英語專八考試聽力題型輔導材料

第頁共頁英語專八考試聽力題型輔導材料英語專八考試聽力題型輔導材料SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtopleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,you'llbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestopletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.SevenTypesofEvidenceGoodmorning.Todaywewilltalkabouthowtouseevidenceinwriting.Inmuchofyourcollegewriting,youwilltrytopersuadeyourreaderstoseethingsyourway.Withoutgoodevidencetosupportyourideas,youwillhardlypersuadeanyoneofanything.Sotodaywe'lllookatsevenkindsofevidencethatarewidelyusedinargumentativewriting.Thefirsttypeofevidenceisexperttestimony.Anexpertissomeonewhohasspecialskillandknowledgebasedoncarefulstudyandwideexperienceinacertainarea.Morethanthat,anexperthastestedhisorherskillandknowledgeinapublicforum.Onceyouropinionisfirm,youcanuseexperttestimonytosupportit.Touseexperttestimonywisely,youneedtobebothrespectfulandcritical.Youwillneedtodifferentiateamongthreekindsofevidencethatexpertsprovide:facts,informedopinions,andspeculations.Generally,youcanusefactsandinformedopinions,butmustbecautiouswithspeculations.Thisisbecausespeculationsarejustwhatonepersonthinksisplausible,sotheyshouldbetreatedassomethingthatcouldbetrue.Thesecondtypeofevidenceisstatistics.Statisticsarenumericaldatagatheredandtabulatedtoyieldinformation.Whethertheyarerawdataortranslatedintochartsandfigures,numbersarepowerfulevidence.Iftheyareproperlyused,datacanproveaclaimrapidlyandconclusively.Whenasurveyshowsthat95percentofseniorstudentsaresatisfiedwiththecoursestheyhavetakenatauniversity,wecanpersuadereadersthattheuniversityisagoodone.Butyoumustbecarefulwithnumbers.Onlywhenthedataarevalid,accurateanduptodatecantheyreallysupportyourpoint.Sowhenyouwanttousedata,examinecarefullybeforeputtingthemdowninyourarticle.Nextesthethirdevidence,exles.Everydayyouuseexlesasevidenceforyourclaims.Youmightwritetoyourparents,“SorryIhaven'twrittenmuchbutI'vebeenverybusy.Ispentlastweekinthelibrary,bentoverthebooksstudyingfortwomidterms.”Inthiscase,youestablishyourclaimandbackitupwithaspecificexle.Exlesservethreepurposes.First,theyclarifymeaning.Yourparentsmaynotknowexactlywhatyoumeanbybusyuntilyoushowthem.Second,exlesdemonstratewhy,atleastinoneinstance,youarejustifiedinmakingyourclaim.Studyingfortwomidtermsdoessoundlikebeingbusy.Third,exlesmakeforentertainingreading.Abstractionsaredry.Claimingthatyouarebusyisn'tveryinteresting.Buttheimageofyoubentintentlyoverabookprobablypleasesyourparents,whomaynowforgiveyoufornotwriting.Thefourthtypeofevidenceispersonalexperience.Ifweactuallyexperiencesomethingdirectly,wedon'tneedexpertsorstatisticstobackusup.Althoughweknowthatourexperienceisnottotallyreliable,wetrustoursensesandourabilitytounderstandourpersonalexperience.Andinsomecases,ourownexperiencecanpersuadereaderstoacceptourstatement.Inplexmatters,however,beawareofjumpingtoconclusionsbasedonlimitedpersonalexperience.Yourexperiencemayhelptoexplain,butitcannotproveamoregeneralthesis.Knowingsomeonewhocheatsonherinetaxdoesnotprovethattheproblemwithinetaxcheatersispervasive.Evenifyouknowfiveortenortwentycheaters,allthatprovesisthatyouareunluckyinyouracquaintances.Forsuchaplexsubject,youneedmorethanpersonalexperience.Youneedstatisticsandexpertinterpretation.Analogyisthefifthtypeofevidenceonourlist.Ananalogyisaparisonofapparentlydissimilarthings,anditspurposeistoilluminateonethingbyshowinghowitislikeandnotliketheother.Ifwellused,ananalogycanmakeanabstract,unfamiliartopiceasytounderstand.Forexle,ifawriterwantstodirectlypersuadereadersthatitisourworkthatdeterminesoursocialrole,hewouldfaceatoughtask.Butanalogycanhelphimout.Hereishisanalogy:Humanbeingsinasocietyarelikethebeesinahive.Eachperson'sidentityisdeterminedbyhisorherplaceintheoverallsystem.Likedrones,noonehasanyidentitybuttheworkheorshedoes.Andifonedoesn'twork,hewillbekickedoutofthesocietyjustlikeadroneoutofthehive.However,analogiesshouldbeusedwithcaution.Totheextentthatanalogiesmakeapointeasytosee,theyareevidence.Buttheydon'tprovethepoint—theycanneverbesufficientevidenceforaplexidea.Afteranalogy,let'slookatthenexttypeofevidence,knownfacts.Whenwriting,youcansafelyassumethatyouandyourreadersshareavastbodyoffactsandbeliefs.Youdon'tneedtopointoutColumbusarrivedinAmericain1492,orthatChinahasahistoryaslongas5,000years.Butthesefactscanbeusedasevidenceinyourwriting.Thelasttypeofevidenceweusuallyuseislogicandreasoning.Insomecases,weusethembecausewecan'tfindanyotherfactualevidence.Andinsomecaseswherewecanfindfactualevidence,reasoningcanmakeourargumentmorepersuasive.PeopleinChinabelievethatgoodargumentshouldappealtobothsenseandsensibility,whichmeansthatbothfactualevidenceandreasoningarenecessary.OK,thesearetheseventypesofevidence.ectionBINTERVIEWM:Weletoourshow.Todaywe'regoingtodiscusssomeimportantquestionsaboutwomenandinheritance.Forexle,whathappenstoawomanwhenherhusbanddies,andwhobeestherightfulownerofhisproperty?Isthereanythingawomancandotoensurethatshereceivestheproperty?Tohelpusanswertheseandotherquestions,we'veinvitedalawyer,Mrs.ElizabethMutwa,tojoinus.WeletotheshowMrs.Mutwa.W:Thankyou.It'sapleasuretobehere.M:Mrs.Mutwa,letmestartbyaskingyouthis.Whataresomeoftheconcernsyouhaveaboutwomenandtheinheritancelawsthataffectthem?W:EverydayImeetwomenwhosehusbandsaredying.Thesewomenareafraidthattheyaregoingtoloseeverything—theirhome,theirland,theirlivestock...andtheybelievethereisnothingtheycandoaboutit.Thatisaterrible,desperatefeeling.M:Yes,tofeelthatyouaregoingtoloseeverythingisterrifying.W:Ofcourseitis.AndI'msorrytosaythatoftenawomandoesloseeverything—becausethepropertyistakenbyherhusband'srelatives.Wecallthispropertygrabbing.M:Isthereanywaytopreventpropertygrabbingandreturnpropertytothewoman?W:Yes.Womenhavelegalrightstolandandotherproperties.Butunfortunately,mostwomendon'tknowthis.Sotheydon'ttakeanyaction.M:Youmeanwomenthinkthatthelawisagainstthem—sotheydon'tchallengeit?W:That'sright.Butagain,Iwanttomakethisveryclear.Thelawisnotagainstwomen.Womenhaverightstokeepproperty—theyjustdon'tknowit!M:So,it'simportantforwomentounderstandwhatrightstheyhave,andhowthelawworks.W:Exactly.Oncetheyknowthelaws,theycantakestepstomakesurethattheykeeptheirhomeandtheirland.t:Discusstheimportanceofmakingawillwithyourhusband.Encouragehimtomakeawillinthepresenceofwitnesses.Numbertwo:Findoutifitispossibletoregisterthehomewhereyoulivewithyourhusband.Ifyoucan,youwillremaintheownerofthelandandhouseafteryourhusband'sdeath.Numberthree:Getlegaladvicefromalawyer,aparalegaloralocalorganizationthatoffersthistypeofassistance.Theycanhelpyouunderstandyourrightsandthelaw.M:Mrs.Mutwa,Ithinktheadvicethatyou'veofferedhereontheprogramwillhelpmanywomen.Doyouthink