基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)電路控制設(shè)計英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

年4月19日基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)電路控制設(shè)計英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯文檔僅供參考TheSteppermotorcontrolcircuitbebasedonSinglechipmicrocomputerTheAT89C51isalow-power,high-performanceCMOS8-bitmicrocomputerwith4KbytesofFlashprogrammableanderasablereadonlymemory(PEROM).ThedeviceismanufacturedusingAtmel’shigh-densitynonvolatilememorytechnologyandiscompatiblewiththeindustry-standardMCS-51instructionsetandpinout.Theon-chipFlashallowstheprogrammemorytobereprogrammedin-systemorbyaconventionalnonvolatilememoryprogrammer.Bycombiningaversatile8-bitCPUwithFlashonamonolithicchip,theAtmelAT89C51isapowerfulmicrocomputerwhichprovidesahighly-flexibleandcost-effectivesolutiontomanyembeddedcontrolapplications.FunctioncharacteristicTheAT89C51providesthefollowingstandardfeatures:4KbytesofFlash,128bytesofRAM,32I/Olines,two16-bittimer/counters,afivevectortwo-levelinterruptarchitecture,afullduplexserialport,on-chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry.Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozerofrequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.TheIdleModestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheRAM,timer/counters,serialportandinterruptsystemtocontinuefunctioning.ThePower-downModesavestheRAMcontentsbutfreezestheoscillatordisablingallotherchipfunctionsuntilthenexthardwarereset.PinDescriptionVCC：Supplyvoltage.GND：Ground.Port0：Port0isan8-bitopen-drainbi-directionalI/Oport.Asanoutputport,eachpincansinkeightTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoport0pins,thepinscanbeusedashighimpedanceinputs.Port0mayalsobeconfiguredtobethemultiplexedloworderaddress/databusduringaccessestoexternalprogramanddatamemory.InthismodeP0hasinternalpullups.Port0alsoreceivesthecodebytesduringFlashprogramming,andoutputsthecodebytesduringprogramverification.Externalpullupsarerequiredduringprogramverification.Port1Port1isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort2Port2isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort3Port3isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort3outputbufferscansink/sourcefourTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort3pinstheyarepulledhighbytheinternalpullupsandcanbeusedasinputs.Asinputs,Port3pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseofthepullups.Port3alsoservesthefunctionsofvariousspecialfeaturesoftheATPort3alsoreceivessomecontrolsignalsforFlashprogrammingandverification.RSTResetinput.Ahighonthispinfortwomachinecycleswhiletheoscillatorisrunningresetsthedevice