需求和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)摘要

TopicsThenatureofsoftwaredevelopmentSystemplanningSystemsforthreemanagementlevelsSoftwaredevelopmentlifecycleTheessenceofsoftwaredevelopmentOnlyoneoutofthreesoftwareprojectscompleteon-timeandon-budget(TheStandishGroupreport,2003)Theessenceofsoftwaredevelopment:definedbytheissuesinherentinthesoftwareitself-softwareisaproductofacreativeact(notaresultofarepetitiveactofmanufacturing)difficultiesnotamenabletobreakthroughsor‘silverbullets’-definesoftwaredevelopmentinvariantsconsequenceoftheinherentsoftwarecomplexity,complexity,conformity,conformity,changeability,andchangeability,andinvisibilityTheaccidentsofsoftwaredevelopment‘Accidentaldifficulties’duetosoftwareproductionpractices-amenabletohumaninterventionattributedmostlytothefactthataninformationsystemisasocialsystemmustnotbeaddingtothecomplexityandtothepotentiallackofsupportabilityofthesoftwareproductsupportability=understandability+maintainability+scalability(extensibility)Relatedto:StakeholdersProcessModelinglanguageandtoolsWillbediscussedsoonSoftwaredevelopmentinvariantsSoftwareininherentlycomplex?functionofinterdependenciesbetweencomponentsofwhichthesoftwareproductiscomposed?complexityinthewires?Dataintensiveapplications(enterpriseinformationsystems)areparticularlycomplexSoftwaremustconformto:?hardware/softwareplatformonwhichitisbuilt?pre-existinginformationsystemsSoftwaremustbebuilttoaccommodatechangeSoftwareisburieddeeplyin“invisible”programmingstatements,binarylibrarycode,andsurroundingsystemsoftwareStakeholdersPeoplewhohaveastakeinasoftwareproject:Customers(usersandsystemowners)Developers(analysts,designers,programmers,etc.)Informationsystemsaresocialsystems-developedbypeople(developers)forpeople(customers)Themaincausesofsoftwarefailurecanbetracedtothestakeholderfactoronthecustomerend,andonthedeveloperendSoftwareprocessDefinesactivitiesandorganizationalproceduresusedinsoftwareproductionandmaintenanceAprocessmodel:statesanorderforcarryingoutactivities;specifieswhatdevelopmentartifactsaretobedeliveredandwhen;assignsactivitiesandartifactstodevelopers;offerscriteriaformonitoringaproject’sprogress,formeasuringtheoutcomes,andforplanningfutureprojects.IsnotsusceptibletostandardizationIterativeandincrementalprocess‘Aniterativeprocessisonethatinvolvesmanagingastreamofexecutablereleases.Anincrementalprocessisonethatinvolvesthecontinuousintegrationofthesystem’sarchitecturetoproducethesereleases,witheachnewreleaseembodyingincrementalimprovementsovertheother.’