英語論文分析學(xué)習(xí)-第1節(jié)-introduction課件

ThecontentsofaresearcharticleorthesisAbstractIntroductionmethodologyresultsDiscussion/conclusionWheretofindtheintroductionsectioninapaper?(examples)1stsectionofapaperWhatIsanIntroduction?Whatquestionswillreadersaskwhenreadinganessay:1.WhattopicamIgoingtolearnabout?2.Whyisthattopicimportant?3.DoIknowthetopicalready?WhatdoIknowalready?Anintroductionaimstoanswerthese3questions.What’sthePurposeoftheIntroduction?comesatthestartofapieceofwriting.introducestheresearchbysituatingit(bygivingbackground),presentingtheresearchproblemsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolvedexplainswhytheresearchisbeingdone(rationale，基本原理)ContentsofanintroductionPractice:fast-readsample1anddecidehowmanypartsdoesthecontentconsistof?Andmarkthekeywordsifyoucanwhichhelpyoutoorganizethestructure.

ContentsofanintroductionAnintroductionshouldincludethefollowing:1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)ContentsofanintroductionQ:Whatarethewaystoestablishatopic?A:ClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsEstablishatopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionClaimingCentrality

Claimingthattheareaofresearchisanimportantone,andthereforeimplyingthattheresearchdoneisalsocrucial.Sample1:ContentsofanintroductionQ2:whichsentencestatestheimportanceoftheresearch?Lookatthefollowingexamplesandfindthekeywords.E.g1:Thedesignofreliablehingesisessentialforthedevelopmentofdeployablestructuresinspaceapplications.

Thedesignofreliablehingesisessentialforthedevelopmentofdeployablestructuresinspaceapplications.

E.g2.:3D-TVhasrecentlyreceivedmuchattentionfrombothacademiaandindustry.E.g2:3D-TVhasrecentlyreceivedmuchattentionfrombothacademiaandindustry.ContentsofanintroductionE.g3:Theincreasinginterestinhigh-angle-of–attackaerodynamicshasheightenedtheneedforcomputationaltools.Theincreasinginterestinhigh-angle-of–attackaerodynamicshasheightenedtheneedforcomputationaltools.Contentsofanintroductionsummary–sentencesstatingtheimportanceoftheresearch

“animportant/essentialpartof…”

“playsamajorrole”

“Manystudieshavefocusedon…..”Practice:Readthe1stoneortwosentencesintheintroductionofyourownselection,andfindifthereisanysignalwordindicating”importance/interest”ofthetopic?EstablishatopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionGeneraltospecific

Mostwritingstartswithgeneralinformationandthenmovestospecificinformation.Thisistrueofintroductionstoo.Practice:readsample2,anddecidehowthetopicisestablished.Impactofheavymetalsexpenseandshortcomingsofmethodsofremovingheavymetals(lessgeneral).expenseandshortcomingsofmethodsofremovingheavymetalsindevelopingcountriesalternativetechnologiestoovercomeexpenseandshortcomingsbiologicalmaterialsasanexampleofalternativetechnologiesEstablishatopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionPreviousresearchOftentheIntroductionwillrefertoworkalreadydoneintheresearchareainordertoprovidebackground(andoftenalsotohelpdefinetheresearchproblem).includetheresearchreferenceswherenecessary.ContentsofanintroductionExample:"Numerousstudiesontheutilizationofplantproteinsasapartialorcompletereplacementforfishmealindietshave

been

conductedusingvariousfreshwaterandmarinesfishes(Lovell,1987;Taconetal.,1983;Muraietal.,1989a;Coweyetal.,1974).ContentsofanintroductionQ:Don’ttheresearchreferencesmeanthatthisispartoftheliteraturereview?

No.ContentsofanintroductionPreviousresearch

partofthebackgroundtogeneralresearchinthisarea.

literaturereview

comeslatermorelikelytodealwithindividualstudiesandtheirmethodsorresults.