.ALE/PROGAddressLatchEnableoutputpulseforlatchingthelowbyteoftheaddressduringaccessestoexternalmemory.Thispinisalsotheprogrampulseinput(PROG)duringFlashprogramming.InnormaloperationALEisemittedataconstantrateof1/6theoscillatorfrequency,andmaybeusedforexternaltimingorclockingpurposes.Note,however,thatoneALEpulseisskippedduringeachaccesstoexternalDataMemory.Ifdesired,ALEoperationcanbedisabledbysettingbit0ofSFRlocation8EH.Withthebitset,ALEisactiveonlyduringaMOVXorMOVCinstruction.Otherwise,thepinisweaklypulledhigh.SettingtheALE-disablebithasnoeffectifthemicrocontrollerisinexternalexecutionmode.PSENProgramStoreEnableisthereadstrobetoexternalprogrammemory.WhentheAT89C51isexecutingcodefromexternalprogrammemory,PSENisactivatedtwiceeachmachinecycle,exceptthattwoPSENactivationsareskippedduringeachaccesstoexternaldatamemory.EA/VPPExternalAccessEnable.EAmustbestrappedtoGNDinordertoenablethedevicetofetchcodefromexternalprogrammemorylocationsstartingat0000HuptoFFFFH.Note,however,thatiflockbit1isprogrammed,EAwillbeinternallylatchedonreset.EAshouldbestrappedtoVCCforinternalprogramexecutions.Thispinalsoreceivesthe12-voltprogrammingenablevoltage(VPP)duringFlashprogramming,forpartsthatrequire12-voltVPP.XTAL1Inputtotheinvertingoscillatoramplifierandinputtotheinternalclockoperatingcircuit.XTAL2Outputfromtheinvertingoscillatoramplifier.OscillatorCharacteristicsXTAL1andXTAL2aretheinputandoutput,respectively,ofaninvertingamplifierwhichcanbeconfiguredforuseasanon-chiposcillator,asshowninFigure1.Eitheraquartzcrystalorceramicresonatormaybeused.Todrivethedevicefromanexternalclocksource,XTAL2shouldbeleftunconnectedwhileXTAL1isdrivenasshowninFigure2.Therearenorequirementsonthedutycycleoftheexternalclocksignal,sincetheinputtotheinternalclockingcircuitryisthroughadivide-by-twoflip-flop,butminimumandmaximumvoltagehighandlowtimespecificationsmustbeobserved.Figure1.OscillatorConnectionsFigure2.ExternalClockDriveConfigurationIdleModeInidlemode,theCPUputsitselftosleepwhilealltheonchipperipheralsremainactive.Themodeisinvokedbysoftware.Thecontentoftheon-chipRAMandallthespecialfunctionsregistersremainunchangedduringthismode.Theidlemodecanbeterminatedbyanyenabledinterruptorbyahardwarereset.Itshouldbenotedthatwhenidleisterminatedbyahardwarereset,thedevicenormallyresumesprogramexecution,fromwhereitleftoff,uptotwomachinecyclesbeforetheinternalresetalgorithmtakescontrol.On-chiphardwareinhibitsaccesstointernalRAMinthisevent,butaccesstotheportpinsisnotinhibited.ToeliminatethepossibilityofanunexpectedwritetoaportpinwhenIdleisterminatedbyreset,theinstructionfollowingtheonethatinvokesIdleshouldnotbeonethatwritestoaportpinortoexternalmemory.Power-downModeInthepower-downmode,theoscillatorisstopped,andtheinstructionthatinvokespower-downisthelastinstructionexecuted.Theon-chipRAMandSpecialFunctionRegistersretaintheirvaluesuntilthepower-downmodeisterminated.Theonlyexitfrompower-downisahardwarereset.ResetredefinestheSFRsbutdoesnotchangetheon-chipRAM.TheresetshouldnotbeactivatedbeforeVCCisrestoredtoitsnormaloperatinglevelandmustbeheldactivelongenoughtoallowtheoscillatortorestartandstabilize.ProgramMemoryLockBitsOnthechiparethreelockbitswhichcanbeleftunprogrammed(U)orcanbeprogrammed(P)toobtaintheadditionalfeatureslistedinthetablebelow.Whenlockbit1isprogrammed,thelogiclevelattheEApinissampledandlatchedduringreset.Ifthedeviceispoweredupwithoutareset,thelatchinitializestoarandomvalue,andholdsthatvalueuntilresetisactivated.ItisnecessarythatthelatchedvalueofEAbeinagreementwiththecurrentlogiclevelatthatpininorderforthedevicetofunctionproperly.IntroductionSteppermotorsareelectromagneticincremental-motiondeviceswhichconvertdigitalpulseinputstoanalogangleoutputs.Theirinherentsteppingabilityallowsforaccuratepositioncontrolwithoutfeedback.Thatis,theycantrackanysteppositioninopen-loopmode,consequentlynofeedbackisneededtoimplementpositioncontrol.SteppermotorsdeliverhigherpeaktorqueperunitweightthanDCmotors;inaddition,theyarebrushlessmachinesandthereforerequirelessmaintenance.Allofthesepropertieshavemadesteppermotorsaveryattractiveselectioninmanypositionandspeedcontrolsystems,suchasincomputerharddiskdriversandprinters,XY-tables,robotmanipulators,etc.Althoughsteppermotorshavemanysalientproperties,theysufferfromanoscillationorunstablephenomenon.Thisphenomenonseverelyrestrictstheiropen-loopdynamicperformanceandapplicableareawherehighspeedoperationisneeded.Theoscillationusuallyoccursatsteppingrateslowerthan1000pulse/s,andhasbeenrecognizedasamid-frequencyinstabilityorlocalinstability[1],oradynamicinstability[2].Inaddition,thereisanotherkindofunstablephenomenoninsteppermotors,thatis,themotorsusuallylosesynchronismathighersteppingrates,eventhoughloadtorqueislessthantheirpull-outtorque.Thisphenomenonisidentifiedashigh-frequencyinstabilityinthispaper,becauseitappearsatmuchhigherfrequenciesthanthefrequenciesatwhichthemid-frequencyoscillationoccurs.Thehigh-frequencyinstabilityhasnotbeenrecognizedaswidelyasmid-frequencyinstability,andthereisnotyetamethodtoevaluateit.Mid-frequencyoscillationhasbeenrecognizedwidelyforaverylongtime,however,acompleteunderstandingofithasnotbeenwellestablished.Thiscanbeattributedtothenonlinearitythatdominatestheoscillationphenomenonandisquitedifficulttodealwith.384L.CaoandH.M.SchwartzMostresearchershaveanalyzeditbasedonalinearizedmodel[1].Althoughinmanycases,thiskindoftreatmentsisvalidoruseful,atreatmentbasedonnonlineartheoryisneededinordertogiveabetterdescriptiononthiscomplexphenomenon.Forexample,basedonalinearizedmodelonecanonlyseethatthemotorsturntobelocallyunstableatsomesupplyfrequencies,whichdoesnotgivemuchinsightintotheobservedoscillatoryphenomenon.Infact,theoscillationcannotbeassessedunlessoneusesnonlineartheory.Therefore,itissignificanttousedevelopedmathematicaltheoryonnonlineardynamicstohandletheoscillationorinstability.ItisworthnotingthatTaftandGauthier[3],andTaftandHarned[4]usedmathematicalconceptssuchaslimitcyclesandseparatricesintheanalysisofoscillatoryandunstablephenomena,andobtainedsomeveryinstructiveinsightsintothesocalledlossofsynchronousphenomenon.Nevertheless,thereisstillalackofacomprehensivemathematicalanalysisinthiskindofstudies.Inthispaperanovelmathematicalanalysisisdevelopedtoanalyzetheoscillationsandinstabilityinsteppermotors.Thefirstpartofthispaperdiscussesthestabilityanalysisofsteppermotors.Itisshownthatthemid-frequencyoscillationcanbecharacterizedasabifurcationphenomenon(Hopfbifurcation)ofnonlinearsystems.OneofcontributionsofthispaperistorelatethemidfrequencyoscillationtoHopfbifurcation,thereby,theexistenceoftheoscillationisprovedtheoreticallybyHopftheory.High-frequencyinstabilityisalsodiscussedindetail,andanovelquantityisintroducedtoevaluatehigh-frequencystability.Thisquantityisveryeasytocalculate,andcanbeusedasacriteriatopredicttheonsetofthehigh-frequencyinstability.Experimentalresultsonarealmotorshowtheefficiencyofthisanalyticaltool.Thesecondpartofthispaperdiscussesstabilizingcontrolofsteppermotorsthroughfeedback.Severalauthorshaveshownthatbymodulatingthesupplyfrequency[5],themidfrequencyinstabilitycanbeimproved.Inparticular,PickupandRussell[6,7]havepresentedadetailedanalysisonthefrequencymodulationmethod.Intheiranalysis,Jacobiserieswasusedtosolveaordinarydifferentialequation,andasetofnonlinearalgebraicequationshadtobesolvednumerically.Inaddition,theiranalysisisundertakenforatwo-phasemotor,andtherefore,theirconclusionscannotapplieddirectlytooursituation,whereathree-phasemotorwillbeconsidered.Here,wegiveamoreelegantanalysisforstabilizingsteppermotors,wherenocomplexmathematicalmanipulationisneeded.Inthisanalysis,ad–qmodelofsteppermotorsisused.Becausetwo-phasemotorsandthree-phasemotorshavethesameq–dmodelandtherefore,theanalysisisvalidforbothtwo-phaseandthree-phasemotors.Uptodate,itisonlyrecognizedthatthemodulationmethodisneededtosuppressthemidfrequencyoscillation.Inthispaper,itisshownthatthismethodisnotonlyvalidtoimprovemid-frequencystability,butalsoeffectivetoimprovehigh-frequencystability.2.DynamicModelofStepperMotorsThesteppermotorconsideredinthispaperconsistsofasalientstatorwithtwo-phaseorthreephasewindings,andapermanent-magnetrotor.Asimplifiedschematicofathree-phasemotorwithonepole-pairisshowninFigure1.Thesteppermotorisusuallyfedbyavoltage-sourceinverter,whichiscontrolledbyasequenceofpulsesandproducessquare-wavevoltages.Thismotoroperatesessentiallyonthesameprincipleasthatofsynchronousmotors.Oneofmajoroperatingmannerforsteppermotorsisthatsupplyingvoltageiskeptconstantandfrequencyofpulsesischangedataverywiderange.Underthisoperatingcondition,oscillationandinstabilityproblemsusuallyarise.Figure1.Schematicmodelofathree-phasesteppermotorAmathematicalmodelforathree-phasesteppermotorisestablishedusingq–dframereferencetransformation.Thevoltageequationsforthree-phasewindingsaregivenbyva=Ria+L*dia/dt?M*dib/dt?M*dic/dt+dλpma/dt,vb=Rib+L*dib/dt?M*dia/dt?M*dic/dt+dλpmb/dt,vc=Ric+L*dic/dt?M*dia/dt?M*dib/dt+dλpmc/dt,whereRandLaretheresistanceandinductanceofthephasewindings,andMisthemutualinductancebetweenthephasewindings._pma,_pmband_pmcaretheflux-linkagesofthephasesduetothepermanentmagnet,andcanbeassumedtobesinusoidfunctionsofrotorposition_asfollowλpma=λ1sin(Nθ),λpmb=λ1sin(Nθ?2π/3),λpmc=λ1sin(Nθ-2π/3),whereNisnumberofrotorteeth.Thenonlinearityemphasizedinthispaperisrepresentedbytheaboveequations,thatis,theflux-linkagesarenonlinearfunctionsoftherotorposition.Byusingtheq;dtransformation,theframeofreferenceischangedfromthefixedphaseaxestotheaxesmovingwiththerotor(refertoFigure2).Transformationmatrixfromthea;b;cframetotheq;dframeisgivenby[8]Forexample,voltagesintheq;dreferencearegivenbyInthea;b;creference,onlytwovariablesareindependent(iaCibCicD0);therefore,theabovetransformationfromthreevariablestotwovariablesisallowable.Applyingtheabovetransformationtothevoltageequations(1),thetransferredvoltageequationintheq;dframecanbeobtainedasvq=Riq+L1*diq/dt+NL1idω+Nλ1ω,vd=Rid+L1*did/dt?NL1iqω,(5)Figure2.a,b,candd,qreferenceframewhereL1DLCM,and!isthespeedoftherotor.Itcanbeshownthatthemotor’storquehasthefollowingform[2]T=3/2Nλ1iqTheequationofmotionoftherotoriswrittenasJ*dω/dt=3/2*Nλ1iq?Bfω–Tl,whereBfisthecoefficientofviscousfriction,andTlrepresentsloadtorque,whichisassumedtobeaconstantinthispaper.Inordertoconstitutethecompletestateequationofthemotor,weneedanotherstatevariablethatrepresentsthepositionoftherotor.Forthispurposethesocalledloadangle_[8]isusuallyused,whichsatisfiesthefollowingequationDδ/dt=ω?