2023年考研考博-考博英語-外交學院歷年高頻考題黑鉆摘選版附帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語-外交學院歷年高頻考題黑鉆摘選版附帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Unenlightenedauthoritarianmanagersrarelyrecognizeacrucialreasonforthelowlevelsofseriousconflictamongmembersofdemocraticallyrunworkgroups:amodicumoftolerancefordissentoftenpreventsrift.問題1選項A.demurB.divisionC.complianceD.discern2.單選題Mansonwasascientistofunusual（）andimaginationwhohadstartlingsuccessin（）newandfundamentalprincipleswellinadvanceoftheirgeneralrecognition.問題1選項A.restiveness,acknowledgingB.precision,coordinatingC.candor,dispellingD.insight,discerning3.單選題Evenbytighteningthepursestringsandcutting（）spendingotherthan（）necessities,theaverageBeijingresidentwouldstillneedatleast25yearstobuyanapartment,thelatestreportshows.問題1選項A.out,onB.off,onC.out,forD.down,for4.單選題（）sentfromFloridaforallthechildreninCabinSix.問題1選項A.AcrateoforangeswereB.AcrateoforangewereC.AcrateoforangewasD.Acrateoforangeswas5.單選題Don’tgetmixedupinany（）business.問題1選項A.funnyB.mistyC.foggyD.behind6.單選題Corporationsasagroupofferavarietyofjobs.Mostlargecompaniessendpeopletocollegestocollegestointerviewgraduatingstudentswiththerequiredacademictraining.Alargeuniversitymayhavemorethan500companiesayearknockingonitsdoors.Bigfirmsareyourbestplaceforajobbecausetheirnormalgrowth,employeeretirements,andturnovercreatethousandsofjobsnationwideeachyear.Corporations,however,illustratetherulethatthebiggestisn’talwaysthebest.Manysmallfirmswithjustafewhundredemployeeshavepositionsthatmaycorrespondwithyourprofessiongoals,too.Suchfirmsmaynothavethetime,money,orneedtosendpeoplearoundtoyourcollege;you’llprobablyhavetocontactthemyourselfeitherdirectlyorthroughanemploymentagency.Don’tignoretheselittlecompanies.Theirsalariesareusuallycompetitiveandthechancesforadvancementandrecognitionevenstrongerthanthoseofabigfirm.Youcouldbecomeabigfishinasmallpond,reachingahigh-levelpositionmorequicklythanyouwouldifyouhadclimbedthemostcompetitiveladderofacorporategiant.Forexample,asmallcompanymayneedabrightengineering,accountingormanagementgraduatewhowouldreportdirectlytotheseniorvice-presidentofengineering,thecompanycontroller,orthegeneralmanager.Inlargerfirmsitmaytakeyearstoreachlevelandaccumulatesimilarin-depthexperience.Inaddition,responsibilitiesmaycomefasterinasmallfirmwithlessspecializationandfewerlower-levelemployeestoreceivedelegatedauthority.1.Thepurposeofthepassageis（）.2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoflargecorporations?3.Theword“Their”(paragraph2,line6)refersto（）.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofsmallfirm?5.Withwhomisthepassagemostprobablyconcerned?