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PassageOneEqualityofopportunityinthetwentiethCenturyHasNotDestroyedthe

ClassSystem

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe'greatclasslesssociety9.Theideathatthe

twentiethcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofthegreatclichesofourtime.The

sameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:monarchyasasystemof

governmenthasbeencompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofall

politicalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreat

fortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.The

peoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexamination

doesn'tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyou

provideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucanever

provideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactis

thatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theold

rulesofthejungle,4survivalofthefittest\and'mightisright5arestillwithus.Thespreadof

educationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmerit.For

'aristocracy'read'meritocracy';inotherrespects,societyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemis

rigidlymaintained.

Genuineability,animalcunning,skill,theknackofseizingopportunities,allbringmaterial

rewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthto

securethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem4agoodstartinlife\Forallthe

lipservicewepaytotheideaofequality,wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.

Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneofthe

principlesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheir

children.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfrom

awealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsoused

indiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofa

democracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality,privilegedprivateeducationis

forbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneed

forskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyand

expensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesame

thing:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan'tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan'tgetridofinequality

because

A.theprinciple'survivalofthefittest5exists.

B.Natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.Materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.Peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess

A.thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains.

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?

Because

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.Privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.Peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.Wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,'classdivisions'refersto

A.therichandthepoor.

B.Differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.Oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.Geniusandstupidity.

Vocabulary

1.discredit損害,破壞,敗壞(某人的名聲),不可信

2.monarch國(guó)王,女皇,君主政體

3.millennium千年themillennium千僖年

4.bearout證實(shí)

5.levelout(升跌之后)呈平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)

6.meritocracy英才管理,英才教育,能人統(tǒng)治

7.knack技巧,訣竅

8.perpetuate使永久,永存或持續(xù)

9.indiscriminate不加鑒別的,不加分析的,任意的

10.boildown歸結(jié)為...

難句譯注

1.Closeexaminationdoesn'tbearouttheclaim.

【參考譯文】深入探索證實(shí)此斷言不確。(也就是說(shuō)太平盛世并沒(méi)有成為政治現(xiàn)實(shí))。

2.mightisright

諺語(yǔ):強(qiáng)權(quán)即公理。

3.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality,wedonotconsiderthiswronginthe

westernworld.

【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】lip-service口惠而實(shí)不至。EX:Hepayslip-servicetofeminismbuthiswifestill

doesallthehousework.他口口聲聲說(shuō)支持女權(quán)主義,但全部家務(wù)仍是他妻子的事。

【參考譯文】我們□口聲聲贊揚(yáng)平等思想,我們?cè)谖鞣绞澜缰胁⒉徽J(rèn)為這一思想事錯(cuò)誤

的。

4.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersist

whetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedperson.

【參考譯文】最終,一切政治意識(shí),都?xì)w結(jié)為一件事:不論你是由封建國(guó)王統(tǒng)治還是英

才統(tǒng)治,階級(jí)區(qū)分依然存在。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是?篇對(duì)“無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)和人人平等”論點(diǎn)的駁斥文章。作者從四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論述。1、天

賦的才能和智慧與平等原則無(wú)關(guān)。2、“適者生存,強(qiáng)權(quán)即公理”依然存在。3、人獲得的報(bào)酬是

取決于人的才能而不是平等。4、金錢的作用,它不僅可以培育有能力的人,還是政治的后盾。

只有金錢加能力是成功的關(guān)鍵。所以所謂平等不存在,更沒(méi)有無(wú)階級(jí)的社會(huì)。

答案詳解

1.A二十世紀(jì)平等的機(jī)遇并沒(méi)有摧毀階級(jí)。文章一開(kāi)始就對(duì)無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了

反駁:有人認(rèn)為君主整體已完全摧毀,幸存下來(lái)的王公貴族已經(jīng)被剝奪了?切政治權(quán)力,繼

承的財(cái)產(chǎn)為稅收大幅度的削減,到時(shí)候,巨大的財(cái)富將消失殆盡,在許多國(guó)家中,已全面勝

利,人民進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治,偉大的太平盛世已成為政治顯示。作者認(rèn)為:深入檢查證實(shí)這一斷言不

實(shí)。第二段提出了即使人人都獲同樣的受教育的機(jī)會(huì),可人的天然智慧和能力與平等原則無(wú)

關(guān),適者生存,強(qiáng)權(quán)即公理依然存在。教育的普及摧毀了老的階級(jí)體制,卻創(chuàng)造新的,報(bào)酬

是機(jī)遇才干成就。貴族統(tǒng)治就是英才統(tǒng)治,可在其他方面,社會(huì)依然,階級(jí)確實(shí)存在。后面

兩段集中論述了金錢的作用。

B.金錢意味著平等是錯(cuò)誤的。C.不存在無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)。內(nèi)容是對(duì)的,但不是本文的主題思想。

