考研真題：廣東財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)2022年英語(yǔ)水平考試真題

PAGE考研真題：廣東財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)2022年[英語(yǔ)水平]考試真題Cloze完形填空（30題，每題1分，共30分）PassageOneDearMissBrown,Thankyouforyourletterof5October,concerningfaultygoodspurchasedinourstoreinBasingstoke.Iamverysorryindeedthatyouwerenotsatisfiedwiththecelebrationchocolatesthatyouboughtfromourstore.Ican1┄┄yourdisappointmentwhenyoudiscoveredthatthechocolateswerenotasshownonthe2┄┄andwere,in3┄┄,allthesameshape.Ourcompanyisalwaystryingtoimprovethe4┄┄ofitsmerchandise,andweareveryunhappywhenoneofourproductsdoesnot5┄┄satisfaction.Themanufacturersofourchocolateshave6┄┄guidelinesforproduction,whichshould7┄┄instancessuchasthisfromhappening.Obviouslyourcheckingandpackingprocedureswerenot8┄┄,andwewilldiscussthiswiththemanufacturers.Inthe9┄┄,Iregretthedisappointmentyouwere10┄┄.Asagestureofgoodwill,Ihavepleasureinrefundingthe11┄┄ofthechocolates,andencloseagiftvoucherthatyoucan12┄┄inourBasingstokebranch.Thankyouforbringingthismattertoour13┄┄.Ihopeanyfuturepurchasesyoumay14┄┄atourstoreswillbeuptoour15┄┄highstandards.Yourssincerely,ANFergusonANFergusonCustomerRelations1.A.knowB.distinguishC.understandD.recognise2.A.packagingB.layerC.parcelD.envelope3.A.pointB.factC.honestyD.detail4.A.worthB.goodnessC.qualityD.grade5.A.meetB.supplyC.presentD.give6.A.straightB.pureC.immediateD.clear7.A.preventB.avoidC.forbidD.contain8.A.followedB.admittedC.confirmedD.engaged9.A.whileB.meantimeC.periodD.space10.A.broughtB.causedC.effectedD.produced11.A.costB.moneyC.amountD.bill12.A.employB.operateC.applyD.use13.A.viewB.attentionC.sightD.regard14.A.moveB.haveC.makeD.do15.A.ordinaryB.usualC.commonD.naturalPassageTwoDuringthelastyear,weannouncedthesignificantexpansionofourplasticsheetingplantinMalaysia,which,togetherwiththeacquisitionoftheIndonesianfactory,willapproximatelydoubletheGroup’smanufacturing16….Thecostofthisdevelopmentiswithin17…andwillbeapproximately$5.6m,ofwhich$2.7mwasincurredduringthepreviousyear.Itisonscheduleto18……increasingvolumesfromOctoberthisyear.Followingthe19……ofplastictubingmanufacturefromGermanytoThailand,wehaveeffectivelydoubledthecapacityofthisfacilityatan20…………costof$12m.Theprojectissettocostlessthantheoriginal21………andisontargetforincreasedproductionbyJunenextyear.InFebruary,weannouncedour22………tosellourfactoryinIreland.ThisdecisionisinlinewiththeGroup’sstrategyof23……onourcorecategoriesofbrandedproducts.InJune,weannouncedinvestmentinanewstate-of-the-artUKmanufacturingfacilityforspecialistplasticcomponents.Thisfacilitywillbe24……bythemiddleofnextyearandwillincreasetheGroup’scapacitytomanufactureproductsefficientlyin-house.Atthesametimeitwill25…about200newjobsinanareaofhighunemployment.Thefactoryistocostapproximately$24m,towardswhichgovernment26…ofupto$4marealreadyavailable.Sadly,aspartofthismove,weannouncedthe27…ofourBlackburnfacility,whichisduetotakeplaceintheearlypartofnextyear.Aspartofourcommitmenttoeffectiveexternalcommunicationswithallourstakeholders,inOctoberwe28…thecorporatewebsite,whichisnowprovidingup-to-dateinformationontheGroup,andwelookforwardtoreceiving29…fromusersofthesite.Existingproductwebsitesarenowinthe30…ofbeingredesignedaspartoftheglobalrebrandingstrategy.16AoutputByieldCtotalDmass17AbudgetBincomeCaccountDfund18AforwardBtransferCadvanceDdeliver19AreplacementBrearrangingCrelocationDredistribution20.AaimedBimaginedCacceptedDexpected21.AguessBjudgmentCestimateDconviction22AfocusBobjectCintentionDpurpose23AconcentratingBplanningCattendingDdirecting24ArunningBimplementingCexecutingDorganizing25AappointBresultCemployDcreate26AscholarshipsBgrantsCallocationsDgifts27AfinishBclosureCendingDconclusion28AdispatchedBpromptedClaunchedDeffected29AattitudeBapproachCoutlookDfeedback30ApracticeBprogressCprocessDprocedureProofreadinganderrorcorrection改錯(cuò)題(15題，每題2分，共30分)MarketResearchMarketresearchinvolvesincollectingandsortingfactsandopinionsfromspecificgroupsofpeople.Thepurposeofresearchcanvaryfromdiscoverthepopularityofapoliticalpartytoassessingwhetherisaproductneedschangingorreplacing.Mostworkinconsumerresearchinvolvesinterviewersemployingbymarketresearchagencies,butcertainindustrialandsocialresearchiscarriedoutbyanyspecialistagencies.Interviewsmaybewithindividualsorgroupsandcanlastanythingasfromafewminutestoanhourormore.Insomeinterviews,peoplemaybeaskedtoexamineortryoutproductsaftergivinguptheiropinion.Successfulinterviewerstendtolikemeetingpeopleandshouldnotonlybeshyofaddressingstrangers.Interviewersareusuallyexpectedtoworkunsupervised,organizingtheirownworkload.Self-disciplineisabsolutelyessential,andasaremotivationandenergy.Therearenospecificagelimitsforsuchawork,thoughmanyagenciesprefertoemployolderapplicantswithexperienceofmeetingpeople.Marketresearchagencieswhichfrequentlyorganizetraining,wheretraineeslearnhowtorecognizesocio-economicgroupsandpracticeapproachingtothepublic.Forinformationonmarketresearchtrainingandqualifications,contracttheMarketResearchAssociation.Gap-filling選詞填空題（15題，每題2分，共30分）Itisn'tjustthebeerthat1tobeerbellies.Itcouldalsobetheextracalories，fatandunhealthyeatingchoicesthatmaycomewith2drinking.Arecentstudyfoundthatmenconsumean3433calories(equivalenttoaMcDonald'sdoublecheeseburger)ondaystheydrinkamoderateamountofalcohol.About61%ofthecaloric4comesfromthealcoholitself.Menalsoreporteatinghigheramountsofsaturatedfatsandmeat，andlessfruitandmilk,onthosedaysthanondayswhentheyaren'tdrinking,thestudyshowed.Womenfaredabitbetter，takinginanextra300caloriesonmoderate-drinkingdays，fromthealcoholandeatingfattierfoods.Butwomen'sincreaseincaloriesfromadditionaleatingwasn'tstatisticallysignificant，thestudysaid.'Menandwomen5lesshealthilyondaystheydrankalcohol,'saidRosalindBreslow,anepidemiologistwiththefederalNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismandleadauthorofthestudy.'Poorerfoodchoicesondrinkingdayshavepublic-health6，'shesaid.Thefindingsdovetailwithcontrolledlabstudiesinwhich7generallyeatmorefoodafterconsumingalcohol.Researcherssuggestthatalcoholmayenhance'theshort-termrewardingeffects'ofconsumingfood，accordingtoa2010reportinthejournalPhysiology&Behaviorthatreviewedpreviousstudiesonalcohol，appetiteandobesity.Butotherstudieshavepointedtoadifferenttrend.Moderatedrinkersgainless8weightovertimethaneitherheavydrinkersorpeoplewhoabstainfromalcohol,particularlywomen，thisresearchhasshown.Moderatedrinkingis9havingabouttwodrinksadayformenandoneforwomen.'Peoplewhogaintheleastweightaremoderatedrinkers，regardlessof[alcoholic]beveragechoice，'saidEricRimm,anassociateprofessorofepidemiologyandnutritionatHarvardMedicalSchoolandchairmanofthe2010reviewofalcoholinthefederaldietary10.Theweight-gaindifferenceismodest，and'startingtodrinkisnotaweight-lossdiet，'hesaid.Thevariousresearcheffortsformpartofalong-standing11abouthowalcoholaffectspeople'sappetites，weightandoverallhealth.Researcherssaytherearen'tsimpleanswers，andsuggestthatindividuals'metabolism,drinkingpatternsandgendermayplayarole.Alcoholis'arealwildcardwhenitcomestoweightmanagement,'saidKarenMiller-Kovach，chiefscientificofficerofWeightWatchersInternational.Atsevencaloriespergram,alcoholisclosertofatthantocarbohydrateorproteinincaloriccontent,shesaid.Alcoholtendstolowerrestraint，shenotes，causingapersontobecomemore12withwhatthey'reeating.Researchbolsteringtheroleofmoderatedrinkinginhelpingtocontrolweightgainwaspublishedin2004inthejournalObesityResearch.Thatstudyfollowednearly50，000womenovereightyears.Anearlierstudy，publishedintheAmericanJournalofEpidemiologyin1994，followedmorethan7，000peoplefor10yearsandfoundthatmoderatedrinkersgainedlessweightthannondrinkers.Studiescomparingchangesinwaistcircumferenceamongdifferentgroupshaveyieldedsimilarresults.Dr.Rimmsaiditisn'tclearwhymoderatedrinkingmaybe13againsttypicalweightgain，butitcouldhavetodowithmetabolic14.Afterpeopledrinkalcohol，theirheartrateincreasessotheyburnmorecaloriesinthefollowinghour.'It'samodestamount，'hesaid.'Butifyoutakeanindividualthateats100caloriesinsteadofaglassofwine，thepersondrinkingtheglassofwinewillhavea15increaseintheamountofcaloriesburned.'A：indulgentB：participantsC：debateD：consideredE：contributesF：contestG：guidelinesH：protectiveI：moderateJ：indexK：implicationsL：considerateM：additionalN：experiencedO：owesP：increaseQ：decreaseR：ateS：weightT：adjustmentsU：greatV：slight四、ReadingComprehension閱讀理解（30題，每題2分，共60分）PassageOneIdon’teverwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit’sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.IwasneververygoodattellingthosestoriesbecausetruthfullyIneverfoundtheminteresting.WhatIdofindinterestingistheoriginoftheuniverse,theshapeofspace-timeandthenatureofblackholes.At19,whenIbeganstudyingastrophysics,itdidnotbothermeintheleasttobetheonlywomanintheclassroom.ButwhileearningmyPh.D.atMITandthenasapost-doctordoingspaceresearch,theissuestartedtobotherme.Myeveryachievement—jobs,researchpapers,awards—wasviewedthroughthelensofgender(性別)politics.Soweremyfailures.Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversus(相對(duì)于)rightbrain,ornatureversusnurture(培育),Iwouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemyreplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon’ttalkaboutthatanymore.Ittookme10yearstogetbacktheconfidenceIhadat19andtorealizethatIdidn’twanttodealwithgenderissues.Whyshouldcuringsexismbeyetanotherterribleburdenoneveryfemalescientist?Afterall,Idon’tstudysociologyorpoliticaltheory.TodayIresearchandteachatBarnard,awomen’scollegeinNewYorkCity.Recently,someoneaskedmehowmanyofthe45studentsinmyclasswerewomen.Youcannotimaginemysatisfactionatbeingabletoanswer,45.Iknowsomeofmystudentsworryhowtheywillmanagetheirscientificresearchandadesireforchildren.AndIdon’tdismissthoseconcerns.Still,Idon’ttellthem“war”stories.Instead,Ihavegiventhemthis:thevisualoftheirphysicsprofessorheavilypregnantdoingphysicsexperiments.Andinturntheyhavegivenmetheimageof45womendrivenbyaloveofscience.Andthat’sasightworthtalkingabout.1. Whydoesn’ttheauthorwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain?A)Shefeelsunhappyworkinginmale-dominatedfields.B)Sheisfedupwiththeissueofgenderdiscrimination.C)Sheisnotgoodattellingstoriesofthekind.D)Shefindsspaceresearchmoreimportant.2. FromParagraph2,wecaninferthatpeoplewouldattributetheauthor’sfailuresto________.A)theveryfactthatsheisawomanB)herinvolvementingenderpoliticsC)herover-confidenceasafemaleastrophysicistD)theburdenshebearsinamale-dominatedsociety3. WhatdidtheauthorconstantlyfightagainstwhiledoingherPh.D.andpost-doctoralresearch?A)Lackofconfidenceinsucceedinginspacescience.B)Unfairaccusationsfrombothinsideandoutsidehercircle.C)People’sstereotypedattitudetowardfemalescientists.D)