(RUP)Someexamples:thespiralmodelRationalUnifiedProcess(RUP)ModelDrivenArchitecture(MDA)theagiledevelopmentprocessIterativeandincrementaldevelopmentmustbeplannedandcontrolled,andmustconformtoapre-definedarchitecturaldesignframeworkCapabilitymaturitymodelModelinglanguageandtoolsModelingartifactshavetobe?communicated(language)and?documented(tools)‘TheUnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)isageneral-purposevisualmodelinglanguagethatisusedtospecify,visualize,construct,anddocumenttheartifactsofasoftwaresystem.’Computer-AssistedSoftwareEngineering(CASE)toolenablesstorageandretrievalofmodelsinacentralrepositoryandgraphicalandtextualmanipulationofmodelsonacomputerscreenCASEandprocessimprovementProcessimprovementismuchmorethantheintroductionofnewmethodsandtechniques?theintroductionofnewmethodsandtechniquestoorganizationatalowlevelofprocessmaturitycanbringmoreharmthangoodAnintegratedCASEtoolcanallowmultipledeveloperstocollaborateandsharedesigninformationinordertoproducenewdesignartifacts-thetoolimposesprocessesonthedevelopmentteam-in“immature”organizationsprocesseswillnotbefollowed(creatingmoremessthanbefore)However,thesameCASEmethodsandtechniqueswouldalwaysbringpersonalproductivityandqualityimprovementstoindividualdevelopersSystemplanningThequestionis:WhichIStechnologiesandapplicationswillreturnthemostvaluetothebusiness?Systemplanningcanbecarriedoutinanumberofdifferentways:?SWOT–Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats?VCM–ValueChainModel?BPR–BusinessProcessReengineering?InformationSystemArchitecture(ISA)Allsystemplanningapproacheshaveanimportantcommondenominator–theyareconcernedwitheffectivenessratherthanefficiencySWOTapproachVCMapproachTheVCM(ValueChainModel)assessescompetitiveadvantagebyanalyzingthefullchainofactivitiesinanorganization–fromrawmaterialstofinalproductssoldandshippedtocustomersThequestionis:whichvaluechainconfigurationswillyieldthegreatestcompetitiveadvantage?TheISdevelopmentprojectscanthentargetthosesegments,operations,distributionchannels,marketingapproaches,etc.thatgivethemostcompetitiveadvantageOrganizationalfunctionsarecategorizedinto:primaryactivitiestheycreateoraddvaluetoafinalproductsupportactivitiestheyareessentialbuttheydonotenrichtheproductBPRapproachTheBPR(BusinessProcessReengineering)approachtosystemplanningisbasedonthepremisethattoday’sorganizationsmustreinventthemselvesandabandonthefunctionaldecomposition,hierarchicalstructuresandoperationalprinciplesthattheyarenowusingMostcontemporaryorganizationsarestructuredinverticalunitsfocusedonfunctions,productsorregionsNooneemployeeordepartmentisresponsibleforabusinessprocesswhichisdefinedas‘...acollectionofactivitiesthattakesoneormorekindsofinputandcreatesanoutputthatisofvaluetothecustomer’‘Themostvisibledifferencebetweenaprocessenterpriseandatraditionalorganizationistheexistenceofprocessowners’ThemainobjectiveofBPRistoradicallyredesignbusinessprocessesinanorganization(hence,processredesign)ThemajorhurdleliesintheneedtoembedahorizontalprocessinatraditionalverticalmanagementstructureBPRinitiativerequireschangingtheorganizationaroundthedevelopmentteamsastheprimaryorganizationalunitsTheseteamsareresponsibleforoneormoreend--toto--endbusinessprocessesISAapproachISA(InformationSystemsArchitecture)isabottom-upapproachthatoffersaneutralarchitecturalframeworkforISsolutionsthatcansuitavarietyofbusinessstrategiesitdoesnotincludeasystemplanningmethodologyitoffersaframeworkthatleveragesmostbusinessstrategiesTheISAframeworkisrepresentedasatableofthirtycellsorganizedintofiverows(labeled1through5)andsixcolumns(labeledAthroughF)Rowsrepresentthedifferentperspectivesusedintheconstructionofacomplexengineeringproduct,suchasaninformationsystem-fivemajor‘playersinthegame’ColumnsrepresentthesixdifferentdescriptionsorarchitecturalmodelsthateachoftheparticipantsengageswithSy由st非em至s專fo列r響th犧r(nóng)e然e玻ma醉na艘ge神me膊nt射l迷ev豆el禿sSo晴ft筍wa懷re節(jié)d剩ev緩el拍op維me烘nt系l雙if傾ec僅yc夜leSe鍬t專of戚a穴ct切iv彩it冶ie案s齡co烤nd美uc狂te絲式d木an違d碰ma位na冤ge遼d戴fo券r交de窗ve壤lo險(xiǎn)pm但en竊t膛pr井oj踩ec倘tTh姨e畫li仔fe卻cy份cl稀e團(tuán)id作en短ti箱fi忍es遭:th種e切ap柳pl壩ie匯d齡mo歉de越li杰ng鋸a羊pp竄ro乘ac診hth幟e確ex刺ac掙t冷p嫌ha括se寫s柳al習(xí)on貫g雷wh調(diào)ic遷h訪th游e撐so果ft籌wa騎re掩p順ro佛du足ct恭i垂s勺tr烤an呼sf定or攀me歐d議–們fr夠om究i坊ni釣ti輸al培i皇nc稀ep彈ti判on額t踢o級(jí)ph遠(yuǎn)as選in懷g覽it覺o鼓utth濾e訪me策th拉od監(jiān)(培me逼th窯od茅ol善og依y)殃a擊nd逝a晌ss愉oc秀ia汁te角d日de嗽ve儉lo吸pm仗en售t更pr獵oc膚es江sDe海ve恭lo挽pm旺en擦t戚ap川pr廳oa亮chSo喝ft赴wa傲re踐h積as糠b兄ec干om臉e年mu之ch大m餐or擇e雖in凈te虜ra寇ct橡iv價(jià)eev圓en娃t-聰dr擱iv贊enus動(dòng)er緒i偉n滴co貼nt程ro墨lso尾ft栽wa坊re洪o傲bj對(duì)ec浴ts版s偵er載vi廁ce鞠r惱an襪do去m夾an策d沾un勉pr介ed展ic昨ta椒bl參e嚷ev蜜en致tsCo嘩nv仿en習(xí)ti養(yǎng)on櫻a(bǔ)l趣s召of光tw慰ar怎e杰ha葛s奮be路en灰w銜el削l折se小rv向ed駁b橋y假th甲e萬so縮慧-c揮al倆le知d擱st趟ru裳ct渡ur棵ed后a耽pp耳ro宿ac晉hMo叨de支rn由G班UI誤s吩ys西te碑ms旦r以eq窮ui秘re廢o帽bj光ec委t揮pr想og博ra浸mm澇in兩g忘an始d霞th巷e亡ob冒je啦ct慣a智pp鋒ro苗ac宗h遵is犯t麻he砍b您es蛋t康wa品y開to休d塌es膏ig災(zāi)n錄su異ch株s罪ys報(bào)te溪msSt稠ru監(jiān)ct索ur呢ed萬a皺pp索ro孔ac懸hOb爐je兩ct坐-黨-o洪ri扯en允te章d少ap編pr斑oa絕chLi克fe虜cy雅cl訓(xùn)e伶ph綿as停esBu膠si先ne附ss咸A藝na戒ly安si棵sfu飲nc融ti韻on待al掠a宿nd帶n感on您-f疾un喘ct遺io率na蝕l裕re柴qu擋ir開em穗en蹈tsSy歡st瞎em湊D境es堆ig乘nar保ch聞it廢ec音tu鞭r(nóng)a齡l貼de陪si搞gnde囑ta法il祖ed鞏d疾es融ig遲nIm熔pl霧em察en州ta粱ti榴onco生di泉ngro通un產(chǎn)d-南tr本ip受e漢ng曬in遮ee竭ri煌ngIn斬te乒gr召at秧io榮n怒an誰d煤De控pl輝oy剛me琴ntOp樣er葡at棚io終n米an延d剪Ma艙in狗te懸na邀nc登eBu齊si次ne單ss扎a延na屆ly直si秩sAl隙so哀r成eq痛ui流re哨me燥nt不s懇an當(dāng)al咳ys踏isAc壯ti競vi汪ty待o蝴f岸de果te始rm掌in叫in呼g仔an嫂d猾sp灣ec族if暈yi省ng償c辮us賞to搞me武r生re桐qu介ir崇em惡en迫ts?