Comparative-Study-of-Love-Metaphors-in-English-and-Chinese-Poems-英漢詩(shī)歌愛情隱喻的對(duì)比淺析畢業(yè)論文

晉中學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）ⅠIntroductionThispaperaimstodoafurtherresearchintheemotionoflovefromthecognitiveaspects,whichpaysattentiontothecomparativestudyoflovemetaphorsintheEnglishandChinesepoems.Specifically,itstudiesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoflovemetaphorsinChineseandEnglishlovepoems,butitalsoexploresthecauseofthesesimilaritiesanddifferencesincognitivemodelsandculturalperspectives.Sincethe1980s,cognitivelinguisticshasbecomeahottopicinEurope.CognitivelinguistshasmademanyfunctionalstudiesofmetaphorsaboutconceptualizationofemotionintheUK,includinganger,fear,happiness,sadness,love,lust,pride,shame,andsurprises.Loveisabasichumanemotion.LakoffandJohnsonhadlistedsomelovemetaphorsintheirbookMetaphorsweliveby.Theythinkthattheconceptofmetaphoristhebaseofourdailylives.Itisalsoreflectedinourliterallanguage.K?vecsessummarizedthestructureoflovemetaphorsthroughtheresearchinEnglishlanguageinthebookofMetaphorsofAnger,PrideandLove.Inlaterstudies,K?vecsesclaimsthatEnglishspeakingpeopleusuallyuse24conceptualmetaphorsofloveineverydaycommunication.Thecentralpointofthesestudiesisthatlovewhichisabstractinnature,inlargepart,isconceptualizedandexpressedintheformofmetaphorization.AlthoughmanyscholarshavesucceededinstudyingtheconceptoflovemetaphorsinEnglish,therearefewcomparativestudiesaboutthelovemetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguisticstoexplaintheuniversalityoflove,andalsolittleresearchonthebaseofEnglishandChinesepoetry.Thisarticleaimstoprovidesomeevidencefromcognitivetheoryofmetaphorforcontemporarystudyandoffersabroaderperspectiveforthestudyofmetaphor.Thispaperwillexplorethelovemetaphorsinthepoetry.Cognitivelinguistsbelievethattheunderstandingofmetaphorandemotionoccurrenceiscloselyrelatedtothecontext,butthisdoesnotaffectustodoresearchonemotionalmetaphors.Sincesomemetaphoricalexpressionsoflovecanonlybeunderstoodinacertaincontext,thedataisnotarandomcollection.China'smainsourceofdataisremarkablelovepoems.Englishiscollectedinthesameway.Theselecteddataarederivedfromthefamouscharacters'classics.Examplesexcitedinfactareonlyasmallpartofthecollectionofdatainthesubsequentstudies.Inthefollowingsection,fromthegeneralpointofviewofconceptmetaphors,therewillbeacomparativeanalysis,becausemetaphorsarecommontobothtwolanguages.ⅡLiteratureReviewEmotionisveryimportantinhumanexperienceanditisthefocusofthestudyincognitivelinguistics,andmetaphorisregardedasanimportantfactorinthewayweconceiveofemotion.Inthepasttwodecades,manyscholars(Lakoff&Johnson1980;Lakoff1987;Lakoff&K?vecses1987;K?vecses1988,2000)havestudiedthefunctionofmetaphorintheconceptualizationofemotioninEnglishlanguage.Amongtheemotionconcepts,loveplaysanimportantpartwhichconnotesprofoundandmysteriousmeanings.Thecontemporarytheoryofmetaphoriscloselyassociatedwithcognitivelinguistics.ThecognitivetheoryofmetaphorisfirstdevelopedbyGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson.In1980theyjointlypublishedMetaphorsWeLiveBy,andthebookhasbeenregardedasalandmarkofcognitivestudyofmetaphor,sincetheychallengedthetraditionalmetaphortheoryinacoherentandsystematicway.Cognitivelinguisticsstudieslanguagebasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit,andcognitivescholarsbelievethatnaturallanguageisaproductofthehumanmind.Incognitivelinguistics,metaphorisnotsimplyarhetoricaldevice,butawayofthinkingandacting.Asfortheemotionoflove,LakoffandJohnsonlistafewexamplesoflovemetaphorsintheirbookMetaphorsweliveby.Inthesemetaphors,loveisconceptualizedaswar,patient,madness,physicalforce,etc.Theyclaimthatmetaphorspartiallystructureoureverydayconceptsandthisstructureisreflectedinourliterallanguage.InthebookMetaphorsofAnger,PrideandLove,K?vecsesexaminestheemotionsofanger,prideandlovethatareexpressedindifferentEnglishmetaphors.HegivesintroductiontothestructureofromanticlovethroughthestudyofEnglishlanguagethatnativespeakersemploytotalkabouttheconceptoflove,andobtainsmanyconceptualsystemsoflovemetaphors,suchasloveisjourney,loveisunityofparts,loveisfluidinacontainer,loveisfire,etc.(inDongYingying,2007)Later,K?vecses(2000)illustratestheimportantfindingsoftheloveemotionthroughtheinvestigationofthestructureofromanticlove.HepointsoutthatnativeEnglish-speakersemploy24conceptualmetaphorstoconceiveloveintheireverydaycommunication.TheconceptualmetaphorsrelatedtolovearemostlyderivedfromordinaryEnglishlanguage.Allthesestudiesfindthattheemotionofloveis,toagreatextent,conceptualizedandexpressedinmetaphoricalterms.ButallthesestudiesonlovemetaphorarebasedondailycommunicationinEnglishlanguage.Withthedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics,thestudyofconceptualmetaphorbegantoattracttheattentionofChineselinguists,suchasLinXinwu,HuZhuanglin,ShuDingfang,ZhaoYanfang,LanChun,WangYin,etc.In1990s,bookreviewsoftheimportantworksinmetaphorstudyalsobegantoappearinthecoremagazines,therepresentativesare:Metaphor:ItsForceandLinguisticStructurebyLinXinwu.Atthesametime,withthefurtherstudyofemotionmetaphors,thefocushasalsobeenpaidtothelovemetaphors,andsomeresearchworkhasbeendonetoit.Suchas:AComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseConceptualMetaphorofLove(MengJingyi,2005);AComparativeStudyofLoveMetaphorinEnglishandChinese(PanHongying,2006);ACognitiveApproachtoLoveMetaphorsinEnglishandChineseLoveSongs(SunYali,2006);ACognitiveComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseLoveMetaphors(LiGuanghua,2008),etc.Butinthesestudiesonlovemetaphors,theyallusetheeverydayutteranceorlovesongsastheirresearchcorpus.Uptonow,onlyafewmasterdissertationsandsomeperiodicalpapersareconcentratingwiththecomparativestudiesoflovemetaphorsinEnglishandChinesepoems.Therepresentativesare:AComparativeStudyofMetaphorsofLoveinEnglishandChinesePoems(WangDandan,2005);AComparativeStudyofLoveMetaphorsinXUZhimoandYeats’PoetryfromCognitivePerspective(DongYingying,2007);AComparativeStudyofLoveMetaphorsinEnglishandChinesePoems(JiangZhihao,2008,(3):78-81),etc.