D.自然界不會(huì)賦予你一個(gè)無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)。

2.B自然界在分賦人智慧和能力是不會(huì)顧及平等。A.適者生存的原則存在。根據(jù)這一

原則無(wú)智慧和能力者難以生存于社會(huì)。C.物質(zhì)報(bào)償是根據(jù)人的真正能力。D.人們有自由選擇如

何教育自己的孩子。這三項(xiàng)都基于一點(diǎn)——人的智慧和能力。有智慧能力才能生存,才能獲

報(bào)償,這已經(jīng)是不平等,即使獲同樣的受教育的機(jī)會(huì),也不可能鏟除不平等。

A有錢的人。第三段一開(kāi)始就點(diǎn)明:真正的能力、動(dòng)物般機(jī)敏狡猾、技能、善抓機(jī)會(huì)的

訣竅,這一切都帶來(lái)物質(zhì)報(bào)償。有了錢的人首要作的事情就是給孩子最佳教育機(jī)會(huì),而私人

學(xué)校教育優(yōu)于公立學(xué)校,人們又有自由選擇如何教育自己的孩子。在這個(gè)意義上,英才教育

在某種程度上是永存的。一個(gè)來(lái)自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其對(duì)立面獲得成功要快得多

得多。

3.B具有很高智慧的人,若沒(méi)有錢是難以成功的。第三段的最后一句話也點(diǎn)明這一點(diǎn),

金錢同從前一樣是強(qiáng)有力的武器。文章最后一段即使在完全遵循社會(huì)平等原則的社會(huì)里,禁

止特權(quán)的私人教育,人們也是按能力獲報(bào)酬。小心翼翼而又耗費(fèi)巨大地把聰明的孩子培養(yǎng)成

未來(lái)的統(tǒng)治者。C.具有最佳機(jī)遇的人。D.是B和C的結(jié)合。

A金錢決定一?切。新的英才教育在一定程度上永存。沒(méi)有錢,上不起私立學(xué)校,談不上機(jī)

會(huì),更不用說(shuō)英才教育。有了錢才能為孩子創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。

B.私立學(xué)校提供的優(yōu)越性高于公立學(xué)校。C.人們有自由選擇教育孩子的方式方法。D.財(cái)富

用于政治目的。第三段最后三句話:“財(cái)富也可以不加區(qū)別地用于更遠(yuǎn)的政治目的。沒(méi)有強(qiáng)大

的財(cái)政作后盾,成為民主國(guó)家的元首幾乎是不可能。金錢和過(guò)去?樣是強(qiáng)有力的武器,這也

說(shuō)明了金錢的力量,決定?切?!?/p>

4.A富人和窮人??v然作者提及,同樣的教育機(jī)會(huì)也不可能鏟除不平等,因?yàn)樯咸熨x

予人之智慧是不可能考慮平等原則,可是作者也提到適者生存、強(qiáng)權(quán)即公理。貴族政治可讀

成英才教育。這已說(shuō)明英才指的是貴族的英才。第四段進(jìn)一步指出有錢的人首先要做的就是

給子女一個(gè)良好的教育機(jī)會(huì)。而私立學(xué)校的教育質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)于公立學(xué)校。有錢人家的有能力的孩

子成功機(jī)遇就高。財(cái)產(chǎn)還可用于政治目的,要成為民主國(guó)家的領(lǐng)袖就得有雄厚的財(cái)力支持。

錢財(cái)和過(guò)去一樣強(qiáng)有力。即使在以社會(huì)平等為原則的社會(huì)中,私立學(xué)校被禁,酬勞還是以人

的能力為準(zhǔn),大量需要有技能的工作人員,而差勁的人沒(méi)有人關(guān)注。天才的孩子予以仔細(xì)而

又及其昂貴的培養(yǎng)以成為未來(lái)的統(tǒng)治者。

總之,政治意識(shí)歸結(jié)為同一個(gè)東西一一階級(jí)劃分存在,不論你是為封建帝王統(tǒng)治,還是

為受過(guò)教育的農(nóng)民統(tǒng)治,從這里看,作者的classdivision指的是A項(xiàng)。

5.B人們不同的機(jī)遇。C.壓迫者和被壓迫者。D.天才和笨蛋。

PassageTwoTheMostImportantofAllHumanQualitiesisaSenseofHumor

Biologically,thereisonlyonequalitywhichdistinguishesusfromanimals:theabilitytolaugh.