Inathesistheliteraturereviewismuchlongerandmaybeaseparatechapter.EstablishatopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionExample:"Duringthepast40years,theUnitedStateshasexperiencedtherapidintegrationofthecomputerintosocietyandmorerecentlyintoeducationalsettings.Manyschoolshavepurchasedlargenumbersofcomputersforuseinclassroomandcomputerlabsinordertokeeppacewiththerapidlychangingrequirementsofsociety."EstablishatopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingofthebackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionDefinitionofKeyWordsItishelpfultoyourreadersifyoudefinethekeywordsinyourtitle—perhapsyoucanbeginwithadefinitionorafactaboutoneofthosekeywords.ContentsofanintroductionExample:"Peptic(胃蛋白酶的，消化的)ulcer(潰瘍)diseaseis

a

chronic

disease

characterized

byfrequentrecurrences.Thecontinuationofanti-ulcertherapyafterulcerhealingresultsinareducedrateofulcerrecurrencebutdoesnotaffectthenaturalhistoryofthedisease,becausetheexpectedpatternofrapidrecurrenceresumeswhenmaintenancetherapyisdiscontinued"(AnnalsofInternalMedicine,pp.116-705,1992).ContentsofanintroductionPractice:readthe1st4sentencesinsample3tofindthewaysusedtoestablishatopic?A:Claimingcentralityand/orGeneraltospecificand/orPreviousresearchand/orDescribingofthebackgroundand/orDefinitionofkeywordsContentsofanintroductionSummary:amixofthefollowing:ClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingthebackground1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)ContentsofanintroductionEstablishtheNeed/Gap

Aresearchgapisanareawherenoorlittleresearchhasbeencarriedout.Thisisshownbyoutliningtheworkalreadydonetoshowwherethereisagapintheresearch(whichyouwillthenfillwithyourresearch).Transitionalwordsawayfromliteraturereview:“However”or“Although”.ContentsofanintroductionEstablishtheNeed/Gap

WaysIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryCounter-claimingEstablishthegapIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryCounter-claimingContentsofanintroductionExample:"Numerousstudiesontheutilizationofplantproteinsasapartialorcompletereplacementforfishmealindiets

havebeenconductedusingvariousfreshwaterandmarinesfishes(Lovell,1987;Taconetal.,1983;Muraietal.,1989a;Coweyetal.,1974).However,verylittleisknownaboutthefeasibilityofusingsoybeanmealasadietaryproteinsourceinpracticalfeedsforyellowtailSeriolaquinqueradiata.(Takiietal.,1989)"ContentsofanintroductionExample:"Numerous

studiesontheutilizationofplantproteinsasapartialorcompletereplacementforfishmealindiets

havebeenconductedusingvariousfreshwaterandmarinesfishes(Lovell,1987;Taconetal.,1983;Muraietal.,1989a;Coweyetal.,1974).–previousresearchHowever,verylittleisknownaboutthefeasibilityofusingsoybeanmealasadietaryproteinsourceinpracticalfeedsforyellowtailSeriolaquinqueradiata.(Takiietal.,1989)“--gapE.g:However,totheauthor’sknowledge,self-lockingphenomenonofthehingeinthedeployedconfigurationhasneverreceivedanacceptablephysicalexplanationinthescientificliteraturebasedonanumericalsimulation.However,totheauthor’sknowledge,self-lockingphenomenonofthehingeinthedeployedconfigurationhasneverreceivedanacceptablephysicalexplanationinthescientificliteraturebasedonanumericalsimulation.ContentsofanintroductionSummary:IndicatingaGap

“However,littleworkhasbeendone”

“noclearlearning-teachingmodelhasbeenlaidout”

Practice:Readtheintroductionofyourownselection,andfindifthereisanysignalword,“however”,“l(fā)ittleisdone…”…EstablishthegapIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryCounter-claimingContentsofanintroductionRaisingaquestion

RaisingaquestionTheresearchproblemisdefinedbyaskingaquestiontowhichtheanswerisunknown,andwhichyouwillexploreinyourresearch.ContentsofanintroductionExample:"Thequestionweaddresshereishow

technologicalchangeoccurswhenitistheoverallsystemthatneedstobechanged.Inparticular,how

we

canbeginandsustainatechnologicaltransitionawayfromhydrocarbonbasedtechnologiesremainunanswered(StreetandMiles,1996)."EstablishthegapIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryCounter-claimingContentsofanintroductionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiry

ContentsofanintroductionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiry

Buildingonworkalreadydone,buttakingitfurther(by①usinganewsample,②extendingtheareastudied,③takingmorefactorsintoconsideration,④takingfewerfactorsintoconsideration,etc.).ContentsofanintroductionExample:Takingalltheseelementsandtheirpossiblevariationsintoaccountisoftenfartoocomplexandtedious

fordeterminingefficientgasdevelopmentpatternswithsimplebackoftheenvelopecalculations.Inthispaper,wepresentagasplanningmodelthatfulfilssomeofthespecificationsestablishedinJuliusandMashayeki[8].(BoucherandSmeers,1996)"EstablishthegapIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryCounter-claimingContentsofanintroductionCounter-claiming

Aconflictingclaim,theoryormethodisputforward.Example:However,theuseof….resultsinsuchadegreeofsphericalaberrationthatradicaldesignchangeshavebecomenecessary.However,theuseof….resultsinsuchadegreeofsphericalaberrationthat

radicaldesignchangeshavebecomenecessary.ContentsofanintroductionPractice:Checkfromsample3todecidewhichsentenceisestablishingthegap,andinwhichway?WaysIndicatingagaporRaisingaquestionorContinuingapreviouslydevelopedlineofenquiryorCounter-claiming1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)ContentsofanintroductionStatethePurposeofYourResearchHowwillthegapbefilled?Howtheresearchproblembeanswered?Thispartanswerthreequestions:OutliningpurposeAnnouncingpresentresearch/methodAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)PurposeofthestudyOutliningpurposeAnnouncingpresentresearch/methodAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)ContentsofanintroductionExample1:"Thisworkaimstoestablishtheextentofinteractionofalginate(海藻)withcalciumandaluminiumionswithrespecttotheinfluenceofalgalexudateshaveontheremovalofhumicsubstancesbyaluminiumcoagulation(凝結(jié)物)duringdrinkingwatertreatment.(Gregoretal.,1996)"ContentsofanintroductionExample1:"Thisworkaimstoestablishtheextentofinteractionofalginate(海藻)withcalciumandaluminiumionswithrespecttotheinfluenceofalgalexudateshaveontheremovalofhumicsubstancesbyaluminiumcoagulation(凝結(jié)物)duringdrinkingwatertreatment.(Gregoretal.,1996)"ContentsofanintroductionOutliningpurposeOftenresearcherswilldescribetheirobjectivesintheirintroductioninorderforthereadertohaveaclearideaofwhattheysetouttoaccomplish.Usuallythereisageneralobjectivewritteninonesentence(detailsofmorespecificobjectivescanbegiveninfollowingsentences).Practice:Readintroductionofyourownselection,andfindiftherearesignalwords,“purpose/aim/objectiveofthisstudy….”PurposeofthestudyOutliningpurposeAnnouncingpresentresearch/methodAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)ContentsofanintroductionExample2:"Thispaperexaminestheuseofpeat(泥炭，泥煤)fortheremovaloftwometals,copperandnickel,frombothmono-solute(溶解物)andbi-solutesolutions.Inparticular,itreportstheeffectthatacompetingionhasontheratesofremovalandexaminesthemechanismswhichmayaffecttheuptakeofminerals.(Hoetal.,1996)"ContentsofanintroductionExample2:"Thispaperexaminestheuseofpeat(泥炭，泥煤)fortheremovaloftwometals,copperandnickel,frombothmono-solute(溶解物)andbi-solutesolutions.Inparticular,itreportstheeffectthatacompetingionhasontheratesofremovalandexaminesthemechanismswhichmayaffecttheuptakeofminerals.(Hoetal.,1996)"ContentsofanintroductionAnnouncingpresentresearch(method)

Importantpointsaboutthemethodologyusedareoutlined,perhapsincludingthescopeofthestudy.However,themethodologyisnotgivenindetail(sincedetailsaregiveninthemethodologysection).Practice:Readtheintroductionofyourselectedpaper,andfindthesignalwords,“thispaperstudies/presents/…”PurposeofthestudyOutliningpurposeAnnouncingpresentresearch/methodAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)ContentsofanintroductionExample3:"DifferentoperatingmodesoftheMESFETmixers,gatemixers,drainmixers,andresistivemixerswereinvestigatedinthisworkandtheresultsprovedthatgoodconversioncharacteristicscouldbeachieved.(Angelov,1991)"ContentsofanintroductionExample3:"DifferentoperatingmodesoftheMESFETmixers,gatemixers,drainmixers,andresistivemixerswereinvestigatedinthisworkandtheresultsprovedthatgoodconversioncharacteristicscouldbeachieved.(Angelov,1991)"ContentsofanintroductionAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)