ⅢConceptualMetaphorinEnglishandChinesePoemsAccordingtocontemporarylinguisticviews,metaphorisakindofcognitivephenomenaofhumanbeing,farfromamatterofdecorationorconvenience.Weconceptualizetheworldwiththehelpofmetaphorconsciouslyorunconsciously.3.1ThedefinitionofconceptualmetaphorLakoffandJohnson(1980)statethatmetaphorisinnaturetounderstandandexperienceonekindofthingintermsofanother.AccordingtoLakoffandJohnson,conceptualmetaphorcanbeclassifiedintostructuralmetaphors,orientationalmetaphorsandontologicalmetaphors.Metaphorsareviewedasmappingsacrossthesourcedomainandthetargetdomain,andthesourcedomainisconcretewhereasthetargetisabstract.Metaphoricalmappingarenotarbitrary,butgroundedinthebody,everydayexperienceandknowledge;andmappingsbearthreefeatures:theinvarianceprinciple,targetdomainoverridesandasymmetryofmapping.Thesystemofconceptualmetaphorisstructuredbyitsontologicalandepistemiccorrespondences.Imageschemaisanothercognitivelevel,anditplaysanimportantroleinstructuringandunderstandingmorecomplicatedconcepts.Metaphoricalmappingsarenotarbitrarybecausetheyarelargelyconstrainedbyimageschema.Imageschemasarepervasiveinourbodilyexperience,andtheystructureourexperiencepre-conceptually,andaremappedbymetaphorsontoabstractdomains,withtheirbasiclogicpreserved.Incognitivepointofview,metaphorisomnipresentinlanguage;itissystematicbecauseanordinaryconceptualmetaphorcanproducemanymetaphoricalexpressionsandvariousconceptualmetaphorsthenformalargecloselyrelatedsystem;metaphorisessentiallycognitivebecauseasanefficientmethodofconceptualization,itmakestheunderstandingofthosenewandabstractconceptsmucheasierthroughmappingsomeconcreteconceptsontothem(LakoffandJohnson,1980).Thetraditionallanguagestudyregardedmetaphorasarhetoricalphenomenonandaformoflanguagechanging.Gibbsconcludedthat,basedontheviewsofmanylinguistsandphilosophers,ifitisinterpretedliterally,ametaphoris"grammaticallydeviant,semanticallyanomalous,conceptuallyabsurdorsimplyfalse"(Gibbs,1994:222).Metaphorintraditionalrhetoricfounditspositioninpoemsasarhetoricphenomenon.Barfieldclaimedthatthisisakindofform,alittle-knowntermiscomparedtoabetter-knownterm,andthenthelattermayexplainformerin1973.Aristotleinhisbookpoeticsandrhetoric,pointoutthatmetaphorreferstotheintrinsicrelationshipbetweentheliteralexpressionandtheircorrespondingexpressions.3.2ThecharacteristicsofconceptualmetaphorFromacognitiveperspective,conceptualmetaphorhasthreecharacteristics:Metaphorisconceptualinnature.Metaphorisubiquitous,andmetaphorissystematic.Metaphorappearsintheprocessofunderstandingathingwiththehelpofanotherterm,itisnotonlyawayoflanguageexpression,butalsoawayofthinking.AsLakoffandJohnson(1980)suggestedthatmetaphorsoccursnotonlyinlanguagebutalsoinourthoughtsandactions.Humanbeings’dailyconceptualsystemthroughwhichpeople'sthinkandbehave,inessence,ismetaphorical.Themeaningoflanguageisthattheyareanessentialpartofunderstandingmanynewconcepts.Inshort,metaphoricallanguageisnotonlyaphenomenon,butalsointheconceptofnature.LakoffandJohnson(1980:3)statethat"Metaphorispervasiveineverydaylife".Theyalsoprovideevidenceforthispointthatthroughtheoreticalargumentandpracticalinvestigation,manyotherscholarshavealsorealizedthemetaphors.Gibbs(1994)providedthesignificantevidencethroughhisstudies.McNeill(1992)verifiestheuniversityofmetaphorsfromanewperspectiveofgestures.Hestudiedmetaphorsonthebasisofgesturesaccompanyingwithpeople’stalking.Conceptualmetaphordoesnotexistisolatedfromeachother.Inotherwords,acoherentsystemofmetaphoricalconceptsandcorrespondingcoherentmetaphoricalexpressionsystemstheseconceptscanbehiddenbymetaphorentailments(LakoffandJohnson,1980).Onthecontrary,theyarethesystematic,becausethemetaphoriscloselyrelatedtotheconceptofmetaphorsystem.Undoubtedly,metaphoricalconceptualsystemissystemic,sotheconceptofexpressionwetalkaboutissystematic.Inotherwords,eachconceptualmetaphoricalexpressionisaninterconnectedsystem,whichismanifestedbythewaythesystemofconceptualmetaphor.Conceptualmetaphorhastargetdomainandsourcedomain.Themappingprocessfromaspecificsourcedomaintotheabstracttargetdomainistheworkingmechanismometaphor.Mappingprocessofmetaphoristhesystembetweentwodifferentdomainswithfixedcorrespondenceinpeople'sconcept.ⅣTheAnalysisofEnglishandChineseConceptualMetaphorsof"Love"EnglishpoemsarecollectedfromthetimeofEdwarddeVere(15501604)inEnglishhistorytotheearly20thcentury.ChinesepoemsarecollectedfromthePre-QinPeriodtopresenttime,mainlyfromtheClassicPoetry,partlyfromtheTheStoryofTheStoneandtypicalpoems.Duetothelimitationofabilityandtime,theauthorcannotcollectallthepoemsbutthemostclassicalandtypicalEnglishandChineselovepoems.4.1Generalconceptualmetaphorsof"love"CharlesFrakerpointedoutthatlanguageisoftenseenasanimportanttoolinthestudyofcognitivesystems.Onlythroughlanguagecanwedescribethings.Thispropositionhasgreatlyaffectedthethoughtoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognitiveunderstanding.Duetotheinteractionofcognitionandemotion,thestudyofhumanemotionsconstitutesanimportantpartofourexplorationofhumancognition.Asystematiccorrelationexitsbetweenthehumanemotionsandtheexperience.Thefollowingsectionwilldiscussindetailhowweuselanguagetoexpresslove,anabstraction."Love"isthemostcommonhumanemotionsandmostimportantpartofourexperience.Althoughlovecanbedividedintodifferentcategories:"lovingfamily","friendshipandlove","loveofreligion"andthe"thing"love.Thispaperconcernsthatloveof"愛情"inChinese.Inthissection,therewillbeadetailedanalysisofthecommonmetaphorofloveinthelovepoemsinEnglishandChinese.Metaphorisdeeplyrootedinphysicalexperience.Therefore,similarityofthebodyexperiencesleadstothesamemetaphorindifferentcultures.Loveisauniversalphenomenon,eitherinChineseorEnglish,forpeoplehavesimilarexperiencesandphysicalreactionsoflove.Therefore,itiseasytofindsimilarityamongEnglishandChineselovemetaphors.ThissectionwilldescribesthefourcommonmetaphorsinEnglishandChineseandhasadetailedanalysis.4.1.1Loveisajourney"Loveisajourney"inEnglishLovepoems:(1)LykeasashipthatthroughtheOceanwyde,Byconductofsomestardothmakeherway;(2)Love,shallwestartorstay,orsailorrow?OurwaylieswhereGodknows,Andloveknowswhere;"Loveisajourney"inChineseLovepoems:(1)行行重行行,與君生別離。道路阻且長(zhǎng),會(huì)面安可知。(2)所謂伊人,在水一方。溯洄從之,道阻且長(zhǎng);Severalexamplesaredescribedabove,inwhichloveismappedtothejourney.Firstly,loverswillbemappedtopassengersinonetrip.Secondly,therelationshipofloverscanbeseenasthesamevehicleontheway.Thirdly,coupleswhoshareacommongoalisjustastravelers'commondestination.Finally,thedifficultiesencounteredinthemapforobstaclesinthejourneyofloverelationships.Inaloverelationship,ahappyendingoflovebetweenloversseemsliketravelandtourismdestination.Inshort,theconceptofloveissoclearandeasiertounderstandthroughouttheconceptofthejourney.4.1.2Loveisplant"Loveisplant”inEnglishLovepoems:(1)Omyluve'slikeared,redrose.That'snewlysprunginJune;