Inauniversewhichappearstobeutterlydevoidofhumor,weenjoythissupremeluxury.Anditisa

luxury,forunlikeanyotherbodilyprocess,laughterdoesnotseemtoserveabiologicallyuseful

purpose.Inadivideworld,laughterisaunifyingforce.Humanbeingsopposeeachotheronagreat

manyissues.Nationsmaydisagreeaboutsystemsofgovernmentandhumanrelationsmaybe

plaguedbyideologicalfactionsandpoliticalcamps,butweallsharetheabilitytolaugh.And

laughter,inturn,dependsonthatmostcomplexandsubtleofallhumanqualities:asenseofhumor

Certaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.Thiscanbestbeseenfromtheworld-wide

popularityofCharlieChaplin'searlyfilms.Thelittlemanatoddswithsocietyneverfailstoamuse

nomatterwhichcountrywecomefrom.Asthatgreatcommentatoronhumanaffairs,Dr.Samuel

Johnson,onceremarked,'Menhavebeenwiseinverydifferentmodes;buttheyhavealways

laughedinthesameway/

Asenseofhumormaytakevariousformsandlaughtermaybeanythingfromarefinedtingleto

anearthquakingroar,buttheeffectisalwaysthesame.Humorhelpsustomaintainacorrectsense

ofvalues.Itistheonequalitywhichpoliticalfanaticsappeartolack.Ifwecanseethefunnyside,

wenevermakethemistakeoftakingourselvestooseriously.Wearealwaysremindedthattragedyis

notreallyfarremovedfromcomedy,sowenevergetalopsidedviewofthings.

Thisisoneofthechieffunctionsofsatireandirony.Humanpainandsufferingaresogrim;we

hoversooftenonthebrinkofwar;politicalrealitiesareusuallyenoughtoplungeusintototal

despair.Insuchcircumstances,cartoonsandsatiricalaccountsofsomberpoliticaleventsredressthe

balance.Theytakethewindoutofpompousandarrogantpoliticianswhohavelosttheirsenseof

proportion.Theyenableustoseethatmanyofourmostprofoundactionsaremerelycomicor

absurd.WelaughwhenagreatsatiristlikeSwiftwritesaboutwarinGulliver'sTravels.The

Lilliputiansandtheirneighborsattackeachotherbecausetheycan'tagreewhichendtobreakanegg.

Welaughbecausewemeanttolaugh;butwearemeanttoweeptoo.Itistoopowerfulaweaponto

beallowedtoflourish.

Thesenseofhumormustbesingledoutasman'smostimportantqualitybecauseitis

associatedwithlaughter.Andlaughter,inturn,isassociatedwithhappiness.Courage,detcnnination,

initiative-thesearequalitieswesharewithotherformsoflife.Butthesenseofhumorisuniquely

human.Ifhappinessisoneofthegreatgoalsoflife,thenitisthesenseofhumorthatprovidesthe

key.

1.Themostimportantofallhumanqualitiesis

A.asenseofhumor.

B.Asenseofsatire.

C.Asenseoflaughter.

D.Asenseofhistory.

2.TheauthormentionsaboutCharlieChaplin'searlyfilmsbecause

A.theycanamusepeople.

B.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimals.

C.Theyshowthatcertaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.

D.Theyshowthatpeoplehavethesameabilitytolaugh.

3.Oneofthechieffunctionsofironyandsatireis

A.toshowabsurdityofactions.

B.toredressbalance.

C.totakethewindoutofpoliticians.

D.toshowtoomuchgrimnessintheworld.

4.Whatdowelearnfromthesentence'itistoopowerfulaweapontobeallowedtoflourish

intotalitarianregimes?'

A.Itcanrevealthetruthofpoliticaleventswithsatire.

B.Itcanarousepeopletoriot.

C.Itshowstragedyandcomedyarerelated.

D.Itcanmakepeoplelaugh.

5.WhoisSwift?

A.Anovelist.

B.Apoet.

C.Adramatist.

D.Aessayist.

