美國文學(xué)Hemingway介紹文章

Today,wetellaboutthelifeofwriterErnestHemingway.

〃Awriterisalwaysalone,alwaysanoutsider,"ErnestHemingwaysaid.

Otherssaidthatofthemanypeoplehecreatedinhisbooks,Hemingwaywashisownbestcreation.

ErnestHemingwaywasbornin1899.HegrewupinOakPark,Illinois,nearthemiddlewesternCityofChicago.Hewasthesecondchildinafamilyofsix.Hisfatherwasadoctor.Hismotherlikedtopaintandplaythepiano.

EachsummerthefamilytraveledtotheirholidayhomeinnorthernMichigan.Ernest'sfathertaughthimhowtocatchfish,hunt,setupacampandcookoverafire.

AthomeinOakPark,Ernestwroteforhisschoolnewspaper.Hetriedtowritelikeafamoussportswriterofthattime,RingLardner.Hedevelopedhiswritingskillsthisway.

In1917,Hemingwaydecidednottogotoauniversity.TheUnitedStateshadjustenteredWorldWarOneandhewantedtojointhearmy.Butthearmyrejectedhimbecausehiseyesightwasnotgoodenough.

ErnestfoundajobwiththeKansasCityStarnewspaperinKansasCity,Missouri.Hereportednewsfromthehospital,policeheadquarters,andtherailroadstation.Onereporterremembered:"Hemingwaylikedtobewheretheactionwas."

TheKansasCityStardemandedthatitsreporterswriteshortsentences.Itwantedreporterstoseetheunusualdetailsinanincident.Hemingwayquicklylearnedtodoboth.

HeworkedforthenewspaperonlyninemonthsbeforehejoinedtheRedCrosstohelponthebattlefieldsofEurope.HisjobwastodriveaRedCrosstruckcarryingwoundedawayfrombattle.

TheRedCrosssenthimtoItaly.SoonhesawhisfirstwoundedwhenanarmsfactoryinMilanexploded.Later,hewassenttothebattlefront.Hewentasclosetothefightingaspossibletoseehowhewouldactinthefaceofdanger.Beforelong,hewasseriouslywounded.

Thewarendedsoonafterhehealed.HemingwayreturnedtotheUnitedStates.LessthanayearhadpassedsincehewenttoEurope.Butinthatshorttimehehadchangedforever.

Heneededtowriteaboutwhathehadseen.

ErnestHemingwaylefthomeforChicagotoprovetohimself,andtohisfamily,thathecouldearnalivingfromhiswriting.

But,heranoutofmoneyandbegantowriteforanewspaperagain.TheCanadiannewspaper,theTorontoStar,likedhisreportsaboutlifeinChicagoandpaidhimwell.

InChicago,HemingwaymetthewriterSherwoodAnderson.AndersonwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatowriteaboutthelivesofcommonpeople.HemingwaysawthatAnderson'sstoriesshowedlifeasitreallywas,thewayHemingwaywastryingtodo.

AndersongaveHemingwayadviceabouthiswriting.HetoldHemingwaytomovetoParis,wherelivingwaslesscostly.HesaidPariswasfullofyoungartistsandwritersfromallovertheworld.

InreturnforAnderson'skindnessHemingwaywroteabookcalled"TheTorrentsofSpring."ItmakesfunofAndersonandthewayhewrote.TherewassomethinginHemingwaythatcouldnotsay"thankyou"toanyone.Hehadtobelievehedideverythingforhimself,evenwhenheknewothershelpedhim.

HemingwaydecidedtomovetoParis.Butbeforehedidhemarried

awomanhehadrecentlymet.HernamewasHadleyRichardson.

Pariswascoldandgraywhen

Hemingwayandhisnewwifearrivedin1921.Theylivedinoneofthepoorerpartsofthecity.Theirroomsweresmallandhadnorunningwater.ButtheTorontoStaremployedhimasitsEuropeanreporter,sotherewasenoughmoneyforthetwoofthemtolive.AndthejobgaveHemingwaytimetowritehisstories.