(2)GOandcatchafallingstar,Getwithchildamandrakeroot,"Loveisplant"inChineseLovepoems:(1)紅豆生南國(guó),春來發(fā)幾枝?(2)涉江采芙蓉,蘭澤多芳草。Severalexamplesaredescribedabove,inwhichloveismappedtotheplant.Firstly,loverswillbemappedtoplantssuchasrose,lotusandredbeenandsoon.Thebeautyandsweerfragrancemapthebeautyoflover.Secondly,theprogressofgrowingalsoreferstotheoccurrenceoflove.Theplantneedraisedcarefullyjustastheloveneedtreatedgently.Inshort,poetsexpressabstractlovewiththeplantsandthereaderscanfeelthesweetemotionsintheway.Throughtheaboveexamples,itisalsonoticedthatthemetaphor"Loveisaplant"inChineseismorethanthatintheEnglishlovepoems.Chinaisalargeagriculturalcountry,whichgreatlyaffectspeople'sconceptoflove,soeventhoughasimilarexperienceofgrowingplantsissharedbothinEnglishandChinese,lovemetaphorisstilldiffidentasaresultoftheirculture.4.1.3Loveisillness"Loveisillness"inEnglishlovepoems:(1)Straightthroughmyheartthewoundisquickandkeen.Onlyyourwordwillhealtheinjury.(2)'Oit'sIamsick,andvery,verysick,Andit'sallforBarbaraAllen.'"Loveisillness"inChineselovepoems:(1)衣帶漸寬終不悔。為伊消得人憔悴。(2)新啼痕壓舊啼痕,斷腸人憶斷腸人。今春,香肌瘦幾分,裙帶寬三寸。Inthissection,loveismappedtoadisease.Itgenerallyreflectsareactioninaloverelationshipinwhichonesideisinjuredorcannotgetthepeopletheylove.Diseasemakespeopledepressed,andthosewhowereinjuredorcannotgetthepeopletheyloveusethismetaphortoexpresstheirstrongreactionforlove.Inthismetaphor,thepainofloveistooabstracttodescribe,throughconcreteillness,itisvividlydemonstrated.4.1.4Loveisashiningobject"Loveisashiningobject"inEnglishlovepoems:(1)ShallIyourbeautieswiththemooncompare?She’sfaithless,youasinglepurposeown.(2)Ortothegeneralsun,whoeverywhereGoescommonwithhislight?YouwalkaloneLoveisagrowing，orfullconstantlight，Andhisshortminute，afternoon，isnigh"Loveisashiningobject"inChineselovepoems:(1)人生自是有情癡，此恨不關(guān)風(fēng)和月。(2)愿我如星君如月，夜夜流光相皎潔。Inthispart,loveiscomparedtoashiningobject,themostcommontargetsourcesarethemoon,thesunandthestars.Ontheonehand,themoonisalwayshangingintheskywiththegentlemoonlight.Loversusethemetaphortoexpresstheircarefulcompanionwiththeirlovers.Ontheotherhand,peoplealsogiveanexpressionoflookingforwardtothehappyendingofthelove.Theconceptofloveissoclearandeasiertounderstandthroughouttheconceptoftheshiningobjects.4.2Specificconceptualmetaphorsof"love"inEnglishpoemsAtthesametime,EnglishandChinesepoemshavesomespecificlovemetaphors.Thesedifferencesreflecttheculturalrelativityofthesetwonations,abstractconceptsincludingemotionsareunderstoodmetaphoricallyinrespectiveculturalbackground.Thedifferencescanbeaccountedforbydifferentculturalperceptions,cognitivemodelsandspecificeconomicpatterns,andculturalperceptionsplayasignificantroleinconstitutingourperceivingoftheworldandtheemployingmetaphors.AimingatacomparativeanalysisoflovemetaphorsinEnglishandChinesepoemsagainstculturalbackground,thethesisisasupplementtotheexistingideasoflovemetaphor,alsoprovidescertainperspectivetothestudyoflovemetaphor.4.2.1Loveisavaluableobject(1)IprizethylovemorethanwholeminesofgoldOralltherichesthattheEastdothhold.