Vocabulary

1.devoid沒(méi)有,缺乏

2.plaguen.瘟疫,惹人煩惱的人和事v.給....造成麻煩,痛苦,困難

3.faction派別

4.comicstereotype可笑/滑稽的模式

5.commentator(集注)作者,評(píng)論員,解說(shuō)員

6.tinklen.一連串的丁零聲,電話聲,v.使發(fā)出丁零聲

7.fanatic狂熱者(尤指宗教、政治的狂熱)

8.lop-sided不均勻的

9.hover翱翔,盤旋;彷徨

10.somber低沉的,暗淡的,嚴(yán)峻的

11.redress糾正,補(bǔ)償

12.pompous自大的,浮夸的

13.arrogant傲慢的

14.proportion均衡,勻稱,平衡,比例

15.Lilliputian微型的,極小的,源自《格列佛游記》中的小人國(guó)里的人

16.totalitarian極權(quán)主義的

17.regime政體,政權(quán),統(tǒng)治方式或制度

難句譯注

1.Inadividedworld,laughterisaunifyingforce.

【參考譯文】在分裂的世界中,笑是一種促成一致(團(tuán)結(jié))的力量。

2.Humanrelationsmaybeplaguedbyideologicalfactionsandpoliticalcamps,

【參考譯文】人際關(guān)系可能因思想意識(shí)派別和政治陣營(yíng)的不同而受侵?jǐn)_。

3.Certaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.

【參考譯文】某些滑稽的模式具有全球性的效果。

4.CharlieChaplin查理卓別林1889-1977,英國(guó)諷刺滑稽劇及電影演員,導(dǎo)演及制片人。

5.Atoddswithsociety和社會(huì)格格不入。

6.Dr.SamuelJohnson撒繆爾?約翰生,1709-1784,英國(guó)辭典編撰者及作家。

7.Asenseofhumormaytakevariousformsandlaughtermaybeanythingfromarefined

tinkletoanearthquakingroar.

【參考譯文】幽默感表現(xiàn)的方式多種多樣,笑也許是銀鈴般優(yōu)雅輕笑,也許是震耳欲聾

的放聲大笑。

8.Ifwecanseethefunnyside,wenevermakethemistakeoftakingourselvestooseriously.

【參考譯文】如果我們能見(jiàn)到可笑的一面,我們就不會(huì)犯這種錯(cuò)誤:對(duì)自己看得過(guò)重(自

以為了不起)。

9.Wearealwaysremindedthattragedyisnotreallyfarremovedfromcomedy,sowenever

getalop-sidedviewofthings.

【參考譯文】我們會(huì)經(jīng)常提醒自己禍兮福所伏(悲劇離?喜劇實(shí)際并不遙遠(yuǎn)),那我們決不

會(huì)偏執(zhí)?詞地看事物。

10.Takethewindoutofsb'ssails使某人氣餒或泄氣。

11.SwiftJonathanswift喬納森?思維福特1667-1745,英國(guó)作家,生于都柏林,曾獲

牛津大學(xué)碩士,三一學(xué)院神學(xué)博士學(xué)位,1688年到英國(guó),后加入英國(guó)國(guó)教會(huì)。他同情英國(guó)統(tǒng)

治下的愛(ài)爾蘭人民,積極參加他們?yōu)闋?zhēng)取自由和民族獨(dú)立的斗爭(zhēng)。他以政治諷刺文著世,其

文筆犀利、諷刺尖銳、文章推理嚴(yán)密,用詞簡(jiǎn)潔、語(yǔ)言樸實(shí)清晰,被認(rèn)為是英語(yǔ)的典范,《格

列佛游記》是他的代表作之一。

12.Welaughbecausewearemeanttolaugh;butwearemeanttoweeptoo.

【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】meantodo是打算或注定要…,一般用于被動(dòng)。

【參考譯文】我們笑是因?yàn)橄胄Γ墒俏覀円蚕肟?。是指小人?guó)和鄰國(guó)僅僅為打雞蛋一

類小事而打仗可笑,確實(shí)也是可悲。作者結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)指出是人類悲劇之所在。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章以部部深入,一般到具體的寫作手法論及笑是人類特有的功能。

形式多種、效果一樣。天下人有各種觀點(diǎn)、制度、人際關(guān)系,對(duì)滑稽的東西都會(huì)報(bào)之以

笑一一一種一致的力量。

笑基于幽默感,有了它,人們會(huì)樂(lè)觀、愉快、輕松,不偏不倚地對(duì)待一切,悲劇中寓以

喜劇,幽默感又是人類開(kāi)啟幸福之門的鑰匙。

論及的同時(shí)作者佐以例子,卓別林的早期電影,《格列佛游記》中的小人國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等。

答案詳解

1.A幽默感。文章-開(kāi)始就提出人類有別于動(dòng)物是人有笑的功能,世界紛爭(zhēng)繁雜、人

際關(guān)系因意識(shí)觀點(diǎn)差異而對(duì)峙,國(guó)家制度不一,但人們都能笑。笑基于人類最復(fù)雜而又微妙

的品質(zhì)一一幽默感。反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)有幽默感的人恐怕難以笑。第二段正式指出:幽默感表現(xiàn)形

式多種多樣,而笑可由微笑到狂笑種種,但其效果相同,幽默感有助于我們保持正確的價(jià)值

觀。這是政治狂熱者所缺乏的特征。如果我們能看見(jiàn)滑稽可笑的一面,我們就不會(huì)犯過(guò)于看

重自己的錯(cuò)誤。我們總會(huì)記得悲劇離喜劇不愿,因此,我們不會(huì)有偏重某一測(cè)的觀點(diǎn)。第四

段畫龍點(diǎn)睛的指出幽默是人類最重要的特征,因?yàn)樗托β暯Y(jié)合在一起。而笑又是和幸福聯(lián)

系在一起。勇氣、決心、創(chuàng)造力特征,我們和其他生命形式共享,而幽默感是人類所獨(dú)有的。

如果幸福是我們生活的偉大目標(biāo),那幽默感就是開(kāi)啟幸福的鑰匙。

B諷刺感。這是第三段講的內(nèi)容,諷刺的功能,但不是人類最重要的特征。C.笑感。D.

歷史觀點(diǎn)。

2.C作者提卓別林的電影的目的是證明某些喜劇模式對(duì)全世界都有吸引力。

A.它可以取悅?cè)魏稳?。B.人類和動(dòng)物不同。D.證明人有同樣笑的功能。

3.B使各種事情重新相等和均衡。第三段著重講了這一點(diǎn)。人類在痛苦中掙扎,常處

于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的邊緣。政治實(shí)現(xiàn)令人絕望,在這種處境中,對(duì)某些政治事物的諷刺挖苦和漫畫可以

使各種心理重新平衡,可使失去均衡感的政客地下高傲頭顱;可使我看見(jiàn)許多深邃的事情荒

謬可笑。

A.表現(xiàn)行為的荒唐。C.使政治家氣餒。D.表現(xiàn)世界上太多的令人沮喪之事。

4.A它可以以諷刺的手法解釋政治時(shí)間的真相。

B.這可促使人民暴動(dòng)。C.它表示了悲劇和喜劇相聯(lián)系。D.它能使人哭。

5.A小說(shuō)家。

B.詩(shī)人。C.戲劇家。D.散文家。

PassageThreeTheImprovingEconomicSituationInGreece

Greece,economically,isintheblack.Withverylittletoexportotherthansuchfarmproductsas

tobacco,cottonandfruit,thecountryearnsenoughfrom'invisibleearnings'topayforitsneeded,

growingimports.FromthesendingoutofthingstheGreeks,earnonly$285million;fromtourism,

shippingandtheremittancesofGreeksabroad,thecountrytakesinanadditional#375millionand

thiswashesoutthealmost$400millionbywhichimportsexceedexports.

Ithasabalancedbudget.Althoughmorethanonedrachmaoutoffourgoesfordefense,the

governmentendedarecentyearwithaslightsurplus--$66million.Greecehasadecentreserveof

almostathirdofabilliondollarsingoldandforeignexchange.Ithasagovernmentnotdependent

oncoalescingincompatiblepartiestoobtainparliamentarymajorities.

Inthussummarizingafewhappyhighlights,Idon'tmeantominimizethevastextentof

Greece'sproblems.ItisthepoorestcountrybyawidemargininFreeEurope,andpovertyis

widespread.Atbestanannualincomeof$60to$70isthelotofmanyapeasant,andsubstantial

unemploymentplaguesthecountryside,cities,andtownsofGreece.Therearefewnaturalresources

onwhichtobuildanysubstantialindustrialbase.SomeyearsagoIwrotehere:

“Greekstatesmanshipwillhavetocreateanatmosphereinwhichhomeandforeignsavingswill

willinglyseekinvestmentopportunitiesinthebackwardeconomyofGreece.Sofar,mostAmerican

andotherforeignattempthaveboggeddownintheGreekgovernment'sredtapeandshrewdness

aboutsmallpoints.^^

Greatstrideshavebeenmade.Asfarbackas1956,expandingtourismseemedalogicalwayto

bringneededforeigncurrenciesandadditionaljobstoGreece.AtthattimeItalkedwiththeHilton

Hotelpeople,whohadbeenexamininghotelpossibilities,andtotheGreekgovernmentdivision

responsibleforthisareaoftheeconomy.Theywerehopelesslydeadlockedinalmosttotal

differencesofopinionandoutlook.