HemingwayenjoyedexploringParismakingnewfriends,learningFrenchcustomsandsports.SomenewfriendswereartistsandwriterswhohadcometoParisinthenineteentwenties.AmongthemwerepoetEzraPound,andwritersGertrudeStein,JohndosPassos,andF.~~ScottFitzgerald."" that

Hemingwaywasagoodwriter.TheyhelpedhimpublishhisstoriesintheUnitedStates.Hewasthankfulfortheirsupportatthetime,butlaterdeniedthathehadreceived

help.

Asareporter,HemingwaytraveledalloverEurope.Hewroteaboutpolitics.Hewroteaboutpeaceconferencesandborderdisputes.Andhewroteaboutsports,skiingandfishing.LaterhewouldwriteaboutbullfightinginSpain.TheTorontoStarwaspleasedwithhiswork,andwantedmoreofhisreports.ButHemingwaywasbusywithhisownwriting.

Hesaid:"Sometimes,Iwouldstartanewstoryandcouldnotgetitgoing.ThenIwouldstandandlookoutovertheroofsofParisandthink.Iwouldsaytomyself:'Allyouhavetodoiswriteonetruesentence.Writethetruestsentenceyouknow.'Sofinally,Iwouldwriteatruesentenceandgoonfrom

there.ItwasawonderfulfeelingwhenIhadworkedwell."

Hemingwaysfirstbookofstorieswascalled"InOurTime."Itincludedastorycalled"BigTwo-HeartedRiver,"abouttheeffectofwaronayoungman.

IttellsabouttheyoungmantakingalongfishingtripinMichigan.Hemingwayhadlearnedfromhisfatherwhenhewasaboyaboutlivinginthewild.

Thestoryisabouttwokindsofrivers.Oneiscalmandclear.Itiswheretheyoungmanfishes.Theotherisdark.Itisaswamp,athreateningplace.

Thestoryshowstheyoungmantryingtoforgethispast.Heisalsotryingtoforgetthewar.Yetheneverreallyspeaksaboutit.Thereaderlearnsabouttheyoungman,notbecauseHemingwaytellsuswhattheyoungmanthinks,butbecauseheshowstheyoungmanlearningabouthimself.

"BigTwo-HeartedRiver"isconsideredoneofthebestmodernAmericanstories.Itisoftenpublishedincollectionsofbestwriting.

Afterthebookwaspublishedin1925,HadleyandHemingwayreturnedtotheUnitedStatesforthebirthoftheirson.TheyquicklyreturnedtoParis.

Hemingwaywasworkingonalongstory.Hewantedtopublishanovelsohewouldberecognizedasaseriouswriter.Andhewantedthemoneyanovelwouldearn.

Thenovelwascalled"TheSunAlso

Rises.ItisaboutyoungAmericansinEuropeafterWorldWarOne.Thewarhaddestroyedtheirdreams.Andithadgiventhemnothingtoreplacethosedreams.ThewriterGertrudeSteinlatercalledthesepeople~membersof"TheLostGeneration."Thebookwasanimmediatesuccess.Attheageoftwenty-fiveErnestHemingwaywasfamous.

Manypeople,however,couldnotrecognizeHemingway'sartbecausetheydidnotlikewhathewroteabout.Hemingway'ssentenceswereshort,thewayhehadbeentaughttowriteattheKansasCityStarnewspaper.Hewroteaboutwhatheknewandfelt.Heusedfewdescriptivewords.Hisstatementswereclearandeasilyunderstood.

Hehadlearnedfromearlierwriters,likeRingLardnerandSherwoodAnderson.ButHemingwaybroughtsomethingnewtohiswriting.Hewasabletopaintinwordswhathesawandfelt.Inlaterbooks,sometimeshemissed.Sometimesheevenlookedfoolish.Butwhenhewasrighthewasalmostperfect.