問題1選項A.todefinecorporationsandfirmsB.toshowtherelationbetweenfirmsandcollegesC.toinformthejob-seekeroftheemploymentrequirementsD.togiveadescriptionofcorporationsforcollegestudents問題2選項A.Theyonlyemploycollegegraduates.B.Theycanoffermanyjobopportunities.C.Theyhavemanysub-companiesnationwide.D.Theirrequirementsareverycompetitive.問題3選項A.corporations’B.graduatingstudents’C.smallfirms’D.employers’問題4選項A.Itmaybeunnecessaryforthemtosendpeopletocolleges.B.Theiremployeesmaybepromotedmorequickly.C.Theymayofferpositionswhichyoudemand.D.Theycannotaffordtosendpeopletocollege.問題5選項A.StudentsB.EmployersC.EmployeesD.Engineers7.單選題Iquizmyselfonceinawhile:HowmanyofficialSouthAfricanlanguagescanIname?Thereareeleven-Afrikaans,English,Ndebele,Pedi,Sotho,Swazi,Tsonga,Tswana,Venda,Xhosa,andZulu—butIusuallyget（1）aroundsixorseven.IoftenwonderhowtheSouthAfricangovernmentcan（2）themall.Itturnsoutthattheyreallycan’t.Manylanguagesareregulatedbysomekindofauthority,suchasSpain’sRealAcademiaEspanola(agovernmentbody)orFrance’sAcademieFrancaise(moreofanoutsideadvisor).SouthAfrica’selevenlanguagesareallregulatedbythechronicallyunderfundedPanSouthAfricanLanguageBoard,agovernmentaldepartment.Englishisinnodanger,ofcourse.Afrikaansismostlyregulatedbyaseparatebody.Asaresult,PanSALBconcernsitselfmostly（3）thenineofficialBantulanguages,aswellasKhoi,SanandSouthAfricanSignLanguage.IwrotelastweekthatliteratureinsouthernAfricanlanguagesis（4）beforeeverhavingachancetobe（5）.Yes,therearesocialandhistoricalreasonswhyliteraturedevelopmenthasbeen（6）.Butsomeblamerests（7）PanSALB,thesoleinstitutiondedicatedtotheselanguages.Itisrepeatedlyaccusedofcorruptionandmismanagement.Duringarecentinquiry,itwasuncooperative.Theparliament’sculturecommitteehasvotedtoreducefundingforPanSALBuntilit“gotitshousein（8）”,afterwonderingaloudinAprilhowitsbudgetof56mrand($6.9m)producedsolittle.ThandileSunduza,thechairwomanofthecommittee,thinksitbesttoeliminatePanSALBaltogether,sayinginMay“Thereisnothingthathasbeendone-noprogram,nothing,anymoney.Thereisnothing.”Tobesure,mismanagementis（9）inSouthAfrica’sgovernment.EvenifPanSALBwereabletoproducetextbooksin,say,Pedi,recenteventssuggestthattheywouldnever（10）ittoPedi-speakingstudentsinLimpopoprovince.Butforinfantliteratures,PanSALB’sincompetencecouldbefatal.PanSALBistheonlymajorfundingandsupportlifelineformanySouthAfricanlanguages.問題1選項A.stuckB.caughtC./D.mad問題2選項A.keepaneyeonB.keepaneyeatC.keeptrackofD.keeptrackon問題3選項A.toB.onC.withD.of問題4選項A.slowB.sickC.boomingD.decent問題5選項A.goodB.healthyC.vulgarD.popular問題6選項A.downB.goneC.slowD.developed問題7選項A.withB.toC.onD.upon問題8選項A.orderB.timeC.financeD.full問題9選項A.rareB.respectedC.dissectedD.endemic問題10選項A.makeB.bringC.takeD.seek8.