Todaymostoftheincrediblyvaried,beautiful,historicalsightsofGreecehavenew,ifinmany

casesmodest,touristfacilities.Tourismitselfhasjumpedfromapproximately$31milliontoover

$90million.ThereisbothamagnificentnewHiltonHotelinAthensandacompletelymodernized,

greatlyexpandedGrandeBretagne,aswellasotherfirst-ratenewhotels.Andtheadventofjetshas

madeAthensasaccessibleasParisorRome-withoutthesky-highpricesoftraffic-chokedstreetsof

either.

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

A.Greekincomeandexpenditures.

B.TheimprovingeconomicsituationinGreece.

C.Thevalueoftourism.

D.Militaryexpenditures.

2.Manypeasantsearnlessthan

A.$60aweek.

B.$2aweek.

C.$1aday.

D.$10amonth.

3.TheGreekGovernmentspends

A.morethan25%ofitsbudgetonmilitaryterms.

B.Morethanitscollects.

C.Athirdofabilliondollarsingold.

D.Lessthan25%ofitsbudgetonmilitaryterms.

4.Accordingtothepassage,Greecehas

A.adictatorship.

B.amonarchy.

C.asinglemajorityparty.

D.toomuchredtape.

5.Greeceimportsannuallygoodsandmaterials

A.totalingalmostS700million.

B.thatbalanceexports.

C.thatarepaidbytourists.

D.costing$66million.

Vocabulary

1.remittance匯款(額)

2.washout洗掉,取消、告吹、沖掉、筋疲力盡

3.drachma古希臘銀幣德拉克馬(現(xiàn)代希臘貨幣單位)

4.lot份額

5.incompatible水火不相容的,不能共存的

6.coalesce(政黨)聯(lián)合,愈合,接合

7.highlight光線最強(qiáng)處,最重要部分,最精彩場(chǎng)面

8.margin(成本和售價(jià)的)差額,空白,邊緣

9.bogdown陷于困境,使停頓

10.redtape官樣文章,煩瑣和拖拉的公務(wù)程序

11.shrewdness清明,機(jī)靈

12.deadlock僵局,僵持;使陷于僵局

難句譯注

1.Greece,economicallyisintheblack.

【參考譯文】希臘經(jīng)濟(jì)上說(shuō)是贏利/富裕的

2.Withverylittleexportotherthansuchfarmproductsastobacco,cottonandfruit,the

countryearnsenoughfrominvisibleearningstopayitsneeded,growingimports.

【參考譯文】除了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,如煙草、棉花和水果之外,希臘沒(méi)有什么出口貨,但它從“無(wú)

形的收益”中掙不少,足夠致富所需的一切一一日益增長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)口貨。

3.Thiswashesoutalmost$400millionbywhichimportsexceedexports.

【參考譯文】這筆錢沖掉了進(jìn)口超過(guò)出口近4億美元的差額。

4.SofarmostAmericanandotherforeignattemptshaveboggeddownintheGreek

government9sredtapeandshrewdnessaboutsmallpoints.

【參考譯文】到目前為止山于希臘政府那種繁瑣而又拖拉的公務(wù)程序和對(duì)小事的精明,

大多數(shù)美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的嘗試的工作都陷入困境。

5.Theywerehopelesslydeadlockedinalmosttotaldifferencesofopinionandoutlook.

【參考譯文】他們絕望地陷于意見(jiàn)和觀點(diǎn)完全分歧的僵局之中。

6.AndtheadventofjetshasmadeAthensasaccessibleasParisandRome-withoutthe

sky-highpricesoftrafficchockedstreetsofeither.

【參考譯文】噴氣式飛機(jī)的發(fā)展使雅典和巴黎、羅馬一樣很容易到達(dá),卻沒(méi)有那兩個(gè)城

市的交通堵塞的接到的高昂代價(jià)。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇以過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在對(duì)比的手法,論述了希臘經(jīng)濟(jì),主要是旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。過(guò)去,希

臘以無(wú)形資產(chǎn)贏得之利潤(rùn),來(lái)消除赤字,還可稍有節(jié)余。但貧窮、事業(yè)情況嚴(yán)重,政府辦事

拖拉、繁瑣也影響國(guó)外的投資,雖然早在1956年就準(zhǔn)備擴(kuò)展旅游業(yè),但意見(jiàn)分歧?,F(xiàn)在,情

況大變,就旅游一項(xiàng)年收入由3100萬(wàn)增至9000萬(wàn)美元。

答案詳解

1.B希臘經(jīng)濟(jì)形式的改善。文章圍繞這一中心而寫。文章一開(kāi)始就提出希臘出口除了

農(nóng)產(chǎn)品之外,沒(méi)有什么東西,而無(wú)形資產(chǎn)如旅游、運(yùn)輸和國(guó)外的匯款等可掙得37500萬(wàn)美元。