Withthesuccessofhisnovel,HemingwaybecameevenmorepopularinParis.Manypeoplecametoseehim.OnewasanAmericanwoman,PaulinePfeiffer.ShebecameHadley'sfriend.ThenPaulinefellinlovewithHemingway.

HemingwayandPaulinesaweachothersecretly.Onetime,theywentawaytogetheronashorttrip.Yearslater,Hemingwaywroteaboutreturninghomeafterthattrip:"WhenIsawHadleyagain,IwishedIhaddiedbeforeIeverlovedanyonebuther.Shewassmilingandthesunwasonherlovelyface."Butthemarriagewasover.ErnestHemingwayandHadleyseparated.Shekepttheirson.Heagreedtogivehermoneyheearnedfromhisbooks.

Inlateryears,helookedbackathismarriagetoHadleyasthehappiesttimeofhislife.

Attwenty-five,HemingwaywaslivinginParis.Hewasafamouswriter.

Buttheendofhisfirstmarriagemadehimwanttoleavetheplacewherehehadfirstbecomefamous.Yearslaterhesaid:"Thecitywasnevertobethesameagain.WhenIreturnedtoit,IfoundithadchangedasIhadchanged.PariswasneverthesameaswhenIwaspoorandveryhappy."

HemingwayandhisnewwifereturnedtotheUnitedStatesinnineteentwenty-eight.TheysettledinKeyWest,anislandwithafishingportnearthesoutherncoastofFlorida.

BeforeleavingParis,HemingwaysentacollectionofhisstoriestoNewYorktobepublished.Thebookofstories,called"MenWithoutWomen,"waspublishedsoonafterHemingwayarrivedinKeyWest.

Oneofthestorieswascalled"TheKillers."Init,Hemingwayusedadiscussionbetweentwomentocreateafeelingoftensionandcomingviolence.Thiswasanewmethodoftellingastory.

Nickopenedthedoorandwentintotheroom.OleAndersonwaslyingonthebedwithallhisclotheson.Hehadbeenaheavyweightprizefighterandhewastoolongforthebed.Helaywithhisheadontwopillows.HedidnotlookatNick.

"Whatwasit?”heasked.

〃IwasupatHenry's,”Nicksaid,"andtwofellowscameinandtiedmeupandthecook,andtheysaidtheyweregoingtokillyou.〃

Itsoundedsillywhenhesaidit.OleAndersonsaidnothing.

"Theyputusoutinthekitchen,"Nickwenton."Theyweregoingtoshootyouwhenyoucameintosupper."

OleAndersonlookedatthewallanddidnotsayanything.

"GeorgethoughtIoughttocomeandtellyouaboutit."

"Thereisn'tanythingIcandoaboutit,"OleAndersonsaid.

AnynewbookbyHemingwaywasanimportanteventforreaders.Butstorieslike"TheKillers"shockedmanypeople.Somethoughttherewastoomuchviolenceinhisstories.

Otherssaidheonlywroteaboutgunmen,soldiers,fightersanddrinkers.

ThiskindofcriticismmadeHemingwayangry.Hefeltthatwritersshouldnotbejudgedbythosewhocouldnotwriteastory.

HemingwaywashappyinKeyWest.Inthemorninghewrote,intheafternoonhefished,andatnighthewenttoapublichouseanddrank.Oneoldfishermansaid:"Hemingwaywasamanwhotalkedslowlyandverycarefully.Heaskedalotofquestions.Andhealwayswantedtogethisinformationexactlyright."

HemingwayandhiswifePaulinehadachildinKeyWest.Soonafterwardheheardthathisfatherhadkilledhimself.Hemingwaywasshocked.Hesaid:"Myfathertaughtmesomuch.HewastheonlyoneIreallycaredabout."

WhenHemingwayreturnedtowork

therewasasadness

about

his

writingthatwasnotthere

before.