(2)Iholdhisdear,andminehecannotmiss,Thereneverwasabetterbargaindriven.Commodityeconomyhasbeenmoredevelopedinwest.PeopleofEnglish-speakingnationadmiretheimportanceofhumanvaluescomparatively,promoteindividualismandegoism,andadvocatethecommodity,currencyorexpensiveitems.Sothereismetaphoricalconceptssuchas"Loveisavaluableobject"inEnglish.Meanwhile,bothsidesofloveissuspectedtoexchangetheloveofeachother.ThisisaratherspecialkindoflovemetaphorinEnglish.In"Loveisavaluableobject"metaphor,loveisseenassomethingthatisrareforonetopossess.Themappingsofthemetaphorare:thevaluableobjectislove;thevalueofthevaluableobjectistheimportanceoftheloverelation;thedesiretogetthevaluableobjectisthedesiretohavelove;theefforttopossessthevaluableobjectistheefforttowinlove;andtheattitudetowardsthevaluableobjectistheattitudetowardslover.Aswehavetocherishthevaluableobjectswhichwespendoureffortandmoneytoobtain,weareattachedtothepersonwelove.Similarlywetreasureandtakegoodcareofourbeloved,andweareproudofpossessingthebeloved.Justliketheeconomicexchangemetaphor,themetaphor"loveisvaluablething"isalsorooteddeeplyinWesternindustrialculture.SinceinWest,personalsuccessisjudgedbyhisossessionandindividualpower,sopeopleareencouragedtoaccumulatefortunethroughpersonaleffortsandhardworking.Thiskindofthoughtisalsoreflectedintheirconceptualizationoflovemetaphor.4.2.2Loveissport(1)Judgeyouthatthinksuchsportswereharms,Weren'tanyharm?No,no,fie,fie!(2)Thescorchedfly,whichoncehathes-capedtheflame,Willhardlycometoplaywithfire,WherebyIlearnthatgrievousisthegame.Asallmentionedabove,metaphorisconnectedwiththecontext.Westernersadmiresports,sotherearealotoflovemetaphorsintermsofsports.Inthegameoflove,therearewinnersandlosers.Withintheinfluenceofwesternenvironment,thewesternersapproveofindividualismandtheyfightforwhattheywant.4.3Specificconceptualmetaphorsof"love"inChinesepoemsItisobviousthatcultureplaysamajorroleinconceptualizationofmetaphor.Duetothedifferentcultures,bothEnglishandChinesehavetheirownspecificwaysofinterpretinglove.Withtheinfluenceofculturalexperiences,thepoetshavedifferentexpressionsoflovemetaphors.4.3.1Loveisagriculturalproduct(1)桑之未落,其葉沃若。桑之落矣,其黃而隕。(2)投我以木瓜，報(bào)之以瓊琚。匪報(bào)也，永以為好也。Chinahasbeenapredominantlyagriculturalcountry.Peopleareeffectedbythefarmpsychologicallyandstrongly.FarmingisatypicalancientlifestylesinChina.MetaphorsofagriculturalproductsareusualinChineselovepoems.Thebloomandthedeclineoftheagriculturalproductsusuallyareusedtobethereflectionofhighsandlowsintheloverelationship.ThisisaspecialmetaphorofloveinChinese.Inancienttimes,Chineseancestorsbegantoraisesilkwormsandproducesilk,andChinatooktheleadingpositioninsilkwormraisingandsilkproduction.Peoplegrewmulberrytreestoraisesilkwormstoproducesilk,alsothedevelopmentoftheSilkRoadledtoaneconomicboominChina,andeveryhouseholdwasfamiliarwithsilkwormandmulberryleaf.Therefore,loveisfrequentlyconceptualizedas“絲”(silk),“蠶”(silkworm),and“桑葉”(mulberryleaf)inmanypoems.ThesilkwormsinSpringwillnotstopproducingsilkuntiltheydie.Sopoetsoftenemploythisfacttoexpressone’sloveforthebeloved,justlikethesilkworm,peopleinlovewillnotstopmissinguntiltheydie.Thesilkitselfhassomefeaturessharedbyloveconcept.Thesilktakestheshapelongthreadsforbindingthingstogether,withtheimplicationofthebindingstrengthoflove;andsilkcanalsobewovenintonet,reflectingloveassomethingtangled.Allthesefeaturescanbeprojectedintothedomainoflove.AlsoinChinesecharacter,theword"silk"(絲)hasthesamepronunciationwiththeword"miss"(思).Missingeachotherconstitutesamajorpartintheconceptoflove,sosilkbecomesanimportanttargetdomaininexpressingtheromanticloveandmissing,andpoetsoftenemploy“絲”toindicatethe"missing"intheirpoems.suchas:春情多艷逸，春意倍相思。