兩項(xiàng)加在一起來(lái)抵消入超赤字近4億美元,稍有結(jié)余。第三段指出,希臘是自由歐洲最窮的

國(guó)家,許多農(nóng)民年收入為60-70美元。失業(yè)現(xiàn)象席卷城市鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),建立工業(yè)基地的自然資源極

少。政府的繁瑣事務(wù)程序,關(guān)注瑣事等情況使美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家試圖展開(kāi)工作陷于停滯狀態(tài)。

第四段開(kāi)始指出1956年起開(kāi)拓旅游業(yè),不過(guò)意見(jiàn)還是分歧。第五斷提出今天驚人的變化,美

麗的歷史古城呈現(xiàn)新貌,就旅游一項(xiàng)收入由3100萬(wàn)增至9000萬(wàn)美元。旅館面貌大變。

A.希臘的收支。C.旅游的價(jià)值。D.軍事費(fèi)用。

2.B少于2美元一星期。文章第三段第三句:最佳情況,年收入為60-70美元使大

多數(shù)農(nóng)民的份額。所以B項(xiàng)最接近年收入。

A.60美元一星期。C.一天一美元。D.一個(gè)月10美元。

3.A百分之25以上用于軍事。第二段:雖然四個(gè)德拉克馬中有一個(gè)用于國(guó)防,政府

最終還稍有結(jié)余一一6600萬(wàn)美元。

B.比收入的還多。C.十億金子中的三分之一。D.少于百分之25。

4.C單一大黨。第二段:希臘的政府不依靠水火不相容的政黨之間的合作來(lái)取得一會(huì)

的多數(shù)席位,這說(shuō)明是單一大黨。

A.獨(dú)裁、專政。B.君主政體。D.太多的繁瑣程序。

5.A總計(jì)幾乎在7億美元左右。第一段中提到希臘出口商品價(jià)值28500萬(wàn)美元,而進(jìn)

口超出出口4億美元。兩者相加為6億2千5百萬(wàn)美元,相當(dāng)于幾乎在7億美元左右。

B.和出口平衡。C.由旅游者支付。D.花費(fèi)6600萬(wàn)美元。

PassageFourTheProgram-FederalGovernmentHelpsMinorityBusiness

Federaleffortstoaidminoritybusinessesbeganinthe1960*8whentheSmallBusiness

Administration(SBA)beganmakingfederallyguaranteedIoansandgovernment-sponsored

managementandtechnicalassistanceavailabletominoritybusinessenterprises.Whilethisprogram

enabledmanyminorityentrepreneurstoformnewbusinesses,theresultsweredisappointing,since

managerialinexperience,unfavorablelocations,andcapitalshortagesledtohighfailurerates.Even

15yearsaftertheprogramwasimpleinented,minoritybusinessreceiptswerenotquitetwopercent

ofthenationaleconomy'stotalreceipts.

Recentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoacceleratedevelopmentof

theminoritybusinesssectorbymovingawayfromdirectlyaidingsmallminorityenterprisesand

towardsupportinglarge,growth-orientedminorityfirmsthroughintermediarycompanies.Inthis

approach,largecorporationsparticipateinthedevelopmentofsuccessfulandstableminority

businessesbymakinguseofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapital.Thecapitalisusedbya

participatingcompanytoestablishaMinorityEnterpriseSmallBusinessesthathavepotentialto

becomefuturesuppliersofcustomersofthesponsoringcompany.

MESBIC'saretheresultofthebeliefthatprovidingestablishedfirmswitheasieraccessto

relevantmanagementtechniquesandmorejob-specificexperience,aswellassubstantialamountsof

capital,givesthosefirmsagreateropportunitytodevelopsoundbusinessfoundationsthandoes

simplymakinggeneralmanagementexperienceandsmallamountsofcapitalavailable.Further,

sincepotentialmarketsfortheminoritybusinessesalreadyexistthroughthesponsoringcompanies,

theminoritybusinessesfaceconsiderablylessriskintermsoflocationandmarketfluctuation.

Followingearlyfinancialandoperatingproblems,sponsoringcorporationsbegantocapitalize

MESBIC'sfarabovethelegalminimumof$500,000inordertogeneratesufficientincomeandto

sustainthequalityofmanagementneeded.MESBIC'sarenowemergingasincreasinglyimportant

financingsourcesforminorityenterprises.