ω0,where!0issteady-statespeedofthemotor.Equations(5),(7),and(8)constitutethestatespacemodelofthemotor,forwhichtheinputvariablesarethevoltagesvqandvd.Asmentionedbefore,steppermotorsarefedbyaninverter,whoseoutputvoltagesarenotsinusoidalbutinsteadaresquarewaves.However,becausethenon-sinusoidalvoltagesdonotchangetheoscillationfeatureandinstabilityverymuchifcomparedtothesinusoidalcase(aswillbeshowninSection3,theoscillationisduetothenonlinearityofthemotor),forthepurposesofthispaperwecanassumethesupplyvoltagesaresinusoidal.Underthisassumption,wecangetvqandvdasfollowsvq=Vmcos(Nδ),vd=Vmsin(Nδ),whereVmisthemaximumofthesinewave.Withtheaboveequation,wehavechangedtheinputvoltagesfromafunctionoftimetoafunctionofstate,andinthiswaywecanrepresentthedynamicsofthemotorbyaautonomoussystem,asshownbelow.Thiswillsimplifythemathematicalanalysis.FromEquations(5),(7),and(8),thestate-spacemodelofthemotorcanbewritteninamatrixformasfollows?=F(X,u)=AX+Fn(X)+Bu,(10)whereXDTiqid!_UT,uDT!1TlUTisdefinedastheinput,and!1DN!0isthesupplyfrequency.TheinputmatrixBisdefinedbyThematrixAisthelinearpartofF._/,andisgivenbyFn.X/representsthenonlinearpartofF._/,andisgivenbyTheinputtermuisindependentoftime,andthereforeEquation(10)isautonomous.TherearethreeparametersinF.X;u/,theyarethesupplyfrequency!1,thesupplyvoltagemagnitudeVmandtheloadtorqueTl.Theseparametersgovernthebehaviourofthesteppermotor.Inpractice,steppermotorsareusuallydriveninsuchawaythatthesupplyfrequency!1ischangedbythecommandpulsetocontrolthemotor’sspeed,whilethesupplyvoltageiskeptconstant.Therefore,weshallinvestigatetheeffectofparameter!1.3.BifurcationandMid-FrequencyOscillationBysetting!D!0,theequilibriaofEquation(10)aregivenasand'isitsphaseangledefinedbyφ=arctan(ω1L1Equations(12)and(13)indicatethatmultipleequilibriaexist,whichmeansthattheseequilibriacanneverbegloballystable.OnecanseethattherearetwogroupsofequilibriaasshowninEquations(12)and(13).ThefirstgrouprepresentedbyEquation(12)correspondstotherealoperatingconditionsofthemotor.ThesecondgrouprepresentedbyEquation(13)isalwaysunstableanddoesnotrelatetotherealoperatingconditions.Inthefollowing,wewillconcentrateontheequilibriarepresentedbyEquation(12).基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)電路控制設(shè)計89C51是一種帶4K字節(jié)閃爍可編程可擦除只讀存儲器（FPEROM—FalshProgrammableandErasableReadOnlyMemory）的低電壓、高性能CMOS8位微處理器，俗稱單片機(jī)。該器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存儲器制造技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MCS-51指令集和輸出管腳相兼容。由于將多功能8位CPU和閃爍存儲器組合在單個芯片中，ATMEL的89C51是一種高效微控制器，89C2051是它的一種精簡版本。89C單片機(jī)為很多嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)提供了一種靈活性高且價廉的方案。功能特點·與MCS-51兼容·4K字節(jié)可編程閃爍存儲器·壽命：1000寫/擦循環(huán)·數(shù)據(jù)保留時間：·全靜態(tài)工作：0Hz-24MHz·三級程序存儲器鎖定·128*8位內(nèi)部RAM·32可編程I/O線·兩個16位定時器/計數(shù)器·5個中斷源·可編程串行通道·低功耗的閑置和掉電模式·片內(nèi)振蕩器和時鐘電路管腳說明VCC：供電電壓。GND：接地。P0口：P0口為一個8位漏級開路雙向I/O口，每腳可吸收8TTL門電流。當(dāng)P1口的管腳第一次寫1時，被定義為高阻輸入。P0能夠用于外部程序數(shù)據(jù)存儲器，它能夠被定義為數(shù)據(jù)/地址的低八位。在FIASH編程時，P0口作為原碼輸入口，當(dāng)FIASH進(jìn)行校驗時，P0輸出原碼，此時P0外部必須被拉高。