匯bu點(diǎn)si乏ne沿ss最a訪na戀ly孝st俘d陵et霧er逃mi擺ne匆s盆re仰qu極ir純em性en蜘ts?混sy稀st枝em專a宮na服ly截st筐s笛pe拉ci博fi觸es諒(那or舌m物od康el尤s)斃r導(dǎo)eq累ui恢re冶me蜜nt壤sBu能si柿ne裁ss丈a情na辯ly羅si畫s度is律l善in恩ke辮d砍to歲b久us辰in授es聲s男pr援oc涂es績s陶re絲式en壘gi跌ne青er抬in仙g間(B腎PR急)?為ai鍬m伶of淚B繞PR查i涼s親to裹p嫂ro害po惑se明n各ew待w列ay壤s骨of饞c查on點(diǎn)du熊ct匪in潑g霜bu蠶si籌ne享ss桐a丹nd歡g康ai嬌ni獄ng材c浮om往pe句ti贏ti納ve團(tuán)a蘭dv鄭an哲ta購geBu仗si滑ne禽ss右a段na匙ly撇si束s斧be潮co窯me悶s未in胸cr是ea垃si徑ng統(tǒng)ly槍a徹n定ac陪t吧of沿r成eq哥ui倒re叮me舞nt巾s繳en朝gi濾ne發(fā)er秘in街gRe親qu洗ir殲em調(diào)en跳ts靜d討et言er湯mi匠na稀ti衡onRe暢qu們ir淡em絨en親t床–婆‘a(chǎn)解s位ta娛te帖me選nt反o斧f款a科sy曲st爭em竭s陡er拾vi脂ce腥o脹r爛co趁ns蔬tr悉ai紗nt縮慧’Se浩rv擇ic錯(cuò)e務(wù)st每at缺em冰en務(wù)ta高bu貓si尋ne限ss也r鄰ul招e量th咱at它m優(yōu)us差t軌be怨o域be兩ye患d錄at尸a伏ll勾t酬im窯es郊(暢e.賴g.魔‘崇fo攻rt數(shù)ni直gh貓tl創(chuàng)y砍sa送la宜ri悼es由a骨re踢p淚ai網(wǎng)d性on總W仰ed憐ne嗓sd初ay應(yīng)s’揮)a胞co快mp些ut岸at贏io即n窮th牛at倍t糕he守s朗ys思te肅m跡mu粘st代c初ar值ry市o大ut曉(喊e.怎g.問‘菊ca進(jìn)lc殊ul幣at府e谷sa夕le冷sp箏er窮so割n孝co戲mm替is癥si短on簽b夫as緩ed暗o息n命th返e息sa午le管s予in碧t舌he勁l累as跌t爺fo課rt棒ni睜gh嗚t涼us果in懂g縫a隔pa池rt荷ic尾ul恨ar垃f燙or鍋mu抄la激’)Co積ns尸tr旱ai惜nt腹s追ta乖te葛me票nta培re記st足ri洲ct夜io裕n臨on拳t拼he扇s姓ys巴te腐m’洪s施be特ha蝴vi準(zhǔn)or防(蝕‘o咳nl賴y造di汪re揉ct未m包an燃ag濕er碎s吩ca撒n燦se筋e作th洞e伙sa嫁la薦ry禍i萌nf凝or搬ma警ti東on展o纏f征th蓋ei允r尖st撤af虹f’拍)a藍(lán)re降st叢ri暈ct鬼io堅(jiān)n端on調(diào)t仗he弊s婚ys較te驚m’矩s夫de常ve借lo瞞pm課en頂t侍(‘終we虹m就us裹t懇us戲e劫Sy柏ba塞se預(yù)d益ev衣el方op易me爪nt聽t苗oo逮ls器’叔)Re押qu牙ir斷em貸en核ts津s具pe愿ci妙fi晶ca逮ti業(yè)onBe南gi賣ns刑w哪he湊n渣th脅e久de坡ve愉lo融pe漸rs滔s煎ta軌rt繁m堡od吼el白in釀g跑th茶e撫re印qu固ir魯em特en忙ts乓u凡si紹ng仿a設(shè)p射ar執(zhí)ti筆cu湯la功r泳me項(xiàng)th捕od孟(扣su柿ch凱a中s鈔UM洗L)CA夸SE君t柄oo偉l扣is盲u池se傻d釣to信e覆nt夫er銹,波an肯al盛yz淹e塞an姑d居do籃cu拳me峰nt橡t躺he辰m青od圓el鋪sRe聚qu膚ir劉em粒en綠ts扮D威oc但um測en暗t詳is論e褲nr吐ic槍he記d相wi躲th晝g鴉ra火ph誤ic誦al洽m告od丟el忙s驅(qū)an渠d脈CA俘SE綱-g步en屬er庸at蔽ed辰r館ep百or拔tsSp愁ec翼if烘ic喬at塊io晌ns年d閣oc水um鼻en銹t舉(t神he和s雞pe曉cs隱i相n盞th影e稿ja融rg僵on墊)慎re滅pl類ac阿es妻t及he讀r臥eq感ui志re否me荒nt殼s立do薪cu貸me肥ntMo貞st炎i陶mp萌or歇ta從nt釀s旁pe匹ci徐fi郊ca民ti弟on賴t蹈ec言hn沫iq限ue扛scl澤as這s規(guī)di貝ag呈ra瓣msus驚e敏ca薪se疊d觸ia貨gr第am吸sId立ea粘ll捷y,換t罪he口s哭pe含ci瓦fi菠ca紗ti淚on尖m賴od床el脈s破sh侵ou蕉ld仿b沈e縣in以de聾pe偷nd糠en從t爛fr伍om突t請(qǐng)he湊h根ar鍋dw朱ar菊e/塵so坐ft瞞wa焰repl旋at貝fo墊rm搭onwh料ic若h黎th陸e鉆sy壞st參em游i贊s顧to崖b妥e纏de窮pl符oy臥edAr雷ch嚇it抱ec慶tu塘ra焦l之de赤si忙gnTh很e握de輔sc獻(xiàn)ri籃pt磨io及n貼of恩t饑he蹄s隊(duì)ys姓te釣m徒in萄t接er夏ms午o杏f攤it附s瞇mo電du秤le激s替(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