單選題The（）inDavid’scharacterhashinderedhimfromadvancinginhiscareer.問題1選項A.weaknessB.shortcomingC.demeritD.defect9.單選題Ittakesall（）tomakeaworld.問題1選項A.peoplesB.colorsC.functionsD.sorts10.單選題WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is（）.3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.問題1選項A.Acascadingfailure.B.Anelectricalcontagion.C.Asevereallergicreaction.D.Anattackbyviruses.問題2選項A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.sarcastic問題3選項A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplantsB.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitiveC.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplantsD.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded問題4選項A.welcomedbyallenergycompaniesB.unattractivetoenergycompaniesC.uselesstopreventsuchablackoutD.harmfultonationalsecurity問題5選項A.mustcauseacatastrophicdisruptionofthepowergridB.aregoingtobeperfectthroughrepeatedpracticeC.appeartoberealisticbutinfactarenotfeasibleD.areejectedtoimproveastimegoesby11.單選題Ididn’treadtheblurb;I（）straightintothefirstchapter.問題1選項A.divedB.ranC.plungedD.read12.單選題Thesenatorwasaccusedofwafflingonmajorissues.問題1選項A.vaguingB.stiffeningC.vacillatingD.reshuffling13.單選題Itwasunusualforthere（）sofewstudentsintheclassroom.問題1選項A.tobeB.beC.beingD.are14.單選題IhadadoptedtwoEuropeanclubsasmyown,watchedtheirgameseveryweekend,wastedworkhoursreadingblogsaboutthem,emotionallyinvestedmyselfintheirtravails.問題1選項A.exertionsB.grittiesC.emulationsD.stretches15.單選題Nick’snewnovelprovesheisn’tjustaflashinthe（）.問題1選項A.skyB.panC.houseD.dark16.單選題Thetroopssleptincrampedconditions.問題1選項A.untidyB.makeshiftC.dirtyD.crowded17.單選題Iwouldratherhavehis（）thanhiscompany.問題1選項A.roomB.houseC.coatD.assets18.單選題Youarenow（）thebenefitofyourformerthrift.問題1選項A.reapingB.drawingC.enjoyingD.gaining19.單選題ItisGasNatural’sthirdattempttohookupwithabigpartnerinSpain’srapidlyconsolidatingpowerindustry,havingbeenrebuffedbyEndesain2005andIberdrolain2003.問題1選項A.repulsedB.disclaimedC.excoriatedD.redintegrated20.單選題TheChairmanwasevidently（）byJim’swordsandglaredathimforafewseconds.問題1選項A.putdownB.putacrossC.putawayD.putout第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】B【解析】考查近義名詞辨析。A選項demur“異議；反對”；B選項division“除法；部門；分配；分裂；分割；賽區(qū)”；C選項compliance“順從，服從；符合；屈從；可塑性”；D選項discern僅可做動詞，意為“覺察出；識別；了解；隱約看見；辨別”。句意：不開明的獨裁管理者很少意識到民主管理的工作團隊成員之間嚴重沖突程度較低的一個關鍵原因：對異見的少量容忍往往可以防止出現(xiàn)裂痕。rift“裂縫；不和；裂口”，B選項與該詞詞意最相近，因此B選項正確。2.【答案】D【解析】考查名詞和動詞辨析。