P1口：P1口是一個內(nèi)部提供上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口，P1口緩沖器能接收輸出4TTL門電流。P1口管腳寫入1后，被內(nèi)部上拉為高，可用作輸入，P1口被外部下拉為低電平時，將輸出電流，這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。在FLASH編程和校驗時，P1口作為第八位地址接收。P2口：P2口為一個內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口，P2口緩沖器可接收，輸出4個TTL門電流，當(dāng)P2口被寫“1”時，其管腳被內(nèi)部上拉電阻拉高，且作為輸入。并因此作為輸入時，P2口的管腳被外部拉低，將輸出電流。這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。P2口當(dāng)用于外部程序存儲器或16位地址外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器進(jìn)行存取時，P2口輸出地址的高八位。在給出地址“1”時，它利用內(nèi)部上拉優(yōu)勢，當(dāng)對外部八位地址數(shù)據(jù)存儲器進(jìn)行讀寫時，P2口輸出其特殊功能寄存器的內(nèi)容。P2口在FLASH編程和校驗時接收高八位地址信號和控制信號。P3口：P3口管腳是8個帶內(nèi)部上拉電阻的雙向I/O口，可接收輸出4個TTL門電流。當(dāng)P3口寫入“1”后，它們被內(nèi)部上拉為高電平，并用作輸入。作為輸入，由于外部下拉為低電平，P3口將輸出電流（ILL）這是由于上拉的緣故。P3口也可作為AT89C51的一些特殊功能口.口管腳備選功能P3.0RXD（串行輸入口）P3.1TXD（串行輸出口）P3.2/INT0（外部中斷0）P3.3/INT1（外部中斷1）P3.4T0（記時器0外部輸入）P3.5T1（記時器1外部輸入）P3.6/WR（外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器寫選通）P3.7/RD（外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器讀選通）P3口同時為閃爍編程和編程校驗接收一些控制信號。RST：復(fù)位輸入。當(dāng)振蕩器復(fù)位器件時，要保持RST腳兩個機(jī)器周期的高電平時間。ALE/PROG：當(dāng)訪問外部存儲器時，地址鎖存允許的輸出電平用于鎖存地址的地位字節(jié)。在FLASH編程期間，此引腳用于輸入編程脈沖。在平時，ALE端以不變的頻率周期輸出正脈沖信號，此頻率為振蕩器頻率的1/6。因此它可用作對外部輸出的脈沖或用于定時目的。然而要注意的是：每當(dāng)用作外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器時，將跳過一個ALE脈沖。如想禁止ALE的輸出可在SFR8EH地址上置0。此時，ALE只有在執(zhí)行MOVX，MOVC指令是ALE才起作用。另外，該引腳被略微拉高。如果微處理器在外部執(zhí)行狀態(tài)ALE禁止，置位無效。/PSEN：外部程序存儲器的選通信號。在由外部程序存儲器取指期間，每個機(jī)器周期兩次/PSEN有效。但在訪問外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器時，這兩次有效的/PSEN信號將不出現(xiàn)。/EA/VPP：當(dāng)/EA保持低電平時，則在此期間外部程序存儲器（0000H-FFFFH），不論是否有內(nèi)部程序存儲器。注意加密方式1時，/EA將內(nèi)部鎖定為RESET；當(dāng)/EA端保持高電平時，此間內(nèi)部程序存儲器。在FLASH編程期間，此引腳也用于施加12V編程電源（VPP）。XTAL1：反向振蕩放大器的輸入及內(nèi)部時鐘工作電路的輸入。XTAL2：來自反向振蕩器的輸出。振蕩器特性XTAL1和XTAL2分別為反向放大器的輸入和輸出。該反向放大器能夠配置為片內(nèi)振蕩器。石晶振蕩和陶瓷振蕩均可采用。如采用外部時鐘源驅(qū)動器件，XTAL2應(yīng)不接。由于輸入至內(nèi)部時鐘信號要經(jīng)過一個二分頻觸發(fā)器，因此對外部時鐘信號的脈寬無任何要求，但必須保證脈沖的高低電平要求的寬度。Figure1.OscillatorConnectionsFigure2.ExternalClockDrive芯片擦除整個PEROM陣列和三個鎖定位的電擦除可經(jīng)過正確的控制信號組合，并保持ALE管腳處于低電平10ms來完成。在芯片擦操作中，代碼陣列全被寫“1”且在任何非空存儲字節(jié)被重復(fù)編程以前，該操作必須被執(zhí)行。另外，AT89C51設(shè)有穩(wěn)態(tài)邏輯，能夠在低到零頻率的條件下靜態(tài)邏輯，支持兩種軟件可選的掉電模式。在閑置模式下，CPU停止工作。但RAM，定時器，計數(shù)器，串口和中斷系統(tǒng)仍在工作。在掉電模式下，保存RAM的內(nèi)容而且凍結(jié)振蕩器，禁止所用其它芯片功能，直到下一個硬件復(fù)位為止。空閑模式在空閑模式下,中央處理器把自己睡;所有的微外設(shè)保持活躍。該模式調(diào)用的軟件。片上的內(nèi)容的公綿羊、所有的特殊功能寄存器不變在這個模式下?？臻e模式能夠終止任何使中斷或由硬件復(fù)位。應(yīng)該指出的是,閑時終止一個硬件復(fù)位,設(shè)備一般程序執(zhí)行,從簡歷在它停止兩封,機(jī)器周期之前,內(nèi)部重置算法以控制。樣品的硬件抑制進(jìn)入內(nèi)部RAM在這種情況下,但進(jìn)入港口大頭針空洞。消除這種可能性一個出乎意料的寫信給一個港口銷閑時被終止,由復(fù)位、指導(dǎo)證明那個中調(diào)用一個空閑不應(yīng)該寫端口銷或外部存儲器。Power-down模式在power-down模式下,振子是結(jié)束了,但這個指令;用它召喚“power-down是最后的指令執(zhí)行。