Researchersmayindicatethekindofresultstheyobtained,oranoverallsummaryoftheirfindings.AThesisstatement(主旨陳述）:--whatyou’llprove--theargument--thescope--themainidea--thepurposeofthepaperContentsofanintroductionPractice:checkfromsample3tolocatethesentenceswhichstatethePurposeoftheresearch.Thispartanswerthreequestions:Outliningpurposeand/orAnnouncingpresentresearch/methodand/orAnnouncingprinciplefindings(results)Trytofindtheinformationbasedontheabove.1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)ContentsofanintroductionStateValueofResearchby1.Indicatingbenefitsofcurrentresearch

2.Indicatingdirectionsforfurtherresearch

ContentsofanintroductionExample1:“

Thepaperfurthersuggests

amultidisciplinarymanagementapproachtoeffectafavorableoutcomeforthewholefishingcommunity(Limetal.,1995)."Indicatingbenefitsofcurrentresearch:helpstojustifywhyitwascarriedoutandemphasizesthevalueofthestudy.ContentsofanintroductionExample2:"Thispapertakesafirststep

inthisdirectionbylayingouttherationaleforincorporatingfeedbackandfeedforwardmechanismsindecisionsupportfordynamictaskssuchassoftwareprojectmanagement(SenguptaandAbdel-Hamid,1993)."ContentsofanintroductionIndicatingdirectionsforfurtherresearch

Researchoftenopensupotherareaswhereresearchcouldorshouldbedone,soitiscommonfortheseareastobedefinedintheintroduction.Itisalsoawayofindicatingthatthecurrentstudyisnotdesignedtobecomprehensive.Practice:readsample3andfindthevalueofthestudy.1.Establishthetopic2.Literaturereview3.Investigationneeds(Gap)4.Purposeoftheresearch5.Valueoftheresearch(optional)6.Outlineoftheresearch(optional)ContentsofanintroductionOutlinetheResearchIndicatingtheStructureoftheResearch

Example:“

Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.Alternativerepresentationsofdemandandsupplyarediscussed

insections2and3respectively.Themodelisdescribedinsection4.Section5presentsanapplicationofthetooltoagasreservesdevelopmenttimingprobleminIndonesia.Thefullsetofequationsisgivenintheappendixandisreferredtothroughoutthetext.(BoucherandSmeers,1996)"introductionEstablishthetopicClaimingcentralityGeneraltospecificPreviousresearchDescribingbackgroundDefinitionofkeywordsLiteraturereviewInvestigationneedsIndicatingagapRaisingaquestionContinueatraditionCounter-claimingPurposeoftheresearchOutliningpurposeAnnouncingpresentresearchAnnouncingfindingsValueoftheresearchOutlineoftheresearch3movesEstablishaterritory(確定研究范圍）Signalwords:Interest…h(huán)asrisen,….hasbecomepopular…Important…Establishaniche（提出問題）Signalwords:However,asignificantdrawbackof…However,thedeficiencyis…Occupytheniche（介紹自己成果）Signalwords:Theobjectiveofthisworkisto…Thispaperfocuseson…SummaryoftenseA：“inrecentyears,manystudieshavefocusedon..thePresentPerfecttense(現(xiàn)在完成時),E.g.:Therearesubstantialbenefitstobegainedfrom…

thePresentSimpletense（一般現(xiàn)在時）ContentsofanintroductionDescribingoftheBackground(tense,時態(tài))Providegeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader.Researcharticlesusuallybeginwithaccepted/establishedfacts,sothepartisgenerallyinthePresentSimpletense.

However,thetensehastobedecidedbythefactsyouaretelling.

ContentsofanintroductionDescribingoftheBackground(tense,時態(tài))Providegeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader.Researcharticlesusuallybeginwithaccepted/establishedfacts,sothepartisgenerallyinthePresentSimpletense.

However,thetensehastobedecidedbythefactsyouaretelling.

UseoftenseinanintroductionPresentsimplevspastsimpletenseExample1:Wefoundthatthepressureincreasedasthetemperaturerose,whichindicatedthattemperatureplayedasignificantroleintheprocesspasttense:yourfindingsarelinkedonlytoyourownresearch,andyoudon’tclaimyourdeductionsshouldbeconsideredasacceptedorestablishedfacts..example1:Wefoundthatthepressureincreasedasthetemperaturerose,whichindicat