A選項restiveness,acknowledging“難以駕御；倔強”，“承認；答謝；報償；告知已收到”；B選項precision,coordinating“精度，精密度；精確”，“調(diào)節(jié)，配合；使動作協(xié)調(diào)；（衣服、家具等）搭配；與……形成共價鍵”；C選項candor,dispelling“坦白；直率”；“驅(qū)散，驅(qū)逐；消除（煩惱等）”；D選項insight,discerning“洞察力；洞悉”，“覺察出；識別；辨別；了解；隱約看見”。句意：作為一位科學家，馬里遜具有非凡的洞悉力和想象力，遠在某些全新的基本原理被人們普遍認識之前，他早就能夠成功地令人吃驚地將其察覺發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此D選項正確。3.【答案】D【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。cutout“刪去，割掉，裁剪”；cutoff“截止，中斷供應，使死亡”；cutdown“削減，縮短，砍倒”。句意：最新的一份報告顯示，即便是精打細算，減少生活必需品以外的支出，北京居民平均仍需要至少25年的時間才能買到一套房子。因此D選項正確。4.【答案】A【解析】考查詞組辨析。acrateof“一箱；一筐”。謂語動詞的變化要看有多少crate，多于一箱的，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；被修飾的名詞的變化還要看這個名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)，如果是不可數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果可數(shù)且為單/復數(shù)，則謂語動詞對應的用單/復數(shù)。題中orange“橘子”為可數(shù)名詞。句意：從佛羅里達寄來了一箱橘子給6號船艙的所有孩子。因此A選項正確。5.【答案】A【解析】考查固定短語搭配。A選項funny“有趣的，好笑的，滑稽的”；B選項misty“模糊的；有霧的”；C選項foggy“有霧的；模糊的，朦朧的”；D選項behind“在……的后面；朝……后面”。根據(jù)固定搭配funnybusiness“見不得人的活動，不規(guī)矩的事，不道德的行為”可知該題選funny。句意：不要卷入任何不道德的行為中。因此A選項正確。6.【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:C第4題:C第5題:A【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文開篇為我們介紹corporations的一些特點：corporations提供各種類型的工作；平均每年有超過500家corporations會派面試人員去高校找尋合適的高校畢業(yè)人才；大公司有相對完善的職工培訓和退休機制，每年的年產(chǎn)值能創(chuàng)造出上千個工作崗位。接下來說明大企業(yè)也有一些缺陷，這些缺陷正是小公司的優(yōu)勢所在，為此作者還詳細說明了這些優(yōu)勢的具體表現(xiàn)。文章最后舉例說明與大企業(yè)相比較，小公司對畢業(yè)生而言的優(yōu)勢。本文通過比較論證讓我們更加清楚什么是corporation。A選項“定義corporations和firms”；B選項“展示公司和大學之間的關系”；C選項“告知求職者有關的就業(yè)要求”都不符合題意，D選項“為大學生描述公司”正確，因此D選項正確。2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可定位到文章第一段“Bigfirmsareyourbestplaceforajobbecausetheirnormalgrowth,employeeretirements,andturnovercreatethousandsofjobsnationwideeachyear.（大公司是最適合工作的地方，因為它們的正常增長、員工退休和人員流動每年在全國范圍內(nèi)創(chuàng)造了成千上萬的工作機會。）”可知大企業(yè)工作機會很多。A選項“他們只雇傭大學畢業(yè)生”說法錯誤；B選項“他們可以提供很多工作機會”正確；C選項“他們在全國有很多子公司”和D選項“他們的職位需求很有競爭力”文中沒有提到。因此B選項正確。3.語義推測題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段第五句話“Theirsalariesareusuallycompetitiveandthechancesforadvancementandrecognitionevenstrongerthanthoseofabigfirm.（他們的薪水通常很有競爭力，晉升和認可的機會甚至比大公司還要大。）”。由此可知這里是拿大公司的薪水與小公司的薪水相比。A選項“公司的”；B選項“畢業(yè)生的”；D選項“老板的”都不符合題意，C選項“小公司的”符合題意，因此C選項正確。4.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可定位到文章第二段最后一句“Youcouldbecomeabigfishinasmallpond,reachingahigh-levelpositionmorequicklythanyouwouldifyouhadclimbedthemostcompetitiveladderofacorporategiant.（你可以成為一個小池塘里的大魚，比你爬上一個公司巨頭競爭最激烈的階梯更快地到達另一個高層位置。）”可知小公司提供的職位比你想要的還高。A選項“他們可能沒有必要送人上大學”；B選項“他們的員工可能會升職更快”；D選項“他們供不起員工上大學”文章都有提到，C選項“他們可能提供你需要的職位”說法錯誤，因此C選項正確。5.主旨大意題。