愁心極楊柳，一種亂如絲。天與多情絲一把，誰(shuí)廝惹，千條萬(wàn)縷縈心下。4.3.2Loveisapredestinedrelationship(1)一個(gè)是閬苑仙葩，一個(gè)是美玉無(wú)瑕，若說沒奇緣，今生偏又遇著他；若說有奇緣，如何心事終虛話。(2)如何讓你遇見我，在我最美麗的時(shí)刻。為此，我已在佛前求了五百年，求它讓我們結(jié)一段塵緣。Conceptualmetaphor"Loveisapredestinedrelationship"isrootedinBuddhismoriginatedinIndia.AfterBuddhismcametoChina,accordingtoBuddhistphilosophy,"Metempsychosis"humansoulsexist,andeachofushasapreviouslife.AnotherfeatureoftheBuddhistisfaithincauseandeffect.Inotherwords,everythingintheuniversehasitscauses,andcausescreateresults.Undertheinfluenceofthisideology,peoplethinkmarriageisdoomed.Itisthecontinualaffinityoftheirpreviouslife.Inthisway,itisunderstoodthateachother'sfateisaccidental.Theyknoweachother,thenfellinlove,andgotmarriedatlast.However,thisuniqueorigindonotexistinEnglish-speakingcountries,sothereisnosuchconceptualmetaphorsinEnglishlovepoetry.Metaphorsinthepoetrymakethepoemsmuchmorebeautifulandhelpthepoetstoexpresstheabstractideasbypresentingalogicalcomparison.TheresearchoftheclassificationoflovemetaphorsinEnglishandChinesepoemsandtheexplorationofrespectiveunderlyingculturalinfluencehavesupportedandreinforcedthecontemporarycognitivetheoryofmetaphor.4.3.3Loveismusic(1)今日也魚水和諧,燕鶯成對(duì),琴瑟相調(diào)。(2)弋言加之，與子宜之。宜言飲酒，與子偕老。琴瑟在御，莫不靜好。Sinceancienttimes,anadvocateofmusic,pianoandJosephappearsintheancientChinesemusicalinstrument,whichareusuallyplayedoutbeautifullytogetherinharmony.Themusicisusedtodescribethefeelingsofharmonybetweenthecouple.Inthismetaphor,theappropriatematchofmusicinstrumentscanalsorefertoanicematchofthecouple,whichisahigherevaluationforthemarriageinChina.4.4ReasonsofsimilaritiesanddifferencesTherearesomeprinciplesconceptualmetaphorssharedinEnglishandChinese.Emergenceoftheseconceptualmetaphorsisduetoacommonbodyandlifeexperience.Thebodiesandbrainsofhumanbeingaresimilarinnature,soourcognitivestructuresarealsosimilar.Owingtothecommonphysiologicalstructure,somebasicbodilyexperiencesarecommonamongallhumanbeings.Towardsthefeelingoflove,thephysiologicalresponseisuniversal.Sincehumanbeingshavesimilarreactionstowardslove,soitisnaturalforEnglishandChinesepoetstohavesimilaritiesintheirrecognitionoftheworldbymeansoflovemetaphors.Conceptualmetaphorssuchasjourney,plants,disease,love,shiningobjectsarederivedfromcommonhumanbodyexperience.Thejourney,disease,andashiningobject,arethereflectionofcommonlifeexperiences.Metaphortheorytohumanorganismisbasedontheirsocialandphysicalenvironment.Generallyitisbelievedthatoursystemisamappingprocessfromabstractconcepttoaconcretemetaphordomain.Metaphoricalmappingisnotrandombutisrootedinthebasichumanexperience.Cognitiveandlinguisticcommonalitiesexistassomebasicphysicalandlifeexperiencesarecommontoallofthem.Languageisacommonexperienceindifferentareas.Itispartofarationalthoughtanditsperformance.Cognitivesystemsconstitutepsychologicalbasisoflanguageperformance.

ThereasonofthesamesourcedomaininEnglishandChineselovepoetrymetaphoristhesimilarityofbodystructureandbodyexperience.Thesearecommonhumanexperiencesandmaterials.Becausehumancognitiveactivityarerootedintheeverydayexperienceofphysicalandmaterialexperiences.Theyarethesamefordifferentethnicpeopleandobjects,sotheconceptoftheuniversalityofmankindexits.CommonmetaphorsourcedomaininChineseandEnglishlovepoetryistheresultofthefactthatChineseandBritishpeopleshaveexperiencedthesamephysicalandmaterialexperience.Sinceancienttimes,Chinaisalandlockedcountry,soagriculture,inlandfarmingcultureconsistoftraditionalChineseculture,andtherearealotofChinesepoetryandmetaphorconceptsisrelatedtoagriculturalproduction,suchasloveisinagriculturalproduction.Inadditiontothenaturalenvironmentandthephysicalenvironment,abroadculturalcontextisanotherfactorthatcould