Hisnew

booktold

about

an

American

soldierwho

served

with

the

armyduring

World

War

one.-1-口e meetsanEngj_isiinurse

andtheyfallinlove.Theyfleefromthearmy,butshediesduringchildbirth.SomeoftheeventsaretakenfromHemingway'sserviceinItaly.Thebookiscalled〃AFarewelltoArms."

Partofthebooktalksaboutthe

defeatoftheItalianarmyataplacecalledCaporetto.

"Atnoonwewerestuckinamuddyroadaboutasnearlyaswecouldfigure,tenkilometresfromUdine.Therainhadstoppedduringtheforenoonandthreetimeswehadheardplanescoming,seenthempassoverhead,watchedthemgofartotheleftandheardthembombingonthemainhighroad

"Laterwewereonaroadthatledtoariver.Therewasalonglineofabandonedtrucksandcartsonaroadleadinguptoabridge.Noonewasinsight.Theriverwashighandthebridgehadbeenblownupinthecenter;thestonearchwasfallenintotheriverandthebrownwaterwasgoingoverit.Wewentupthebanklookingforaplacetocross.

Wedidnotseeanytroops;onlyabandonedtrucksandstores.Alongtheriverbankwasnothingandnoonebutthewetbrushandmuddyground.""AFarewelltoArms"wasverysuccessful.ItearnedHemingwayagreatdealofmoney.Anditpermittedhimtotravel.OneplacehevisitedwasSpain,acountrythatheloved.Hesaid:"IwanttopaintwithwordsallthesightsandsoundsandsmellsofSpain.AndifIcanwriteanyofitdowntruly,thenitwillrepresentallofSpain."

Abookcalled"DeathintheAfternoon"wastheresult.ItdescribestheSpanishtraditionofbullfighting.Hemingwaybelievedthatbullfightingwasanart,justasmuchaswritingwasanart.Andhebelieveditwasatruetestofaman's

bravery,somethingthatalwaysconcernedhim.

HemingwayalsotraveledtoAfrica.

HehadbeenaskedtowriteaseriesofreportsaboutAfricanhunting.Hesaid:"HuntinginAfricaisthekindofhuntingIlike.Noridingincars,justsimplewalkingandfeelingthegrassundermyfeet."

ThetriptoAfricaresultedinabookcalled"TheGreenHillsofAfrica"andanumberofstories.OnestoryisamongHemingway'sbest.Hesaidawritersavessomestoriestowritewhenheknowsenoughtowritethemwell.

Thestoryiscalled"TheSnowsofKilimanjaro."IttellsofHemingway'sfearsabouthimself.Itisaboutawriterwhobetrayshisartformoney

andisunabletoremaintruetohimself.

Innineteenthirty-six,theCivilWarinSpaingavehimachancetoreturntoSpainandtesthisbraveryagain.HeagreedtowriteaboutthewarforanAmericannewsorganization.

Itwasadangerousjob.Oneday,Hemingwayandtwootherreportersweredrivingacarnearabattlefield.Thecarcarriedtwowhiteflags.Butrebelgunnersthoughtthecarwascarryingenemyofficers.Hemingwaywasalmostkilled.Hesaid:"Shellsareallthesame.Iftheydonothityou,thereisnostory.Iftheydohityou,thenyoudonothavetowriteit."

ThetriptoSpainresultedintwoworks,aplaycalled"TheFifth

Column"andthenovel"ForWhomtheBellTolls."ThenoveltellsthestoryofanAmericanwhohaschosentofightagainstthefascists.

Herealizesthatthereareliesandinjusticeonhisside,aswellastheother.Butheseesnohopeexceptthevictoryofhisside.Duringthefighting,heescapeshisfearofdeathandofbeingalone.Hefindsthat"hecanliveasfullalifeinseventyhoursasinseventyyears."Thebookwasagreatsuccess.Hemingwayenjoyedbeingfamous.Hissecondmarriagewasending.HedivorcedPaulineandmarriedreporterMarthaGellhorn.HehadmetMarthawhiletheywereworkinginSpain.TheydecidedtoliveinCuba,nearthecityofHavana.Theirhou