這片上的公綿羊、特殊功能寄存器值,直到power-down保留自己的方式終止。唯一的退出,是一家五金power-down重置。SFRs重置重新定義,但不改變樣品的公羊。重置不應(yīng)該被激活之前VCC回到正常操作水平,都必須保持活躍的時間還不夠久,允許振蕩器來重新啟動和穩(wěn)定。程序記憶鎖位在芯片上的三個鎖位能夠離開unprogrammed(U)或可編程(P)獲得的額外功能列在下表。當(dāng)鎖點,1是程序邏輯電平EA銷樣品并就搭在重置。如果這個裝置是開機(jī)沒有重置,門閂初始化一個隨機(jī)值,認(rèn)為直到重置價值被激活。加入是必要的值EA是一致的邏輯與當(dāng)前水平銷為設(shè)備正常運(yùn)作步進(jìn)電機(jī)介紹步進(jìn)電機(jī)是將數(shù)字脈沖輸入轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬角度輸出的電磁增量運(yùn)動裝置。其內(nèi)在的步進(jìn)能力允許沒有反饋的精確位置控制。也就是說，她們能夠在開環(huán)模式下跟蹤任何步階位置，因此執(zhí)行位置控制是不需要任何反饋的。步進(jìn)電機(jī)提供比直流電機(jī)每單位更高的峰值扭矩;另外，它們是無電刷電機(jī)，因此需要較少的維護(hù)。所有這些特性使得步進(jìn)電機(jī)在許多位置和速度控制系統(tǒng)的選擇中非常具有吸引力，例如如在計算機(jī)硬盤驅(qū)動器和打印機(jī)，代理表，機(jī)器人中的應(yīng)用等.盡管步進(jìn)電機(jī)有許多突出的特性，她們?nèi)栽馐苷袷幓虿环€(wěn)定現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重地限制其開環(huán)的動態(tài)性能和需要高速運(yùn)作的適用領(lǐng)域。這種振蕩一般在步進(jìn)率低于1000脈沖/秒的時候發(fā)生，并已被確認(rèn)為中頻不穩(wěn)定或局部不穩(wěn)定[1]，或者動態(tài)不穩(wěn)定[2]。另外，步進(jìn)電機(jī)還有另一種不穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)象，也就是在步進(jìn)率較高時，即使負(fù)荷扭矩小于其牽出扭矩，電動機(jī)也常常不同步。該文中將這種現(xiàn)象確定為高頻不穩(wěn)定性，因為它以比在中頻振蕩現(xiàn)象中發(fā)生的頻率更高的頻率出現(xiàn)。高頻不穩(wěn)定性不像中頻不穩(wěn)定性那樣被廣泛接受，而且還沒有一個方法來評估它。中頻振蕩已經(jīng)被廣泛地認(rèn)識了很長一段時間，可是，一個完整的了解還沒有牢固確立。這能夠歸因于支配振蕩現(xiàn)象的非線性是相當(dāng)困難處理的。大多數(shù)研究人員在線性模型基礎(chǔ)上分析它[1]。盡管在許多情況下，這種處理方法是有效的或有益的，但為了更好地描述這一復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象，在非線性理論基礎(chǔ)上的處理方法也是需要的。例如，基于線性模型只能看到電動機(jī)在某些供應(yīng)頻率下轉(zhuǎn)向局部不穩(wěn)定，并不能使被觀測的振蕩現(xiàn)象更多深入。事實上，除非有人利用非線性理論，否則振蕩不能評估。窗體頂端窗體底端因此，在非線性動力學(xué)上利用被發(fā)展的數(shù)學(xué)理論處理振蕩或不穩(wěn)定是很重要的。值得指出的是，Taft和Gauthier[3]，還有Taft和Harned[4]使用的諸如在振蕩和不穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)象的分析中的極限環(huán)和分界線之類的數(shù)學(xué)概念，并取得了關(guān)于所謂非同步現(xiàn)象的一些非常有啟發(fā)性的看法。盡管如此，在這項研究中依然缺乏一個全面的數(shù)學(xué)分析。本文一種新的數(shù)學(xué)分被開發(fā)了用于分析步進(jìn)電機(jī)的振動和不穩(wěn)定性。本文的第一部分討論了步進(jìn)電機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性分析。結(jié)果表明，中頻振蕩可定性為一種非線性系統(tǒng)的分叉現(xiàn)象（霍普夫分叉）。本文的貢獻(xiàn)之一是將中頻振蕩與霍普夫分叉聯(lián)系起來，從而霍普夫理論從理論上證明了振蕩的存在性。高頻不穩(wěn)定性也被詳細(xì)討論了，并介紹了一種新型的量來評估高頻穩(wěn)定。這個量是很容易計算的，而且能夠作為一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來預(yù)測高頻不穩(wěn)定性的發(fā)生。在一個真實電動機(jī)上的實驗結(jié)果顯示了該分析工具的有效性。本文的第二部分經(jīng)過反饋討論了步進(jìn)電機(jī)的穩(wěn)定性控制。一些設(shè)計者已表明，經(jīng)過調(diào)節(jié)供應(yīng)頻率[5]，中頻不穩(wěn)定性能夠得到改進(jìn)。特別是Pickup和Russell[6，7]都在頻率調(diào)制的方法上提出了詳細(xì)的分析。在她們的分析中，雅可比級數(shù)用于解決常微分方程和一組數(shù)值有待解決的非線性代數(shù)方程組。另外，她們的分析負(fù)責(zé)的是雙相電動機(jī)，因此，她們的結(jié)論不能直接適用于我們需要考慮三相電動機(jī)的情況。在這里，我們提供一個沒有必要處理任何復(fù)雜數(shù)學(xué)的更簡潔的穩(wěn)定步進(jìn)電機(jī)的分析。在這種分析中，使用的是d-q模型的步進(jìn)電機(jī)。由于雙相電動機(jī)和三相電動機(jī)具有相同的d-q模型，因此，這種分