev草e旬gr慣ea沃te摘r排di億st答an典ceRe匪pe拜at音er爛s某re摧co留ve渾r態(tài)th腸e環(huán)si惰gn煙al然a閣nd據(jù)r宴et法ra叫ns淚mi框tAn嫩al紅og鍬s棒ig機(jī)na柄l濤ca抖rr測yi歷ng踢d新ig框it庫al飼d除at替aRe井tr豬an版sm叼is唇si莊on根d株ev盜ic婚e錫re減co鉗ve殺rs弄t戰(zhàn)he國d宋ig齒it烏al毅d臺at白a粘fr寇om蘇a娛na許lo案g搜si止gn旬a(chǎn)lGe花ne皆ra霜te滴s擦ne背w,浸c廈le揚(yáng)an水a(chǎn)匹na請lo努g們si煮gn李alAb捉ou欣t鳴Ch腥an局ne錄l俱Ca蠢pa捐ci幣tyIm浙pa蟲ir梅me同nt排s,站s噸uc蠻h傘as碧n蹤蝶oi翠se招,幻玉li易mi右t腿da在ta狡r財at括e浸th勵at氏c伶an廁b該e浙ac身hi劈燕ev歸edFo釋r很di酒gi痰ta翼l濾da詢ta鄭,尾to杰w取ha閑t殲ex譜te瞧nt奔d沫o臥im算pa糟ir差me米nt沒s準(zhǔn)li綠mi籌t怠da鞠ta傲r炒at愛e?Ch揀an銜ne港l泉Ca畝pa監(jiān)ci沙ty獸–蕩t結(jié)he忌m邁ax苦im員um翅r商at挎e混at珠w佳hi臺ch影d狠at悼a憶ca窄n掘be災(zāi)t將ra漂ns找mi亮tt按ed系o游ve表r徑a潮gi立ve仇n膀co條mm絹un神ic幣at初io亂n燒pa扣th唐,膏or和c名ha友nn冊el呢,擾un只de挖r秘gi纏ve鐮n蒼co蝕nd轉(zhuǎn)it棍io萄nsCo鍬nc夜ep勤ts裳R灣el冷at住ed幼t萍o(jì)浪Ch夢an篩ne抬l拌Ca陸pa通ci抖tyDa柿ta厲r座at痛e鑼-儉ra濤te侍a五t院wh經(jīng)ic粘h覽da始ta徑c露an忍b序e尋co躬mm豪un著ic縱at正ed錫(佩bp騎s)Ba俱nd酬wi阻dt毛h糾-酷t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