從文中第一段說很多大企業(yè)去校園進行招聘并述說了你在大或者小企業(yè)里各自所獲他們各自的工作優(yōu)勢，可知本文是想給那些學生尤其是即將畢業(yè)的學生介紹一些有關大企業(yè)和小公司的特點，為他們就業(yè)提供更多參考。A選項“學生”；B選項“雇主”；C選項“員工”；D選項“工程師”。因此A選項正確。7.【答案】第1題:A第2題:C第3題:C第4題:B第5題:B第6題:C第7題:A第8題:A第9題:D第10題:A【解析】1.考查動詞辨析。A選項getstuck“被卡住”；B選項getcaught“被抓到，被捕”；D選項getmad“變得著迷”。句意：有十一種南非語言——南非荷蘭語、英語……，但我通常____六、七種。由此可知雖然有十一種語言，但作者不能記住全部，在6、7種的時候就卡住了，因此A選項正確。2.考查固定搭配。A選項keepaneyeon“照看，留意，密切注視”；B選項keepaneyeat“密切關注”；C選項keeptrackof“記錄，與……保持聯(lián)系”；D選項keeptrackon“監(jiān)控”。句意：我常常想南非政府怎么能_____這十一種語言。然而事實證明，他們也不能。根據(jù)句意可知該處填記錄更符合文意，因此C選項正確。3.考查固定搭配。由句子可知空格處應填與concern搭配的介詞，關于concern的搭配有：concernwith“與……有關，關心”；concernon“關注”。句意：因此，語言委員會主要關心的是九種班圖官方語言，以及霍伊語、桑語和南非手語。因此C選項正確。4.考查形容詞辨析。A選項slow“慢的，減速的，遲鈍的”；B選項sick“厭惡的，病態(tài)的，不舒服，渴望的，惡心的，生病的”；C選項booming“飛速發(fā)展的，繁榮的，（聲音）低沉洪亮的，奮力撞擊的”；D選項decent“正派的，得體的，相當好的”。由下文第二句中的blame（指責）在于/取決于……可知前文情感基調(diào)是想表明在南非語言有一個健康發(fā)展的機會之前，其發(fā)展狀況并不樂觀。因此B選項正確。5.考查上下文語義。聯(lián)系59題可知，在南非語言有一個健康發(fā)展的機會之前，其發(fā)展狀況并不樂觀。所以該空應填與sick相對應的詞，因此B選項正確。6.考查形容詞辨析。A選項down“不高興的，情緒低落的”；B選項gone“離去的，死去的，神情恍惚的，無望的，很棒的”；C選項slow“慢的，減速的，遲鈍的”；D選項developed“發(fā)達的（國家或地區(qū)），成熟的”。句意：文學語言發(fā)展____有歷史和社會原因。根據(jù)上文可知該空應填的詞義為“緩慢”，因此C選項正確。7.考查固定搭配。restwith“在于/取決于”。句意：但有些人要怪罪于唯一致力于這些語言的機構(gòu)——語言委員會。因此A選項正確。8.考查固定搭配。A選項inorder“整齊，秩序井然，按順序，狀況良好”；B選項intime“及時，適時”；C選項finance“財政，財政學，金融”；D選項infull“全部，全額，充足”。文中是指該組委會應該清理干凈自己的房子，即將自身腐敗和管理不善的問題逐一解決。因此A選項正確。9.考查形容詞辨析。A選項rare“稀有的，稀薄的，半熟的”；B選項respected“受尊敬的”；C選項dissected“切開的，分開的，多裂的”；D選項endemic“地方性的，風土的”。句意：很肯定的是，管理不善這一問題是南非政府的一項地方性通病。因此D選項正確。10.考查上下文語義。上文說到語言委員會有能力為說佩迪語言的學生制作教材，但是最近的事件表明他們不會給林波波省那些說佩迪語言的學生制作學習教材。因此A選項正確。8.【答案】D【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項weakness“指人性格、品行方面的弱點，或體制、組織、設計等方面的缺陷（強調(diào)弱點）”；B選項shortcoming“指某人或某事物所存在的不足或缺陷，通常用復數(shù)”；C選項demerit“是很正式的詞語，表示事物的缺點”；D選項defect“指事物的缺點或人性格上的缺點，一般指較大的缺點、缺陷?！蹦衬橙说膕hortcoming是可以改的；但是某某人的weakness是需要那個人自己去克服；shortcoming只能用來指人的缺點；weakness可以用在人以外的東西上。句意：大衛(wèi)性格上的缺陷阻礙了他在事業(yè)上的發(fā)展。因此D選項正確。9.【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項peoples“人；人類；民族；公民”；B選項colors“彩色；顏料；臉色”；C選項functions“功能；智能；函數(shù)”；D選項sorts“種類；程度；品質(zhì)；把……分類，整理；區(qū)分；挑選”。Ittakesallsortstomakeaworld.是一句諺語，意為“一種米養(yǎng)百種人”，表示世界是形形色色的人所組成的。因此D選項正確。10.【答案】第1題:C第2題:B第3題:B第4題:B第5題:C【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（這是一個連鎖反應，一個連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應。）”和第二段“Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.（這次停電并不是由傳染性電疾病引起的；它是由網(wǎng)格對這種疾病威脅的免疫反應引起的。換句話說，電網(wǎng)遭受了劇烈的過敏反應，一種過敏性休克。）”由此可知這次停電是一次過敏反應。A選項“連鎖故障”；B選項“電傳染病”；D選項“病毒攻擊”說法都不正確，只有C選項“嚴重的過敏反應”符合題意，因此C選項正確。2.作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（大多數(shù)評論家沒有正面回答這個問題，而是用了一些常見的比喻：這是一個連鎖反應，一個連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應。）”