Widespreadmisconceptionsaboutnatureandnurtured.4. Whydoestheauthorfeelgreatsatisfactionwhentalkingaboutherclass?A)Femalestudentsnolongerhavetobotheraboutgenderissues.B)Herstudents’performancehasbroughtbackherconfidence.C)Herfemalestudentscandojustaswellasmalestudents.D)Morefemalestudentsarepursuingsciencethanbefore.5. Whatdoestheimagetheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?A)Womenstudentsneedn’thavetheconcernsofhergeneration.B)Womenhavemorebarriersontheirwaytoacademicsuccess.C)Womencanbalanceacareerinscienceandhavingafamily.D)Womennowhavefewerproblemspursuingasciencecareer.PassageTwoI’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting(稍縱即逝的)thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.6. Whentheauthorsaysthecreativemindandthecriticalmind“cannotworkinparallel”(Line4,Para.1)inthewritingprocess,hemeans________.A)noonecanbebothcreativeandcriticalB)theycannotberegardedasequallyimportantC)theyareinconstantconflictwitheachotherD)onecannotusethematthesametime7. Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis________.A)puttingtheirideasinrawform B)attemptingtoeditastheywriteC)ignoringgrammaticalsoundness D)tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts8. Whatisthechiefobjectiveofthefirststageofwriting?A)Toorganizeone’sthoughtslogically.B)Tochooseanappropriatetopic.C)Togetone’sideasdown.D)Tocollectrawmaterials.9. Onecommonconcernofwritersabout“freewriting”isthat________.A)itoverstressestheroleofthecreativemindB)ittakestoomuchtimetoeditafterwardsC)itmaybringabouttoomuchcriticismD)itdoesnothelpthemtothinkclearly10. Inwhatwaydoesthecriticalmindhelpthewriterinthewritingprocess?A)Itrefineshiswritingintobettershape.B)Ithelpshimtocomeupwithnewideas.C)Itsavesthewritingtimeavailabletohim.D)Itallowshimtositonthesideandobserve.PassagethreeOneaspectofbusinesslifewhichmanymanagersareunhappywithistheneedtoattendmeetings.Researchindicatesthatmanagerswillspendbetweenathirdandahalfoftheirworkinglivesinmeetings.Althoughmostmanagerswouldagreethatitishardtothinkofanalternativetomeetings,asameansofconsideringinformationandmakingcollectivedecisions,theirlengthandfrequencycancauseproblemswiththeworkloadofeventhebest-organizedexecutives.Meetingsworkbestiftheytakeplaceonlywhennecessaryandnotasamatterofroutine.Oneexampleofthisisthediscussionofpersonalorcareermattersbetweenmembersofstaffandtheirlineandpersonnelmanagers.Anotherisduringtheearlystagesofaprojectwhentheteammanagingneedstolearntounderstandandtrustoneanother.Onceithasbeendecidedthatameetingisnecessary,decisionsneedtobetakenaboutwhowillattendandaboutthelocationandlengthofthemeeting.Peopleshouldonlybeinvitedtoattendiftheyaredirectlyinvolvedinthemattersunderdiscussionandtheagendashouldbedistributedwellinadvance.Anagendaisvitalbecauseitactsasaroadmaptokeepdiscussionfocusedandwithinthetimelimitedallocated.Thisisalsotheresponsibilityofthepersonchairingthemeeting,whoshouldencouragethosewhosaylittletospeakandstopthosewhohaveagreatdealtosayfromtalkingtoomuch.Attheendofawellorganizedmeeting,peoplewillfeelthatthemeetinghasbeenasuccessandbepleasedtheywereinvited.Theywillknownotonlywhatdecisionsweremadebutalsothereasonsforthesedecisions.Unfortunately,attheendofabadlyorganizedmeetingthosepresentwillleavefeelingthattheyhavewastedtheirtimeandthatnothingworthwhilehasbeenachieved.Muchtogetherhasbeengivenovertheyearstowaysofkeepingmeetingshort.OnemanwhohasnointentionofspendinghalfhisworkinglifeinmeetingisRolandWinterson,chiefexecutiveofalargemanufacturingcompany.Hebelievesthatmeetingsshouldbeshort,sharpandinfrequent.