Ironically,MESBICstaffs,whichusuallyconsistofHispanicandBlackprofessionals,tendto

approachinvestmentsinminorityfirmsmorepragmaticallythandomanyMESBICdirectors,who

areusuallyseniormanagersfromsponsoringcorporations.Thelatteroftenstillthinkmainlyinterms

ofthe'socialresponsibilityapproach5andthusseemtopreferdealsthatareriskierandlessattractive

thannormalinvestmentcriteriawouldwarrant.Suchdifferencesinviewpointhaveproduced

uneasinessamongmanyminoritystaffmembers,whofeelthatminorityentrepreneursand

businessesshouldbejudgedbyestablishedbusinessconsiderations.Thesestaffmembersbelieve

theirpointofviewisclosertotheoriginalphilosophyofMESBIC'sandtheyareconcernedthat,

unlessamoreprudentcourseiffollowed,MESBICdirectorsmayreverttopolicieslikelyto

re-createthedisappointingresultsoftheoriginalSBAapproach.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

A.TheuseofMESBIC'sforaidingminorityentrepreneursseemstohavegreaterpotentialfor

successthandoestheoriginalSBAapproach.

B.Thereisacrucialdifferenceinpointofviewbetweenthestaffanddirectorsofsome

MESBIC's.

C.Afterinitialproblemswithmanagementandmarketing,minoritybusinesseshavebegunto

expandatasteadyrate.

D.Minorityentrepreneurswishingtoformnewbusinessesnowhaveseveralequallysuccessful

federalprogramsonwhichtorely.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theMESBICapproachdiffersfromtheSBAapproachinthat

MESBIC's

A.seekfederalcontractstoprovidemarketforminoritybusinesses.

B.Encourageminoritybusinessestoprovidemarketsfbrotherminoritybusinesses.

C.Attempttomaintainaspecifiedrateofgrowthintheminoritybusinesssector.

D.Relyontheparticipationoflargecorporationstofinanceminoritybusinesses.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSBAprogramcanbeinferredfromthe

passage?

A.Themaximumtermfbrloansmadetorecipientbusinesseswas15years.

B.Businessloanswereconsideredtobemoreusefultorecipientbusinessesthanwas

managementandtechnicalassistance.

C.Theanticipatedfailurerateforrecipientbusinesseswassignificantlylowerthantheratethat

actuallyresulted.

D.Recipientbusinesseswereencouragedtorelocatetoareasmorefavorableforbusiness

development.

4.Theauthorreferstothe'financialandoperatingproblems'encounteredbyMESBIC's

primarilyinorderto

A.broadenthescopeofthediscussiontoincludethelegalconsiderationsoffundingMESBIC's

throughsponsoringcompanies.

B.callattentiontothefactthatMESBIC'smustreceiveadequatefundinginordertofunction

effectively.

C.showthatsponsoringcompanieswerewillingtoinvestonly$500,000of

government-sponsoredventurecapitalintheoriginalMESBIC's.

D.CompareSBAandMESBIClimitsonminimumfunding.

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheattitudeofsomeMESBICstaffmembertoward

theinvestmentspreferredbysomeMESBICdirectorscanbebestdescribedas

A.disappointing.

B.Indifferent.

C.Shocked.

D.Defensive.

Vocabulary

1.implement執(zhí)行,履行

2.growth-oriented增長(zhǎng)潛力的,有發(fā)展性的

3.intermediarycompany中介公司,中間公司

4.venturecapital風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本

5.entrepreneur企業(yè)家,創(chuàng)業(yè)者

6.fluctuation波動(dòng),漲落,起伏

7.pragmatically實(shí)用地

難句譯注

1.Even15yearsaftertheprogramwasimplementedminoritybusinessreceiptswerenot

quitetwopercentofthenationaleconomy'stotalreceipts.

【參考譯文】甚至在這個(gè)計(jì)劃執(zhí)行后15年,少數(shù)民族工業(yè)的收入還不到全國(guó)總收入的2%。

2.Recentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoaccelerate

developmentofthesupportinglarge,growthorientedminorityfirmsthroughintermediary

companies.

【參考譯文】最近,聯(lián)邦決策者采取一項(xiàng)措施,旨在加速少數(shù)民族工商業(yè)的發(fā)展,他們

不再直接幫助小型的少數(shù)民族企業(yè),而是轉(zhuǎn)向通過(guò)中間公司來(lái)支持規(guī)模較大、有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ?/p>

少數(shù)民族公司。

3.Bymakinguseofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapital.

利用政府資助的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本。

4.TheMESBICthenprovidescapitalandguidanc

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