以及第二段作者說到“Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.（但這也不是一個正確的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不認同多數(shù)評論家的比喻。A選項“積極的”不正確；B選項“消極的”正確；C選項“中立的”以及D選項“諷刺的”都不是作者的態(tài)度，因此B選項正確。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段“Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.（現(xiàn)在需要的是一種更微妙、更協(xié)調(diào)的反應模式。）”。A選項“開發(fā)一個新的系統(tǒng)來協(xié)調(diào)所有的發(fā)電廠”；C選項“讓每個發(fā)電廠獨立于其他電廠”和D選項“系統(tǒng)過載時暫停供電”都不符合題意，只有B選項“建立一個更好的系統(tǒng)，使每個發(fā)電廠更加靈敏”符合題意，因此B選項正確。4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第八段“Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.（誠然，這樣一個分布式控制系統(tǒng)將花費數(shù)十億美元，而且在這個放松管制的時代，能源公司將沒有什么動力聯(lián)合起來建設它，尤其是當最大的錢在發(fā)電上的時候。）”，由此可知該分布式控制系統(tǒng)并不受能源公司的歡迎。A選項“受到所有能源公司的歡迎”說法錯誤；B選項“對能源公司沒有吸引力”說法正確；C選項“阻止這樣的停電是沒有用的”以及D選項“危害國家安全”文中均沒有提到。因此B選項正確。5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十段“Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.（也許前景黯淡，但卻是現(xiàn)實的。）”，由此可知雖然該措施看起來可行，但是前景黯淡。A選項“一定會對電網(wǎng)造成災難性的破壞”；B選項“通過反復的練習會變得完美”；D選項“隨著時間的推移被逐出改善”都不符合題意，只有C選項“看似現(xiàn)實，實則不可行”符合題意，因此C選項正確。11.【答案】C【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。A選項diveinto“迅速把手伸入；投入；一心投入；跳入（指的是跳水標準動作，運動員的那種頭朝下的）”；B選項runinto“遭遇，陷入；撞上，撞到；偶然遇見”；C選項plungeinto“投入；跳入（主要指暴力一些的進入，比如車失控沖進水里；人郁悶地把頭埋進冷水盆里）；突然或倉促地開始某事；猛沖；使突然陷入；縱身投入”；D選項readinto“曲解；加上另外的意思于；隱藏某種意義”。句意：我沒有讀簡介，直接倉促地開始讀第一章。因此C選項正確。12.【答案】A【解析】考查同義形容詞辨析。A選項vaguing“模糊的，含糊的，不明確的，曖昧的”；B選項stiffening“變硬，（使）變粘稠”；C選項vacillating“躊躇的，搖擺的”；D選項reshuffling“重新安排，重新排序”。句意：這位參議員被指責在重大問題上含糊其辭。Waffling“優(yōu)柔寡斷的，模糊不清的”，A選項與該詞意思最相近，因此A選項正確。13.【答案】A【解析】考查句式。介詞for后面跟的存在句采用不定式形式。句意：教室里的學生這么少是不尋常的。因此A選項正確。14.【答案】B【解析】考查近義名詞辨析。A選項exertion“發(fā)揮；運用；努力”；B選項gritty“堅韌不拔；多沙”；C選項emulation“仿真（效）（技術）；模仿（擬）；競爭；效法”；D選項stretches“一片；一泓；一段；（連續(xù)的）一段時間；服刑期”。句意：我接納了兩家歐洲俱樂部，每個周末都觀看他們的比賽，把工作時間浪費在閱讀有關他們的博客上，全身心地投入到他們的苦戰(zhàn)中。travail“艱苦勞動；煎熬，痛苦，艱辛”，B選項與該詞詞意最相近，因此B選項正確。15.【答案】B【解析】考查固定短語搭配。aflashinthepan“曇花一現(xiàn)，轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝，多用來形容某事持續(xù)時間短”。句意：尼克的新小說證明他并不是曇花一現(xiàn)。因此B選項正確。16.【答案】D【解析】考查同義形容詞辨析。A選項untidy“不整潔的，凌亂的，懶散的，不干凈利落的”；B選項makeshift“臨時的，權(quán)宜之計的”；C選項dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，骯臟的，惡劣的，暗淡的”；D選項crowded“擁擠的，塞滿的”。句意：軍隊在擁擠的條件下睡覺。Cramped“狹窄的，難懂的，難辨的”，D選項與該詞意思最相近，因此D選項正確。17.【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項room“房間；空間；余地；機會；房間里所有的人”；B選項house“住宅；家庭；機構(gòu)；議會；某種用途的建筑物”；C選項coat“外套；上衣；大衣；女大衣”；D選項assets“資產(chǎn)；寶貴的人才；有益的品質(zhì)；財產(chǎn)；有利條件；有價值的人或物”。ratherhaveone’sroomthanhiscompany“不愿與某人結(jié)伴為伍”，與preferone’sroomtohiscompany同義。