“Itrytoholdnomorethantwoorthreemeetingsaweek,attendedbyamaximumofthreepeoplefornolongerthanhalfanhour,”hesays.“Theyareclearlyaimedatachievingaspecificobjective,suchasmakingadecisionorplanningastrategy,andarebasedoncarefulpreparation.Idrawuptheagendaforeverymeetingandcirculateitinadvance;thoseattendingareexpectedtostudyitcarefullyandshouldbepreparedtobothaskandanswerquestions.Managersarebestemployedcarryingouttasksdirectlyconnectedwiththeirjobsnotattendingendlessmeetings.Inbusiness,timeismoneyandspendingitinneedlessmeetingsthatdon’tachieveanythingcanbeverycostly.Executivesshouldfollowtheexampleoflawyersandputacostoneachhouroftheirtimeandthendecidewhetherattendingalongmeetingreallyisthebestwaytospendtheirtime.”11. Whatdomostmanagersthinkaboutmeetings?A.Meetingstakeupmostoftheirworkinglife.B.Meetingsallowthemtomonitordecision-making.C.Meetingspreventthemfromestablishingaroutine.D.Meetingsaretheonlywaytheyknowofachievingcertainobjectives.12. Accordingtothewriter,anexampleofavaluablemeetingisonewhichA.allowscolleaguestoachieveabetterworkingrelationship.B.requiresmanagerstodiscussstaffingneedswithpersonnel.C.selectsasuitablegroupofpeopletoworktogetherasateam.D.encouragesstafftopresentideasonimprovementsinmanagement.13. AccordingtothewritertheagendaisimportantbecauseitA.isseenbyeverybodybeforethemeeting.B.helpstogivedirectiontothediscussions.C.containsitemsofinteresttoallthosepresent.D.showswhoshouldspeakateachstageofthemeeting.14. ThewritersaysthatpeopleleavingawellorganizedmeetingwillunderstandA.thereasonfortheirinvitationtoattend.B.howthedecisionstakenwererelevanttothem.C.theimportanceofproposalsunderdiscussion.D.whycertaincoursesofactionwereagreedupon.15. WhatdoesRolandWintersonsayaboutthemeetingsthatheorganizes?A.Heaimstoholdthemonaregularbasis.B.Heensurestheyhaveadefinitepurpose.C.Herequireshismanagerstodrawuptheagenda.D.Heusesthemtomakedecisionsaboutstrategy.PassagefourWorkinganeight-hourdayisaluxuryformostprofessionalpeople.Nowadays,theonlywaytoguaranteeaneight-hourworkingdayistohavethekindofjobwhereyouclockonandoff.Thoseprofessionalswhohavemanagedtolimittheirhourstowhatwas,20yearsago,theaveragedonotwishtoidentifythemselves.“Icanquiteeasilyachievemyworkwithinanormalday,butIdon’tliketodrawattentiontoit,”saysonesalesmanager.“PeoplelookedatmewhenIleftat5o’clock.Now,Iputpaperworkinmybag.PeopleassumeI’mdoingextrahoursathome.”ButmoretypicalisMark,whoworksasanaccountmanager.Hesays,“MycontractsaysIworkfrom9until5withextrahoursasnecessary.Itsoundsasiftheextrahoursareexceptional.Infact,myjobwouldbeenoughnotonlyforme,butalsoforsomeoneelsepart-time.Theideaofaneight-hourdaymakesmelaugh!”Hesayshehasthoughtaboutgoingfreelancebutrealizesthatthisdoesn’tguaranteebetterworkinghours.ProfessorsCaryCooper,occupationalpsychologistattheUniversityofManchester,istheauthoroftheannualQualityofWorkingLifesurvey.Themostrecentsurveyfoundthat77%ofmanagersinBritainworkmorethantheircontractedhours,andthatthisishavingadamagingeffectontheirhealth,relationshipsandproductivity.ProfessorCooperiscriticalofthelong-hoursculture.Hesaysthatwhilebossesbelievelonghoursleadtogreaterefficiency,thereisnoevidencetosupportthis.“Infact,theevidenceshowsthatlonghoursmakeyouill.”Thereare,hesays,stepsthatcanbetaken.Oneistoacceptthatthein-traywillneverbeempty.“Therearealwaysthingstodo.Youjusthavetomaketherulethatoncertaindaysyougohomeearly.”Prioritizingworkanddoingessentialtasksfirsthelps,hesays.Healsothinksit’stimetocriticizebademployersandunreasonabletermsofemployment.“Byallmeans,showcommitmentwherenecessarybutwhenexpectationsaretoohigh,peoplehavetobeginsayingopenlythattheyhavealifeoutsideofwork.”PersonaldevelopmentcoachMoShapiroagreesthatcommunicationisimportant.Staffneedtotalktomanagersabouttheworkingpracticeswithinacompany.Bothpartiesshouldfeelthattheexpectationsarerealisticandallowthemtohaveresponsibilitiesandinterestsoutsidework.Sherecognizes,however,thatinmanyorganizationstheresponsemightwellbe,“Ifyouwantmoreinterestsoutsidework,thenfindanotherjob.”Shebelievesthatseniorstaffhaveadutytosetanexample.“Irecentlyworkedforafirmofsolicitorswherethepartnersstartedat7.30am.Whatkindofmessageisthattosendtothestaff?”Shebelievesthereisnoshameinworkingsensiblehours–infactquitethereserve.“Somepeoplemightbeinat7.30ambutwillbedoingverylittle.Youcanworkreallyhardfrom9to5andachievethesame.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoachieveaneight-hourday,thereis,asalastresort,theoldtrickofleavingyourjacketonyourchairandyourcomputersswitchedon,evenafteryouhaveleftthebuilding.”16. Whatdoesthewritersayinthefirstparagraphaboutpeoplewhoworkaneight-hourday?A.Theyarereluctanttoadmittothis.B.Theyaredislikedbytheircolleagues.C.Theyarelimitedtocertainprofessions.D.Theyoftencatchuponworkintheevenings.17. WhatdoesMarksayabouthiswork?A.Hismainconcernisjobsecurity.B.Toomuchofhistimeatworkiswasted.C.Thetermsofhiscontractaremisleading.D.Heobjectstobeinggivenotherpeople’swork.18. WhatdoesCaryCoopersayaboutrecenttrendsintheworkplace?A.Hebelievesthatalongworkingdayiscounter-productive.B.HehasdoubtsabouttheresultsoftheQualityofWorkingLifesurvey.C.Hesaysthatemployersshouldacceptthelinkbetweenworkinghoursandsafety.D.Hearguesthatfurtherresearchisneededintotherelationshipbetweenworkandhealth.19. HowdoesCaryCooperthinkpeopleshoulddealwiththerequirementsoftheworkplace?A.Obtainhelpinnegotiatingtermsofemployment.B.Letpeopleknowwhendemandsareunreasonable.C.Delegatethelessimportantworktootherstaff.D.Acceptthatthemodernworkplaceisacompetitiveplace.20. WhatdoesMoShapiroseeasaproblemforemployeestoday?A.Theylackthecommunicationskillsthatmodernbusinessrequires.B.Manyemployerswouldnotregardrequestsforshorterhoursfavorably.C.Mostemployersdonotwanttoberesponsiblefortheprofessionaldevelopmentofstaff.D.Theyhavedifficultiesadaptingtotherapidchangesoccurringinworkingpractices..PassageFive“Theorganizationalweaknessesthatentrepreneurshavetodealwitheverydaywouldcausethemanagersofamaturecompanytopanic.”AndrewBiddenwroterecentlyinBostonBusinessReview.Thisseemstosuggestthattheleadersofentrepreneurialorsmallbusinessesmustbeunlikeothermanagers,ortheproblemsfacedbysuchleadersmustbethesubjectofaspecializedbodyofwisdom,orpossiblyboth.Unfortunately,neitheristrue.Notmuchworthreadingaboutmanagingtheentrepreneurialorsmallbusinesshasbeenwritten,andtheleadersofsuchbusinessesaremadeoffleshandblood,liketherestofus.Furthermore,littlehasbeendonetoaddresstheaspectsofentrepreneurialorsmallbusinessesthataresodifficulttodealwithandsodifferentfromthechallengesfacedbymanagementinbigbusiness.Inpartthisisbecausethoseinvolvedingatheringexpertiseaboutbusinessandinsellingadvicetobusinesseshavehistoricallybeenmoreinterestedintheneedsofbigbusiness.Inpart,intheUKatleast,itisalsobecausesmallbusinesseshavealwayspreferredtoadapttochangingcircumstances.Theorganizationalproblemsofentrepreneurialorsmallbusinessesarethusforcedupontheindividualswholeadthem.Evenmoresothanforbiggerbusinesses,theoldsayingistrue–thatpeople,particularlythosewhomaketheimportantdecisions,areabusiness’smostimportantasset.Theresearchthatdoesexistshowsthatneithermoneynor