句意：我不愿與他結(jié)伴為伍。18.【答案】D【解析】考查固定短語搭配。A選項reaping“收獲，獲得；收割”；B選項drawing“畫；拉；吸引”；C選項enjoying“欣賞，享受；喜愛；使過得快活”；D選項gaining“增加；利潤；收獲；獲得；賺到”。根據(jù)固定搭配gainthebenefit“得到益處/好處”可知該題選gaining。句意：你現(xiàn)在正受益于你以前的節(jié)儉。因此D選項正確。19.【答案】B【解析】考查近義動詞辨析。A選項repulse“驅(qū)逐；憎惡”；B選項disclaim“否認，拒絕；放棄，棄權(quán)；拒絕承認”；C選項excoriate“嚴厲的責難；擦破……的皮膚”；D選項redintegrate“使復原；重建；使更新”。句意：這是西班牙天然氣公司第三次嘗試在西班牙快速鞏固的電力行業(yè)中與大型合作伙伴結(jié)盟，2005年被Endesa公司拒絕，2003年被Iberdrola公司拒絕。rebuff“斷然拒絕”，B選項與該詞詞意最相近，因此B選項正確。20.【答案】D【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。A選項putdown“記下，寫下，鎮(zhèn)壓”；B選項putacross“圓滿完成；使被接受；解釋清楚”；C選項putaway“收起來，放好，儲存，打消”；D選項putout“熄滅；伸出；使不高興/憤怒/不安”。句意：這位主席很顯然被Jim的話給激怒了，瞪了他幾秒鐘。因此D選項正確。第2卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy（）payrisesarerelatedtoperformancesatwork.問題1選項A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.what2.單選題Caruthers’slatestliterarycriticism（）herreputationfortrenchantcommentary;despiteitsintriguingtitleandthefulsomepraiseonitsdustjacket,itisnothingmorethanacollectionof（）.問題1選項A.reinforces,pronouncementsB.advances,aphorismsC.belies,platitudesD.undermines,judgments3.單選題Wecarriedout（）checksonthevehiclesbeforetheyleavethedepot.問題1選項A.spotB.potC.rainD.coat4.單選題Thecommissionwouldfinditself（）ateveryturnifitsmemberscouldn’treachanagreement.問題1選項A.collidedB.savagedC.crumbledD.hampered5.單選題Hehadafallandhavea（）fractureinabone.問題1選項A.hairgripB.hairpieceC.hairlineD.hairstyle6.單選題WhenhewontheprestigiousCulturalPrizeinGermanyin1994,“itwasreportednowhereinBritain,”hesays,soundingratherpiqued.問題1選項A.annoyedB.satisfiedC.excitedD.humiliated7.單選題Justastheauthor’sbookoneelsisoftenakeytextforcoursesinmarinevertebratezoology,theirideasonanimaldevelopmentandphylogeny（）teachinginthisarea.問題1選項A.preventB.defyC.replicateD.inform8.單選題Itissometimesdifficultto（）ahappymediuminlife.問題1選項A.adoptB.makeC.reachD.strike9.單選題Thefilmwasgiventheabsent（）.問題1選項A.treatmentB.boardC.applauseD.comment10.單選題Criticscalledtheproposala（）gamethatisnoteasilyrecognizable.問題1選項A.boardB.ballC.homeD.shell11.單選題Whenthecrowdsawtheprize-fighterstretchedoutonthecanvas,shoutsandcheers（）fromit.問題1選項A.brokeupB.brokeforthC.brokethroughD.brokeupon12.單選題SuchalarmsreflectedtheAlsop’stendencytocloaktheiranalysesinportentoustermsofdreadanddismay.問題1選項A.ominousB.foppishC.gregariousD.remunerative13.單選題Histrialisfixedfornextweek,buthehasbeenallowedouton（）.問題1選項A.paroleB.leaveC.bailD.perjury14.單選題ThebiggestproblemfacingChileasitpromotesitselfasatouristdestinationtobereckonedwith,isthatitisattheendoftheearth.Itistoofarsouthtobeaconvenientstoponthewaytoanywhereelseandismuchfartherthanarelativelycheaphalf-day’sflightawayfromthebigtouristmarkets,unlikeMexico,forexample.Chile,therefore,ishavingtofighthardtoattracttourists,toconvincetravelersthatitisworthcoininghalfwayroundtheworldtovisit.Butitissucceeding,notonlyinexistingmarketsliketheUSAandWestern.Europebutinnewterritories,inparticulartheFarEast.Marketsclosertohome,however,arenotbeingforgotten.Morethan50%ofvisitorstoChilestillcomefromitsnearestneighbor,Argentina,wherethecostoflivingismuchhigher.LikeallSouthAmericancountries,Chileseestourismasavaluableearnerofforeigncurrency,althoughithasbeenfarmoreseriousthanmostinpromotingitsimageabroad.Relativelystablepoliticallywithintheregion,ithasbenefitedfromtheproblemssufferedinotherareas.InPeru,guerrillawarfareinrecentyearshasdealtaheavyblowtothetouristindustryandfearofstreetcrimeinBrazilhasreducedtheattractionofRiodeJaneiroasadreamdestinationforforeigners.Morethan150,000peoplearedirectlyinvolvedinChile’stouristsector,anindustrywhichearnsthecountrymorethanUS$950millioneachyearThestate-runNationalTourismService,inpartnershipwithanumberofprivatecompanies,iscurrentlyrunningaworld-widecampaign,takingpartintradefairs,andinternationaleventstoattractvisitorstoChile.Chile’sgreatstrengthasatouristdestinationisitsgeographicaldiversity.FromtheparchedAtacamaDesertinthenorthtotheAntarcticsnowfieldsofthesouth,itismorethan5,000kmlong.WiththePacificononesideandtheAndeanmountainsontheother,Chileboastsnaturalattractions.ItsbeachesarenotuptoCaribbeanstandardsbutresortssuchasVinadelMararegenerallycleanandunspoiltandhaveahighstandardofservices.ButthetrumpcardistheAndesmountainrange.Thereareanumberofexcellentskiresortswithinonehour’sdriveofthecapital,Santiago,andthenationalparksinthesoutharehometorareanimalandplantspecies.Theparksalreadyattractspecialistvisitors,includingmountaineers,whocometoclimbthetechnicallydifficultpeaks,andfishermen,luredbythesalmonandtroutintheregion’srivers.However,infrastructuraldevelopmentintheseareasislimited.TheskiresortsdonothaveasmanyliftsastheirEuropeancounterpartsandthepoorqualityofroadsinthesouthmeansthatonlythemostdeterminedtravelersseethebestofthenationalparks.AirlinksbetweenChileandtherestoftheworldare,atpresent,relativelypoor.WhileChile’stwolargestairlineshaveextensivenetworkswithinSouthAmerica,theyoperateonlyasmallnumberofroutestotheUnitedStatesandEurope,whileservicestoAsiaarealmostnon-existent.Internaltransportlinksarebeingimprovedandluxuryhotelsarebeingbuiltinoneofitsnationalparks.NorisdevelopmentbeingrestrictedtotheAndes.EasterIslandandChile’sAntarcticTerritoryarealsoonthelistofareaswheretheGovernmentbelievesitcancreatetouristmarkets.Butt