大學(xué)思辨英語教程-精讀3課件Unit-4

Unit4

Organizationand

Institution

ThePathologyofImprisonmentPhilipG.ZimbardoReadingSkills

CriticalThinkingCommunicativeCompetenceInterculturalCompetenceLearning

ObjectivesUnderstandwordsandexpressionsincontextRelatenewinformationtooldinformationDefinethekeyconceptsinthetextLearning

ObjectivesUseidiomaticexpressionsSummarizeothers’pointsBeabletouselanguagewithaccuracy,clarityanddiscernmentCommunicativeCompetenceReadingSkillsCriticalThinkingLearning

ObjectivesDistinguishbetweenopinionsandfactsExploreimplicationsandconsequencesofinstitutionalizationAssesstherelationshipbetweenindividualsandtheorganizations/institutionstheybelongtoComparetraditionalandmodernwaysoforganizinglifeandworkIdentifythedifferencesinteacher-studentrelationshipsacrossdifferentculturesUnderstandthedifferentcharacteristicsoftwosocialgroups(primaryandsecondary)InterculturalCompetenceLeadinDuringourlives,weallhavetodothingsthatourrolesandrelationshipsrequireustodotofulfillexpectationseventhoughwewouldprefernottodothem.Sometimesunderverystrongsocialpressurewealsofindourselveshavingtodothingsthatconflictwithourprinciplesandsenseofwhatisright.Bothtypesofbehaviorindicatehowsocialstructure—thewaysocietyisorganized—shapesourlives.LeadinInTextA,PhilipG.Zimbardo’sprisonexperimentatStanfordUniversityrevealshowpowerfulorpowerlessindividualscanbewhenassignedrolesinaninstitutionsuchasaprison.TextBexploresthedialecticalrelationshipbetweenindividuals,agencyandsocialstructure.Thetwotextsprovideusfoodforthoughtabouthowsocietyisorganizedandtheeffectofthewayitisorganizedonusasindividuals.BackgroundKnowledge1.AbouttheauthorMainpublications:InfluencingAttitudesandChangingBehavior(2nded.).Reading,MA:AddisonWesley.,1977,Psychology(3rdEdition),Reading,MA:AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.,1999,PsychologyAndLife,17/e,Allyn&BaconPublishing,2005,TheLuciferEffect:UnderstandingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvil,RandomHouse,NewYork,2007Mainresearchinterests:socialpsychology,particularlyprisonstudy,socialintensitysyndromestudy(relatedtodischargedsoldiers).2.InstitutionalizationInstitutionalizationreferstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception(forexampleabelief,norm,socialrole,particularvalueormodeofbehavior)withinanorganization,socialsystem,orsocietyasawhole.Thetermmayalsobeusedtorefertocommittingaparticularindividualorgrouptoaninstitution,suchasamentalorwelfareinstitution.BackgroundKnowledge3.SolitaryconfinementSolitaryconfinementisaformofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanyhumancontact,oftenwiththeexceptionofmembersofprisonstaff.Itismostlyemployedasaformofpunishmentbeyondincarcerationforaprisoner,usuallyforviolationsofprisonregulations.However,itisalsousedasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionforvulnerableinmates.Inthecaseprisonersathighriskofsuicide,itcanbeusedtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowtheprisonertoself-harm.BackgroundKnowledge4.ParoleParoleistheprovisionalreleaseofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspriortothecompletionofthemaximumsentenceperiod.Aspecifictypeofparoleismedicalparoleorcompassionatereleasewhichisthereleaseofprisonersonmedicalorhumanitariangrounds.Conditionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobeyingthelaw,refrainingfromdrugandalcoholuse,avoidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictims,obtainingemployment,andmaintainingrequiredcontactswithaparoleofficer.BackgroundKnowledge5.RehabilitationRehabilitationisthere-integrationintosocietyofaconvictedpersonandthemainobjectiveofmodernpenalpolicy,tocounterhabitualoffending,alsoknownascriminalrecidivism.Alternativestoimprisonmentalsoexist,suchascommunityservice,probationorders,andothersentailingguidanceandaftercaretowardstheoffender.BackgroundKnowledge6.StanleyMilgram’sexperimentsExperimentonobedience:AseriesofsocialpsychologyexperimentsconductedbyYaleUniversitypsychologistStanleyMilgram.Theymeasuredthewillingnessofstudyparticipants,menfromadiverserangeofoccupationswithvaryinglevelsofeducation,toobeyanauthorityfigurewhoinstructedthemtoperformactsconflictingwiththeirpersonalconscience;theexperimentfound,unexpectedly,thataveryhighproportionofpeoplewerepreparedtoobey,albeitunwillingly,evenifapparentlycausingseriousinjuryanddistress.Thisexperimentiscloselyrelatedwiththetextsincetheyareallabouttheeffectofassignedroles.BackgroundKnowledgeSmall-worldexperiment(sixdegreesofseparation):Thesmall-worldexperimentcomprisedseveralexperimentsconductedbyStanleyMilgramandotherresearchersexaminingtheaveragepathlengthforsocialnetworksofpeopleintheUnitedStates.Theresearchwasgroundbreakinginthatitsuggestedthathumansocietyisasmall-world-typenetworkcharacterizedbyshortpath-lengths.Theexperimentsareoftenassociatedwiththephrase“sixdegreesofseparation”,althoughMilgramdidnotusethistermhimself.ThisexperimentisnotcloselyrelatedwiththetextsincetheexperimentisaboutsocialnetworkingbetweenindividualsintheUnitedStates.continuedBackgroundKnowledge

TextStructureTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaI.Anecdoteandintroduction1-2AcaseshowingthenecessityforprisonreformII.Body3-10Theexperimentofamockprisonwithguardsandprisonerswerecarriedoutandhadtoendearlierbecauseofthefrighteningeffect.

continuedTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaIII.Findings11-13IV.Conclusion14Theprisonsituationisguaranteedtogenerateseverepathologicalreactionsinbothguardsandprisonersastodebasetheirhumanity,andmakeitdifficultforthemtobepartofasocietyoutsideoftheirprison.Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallyun-validatedconstructs.PartIComprehensionCheckWhydoesZimbardobeginthearticlewithanexample?Zimbardousesthespecificexampleofaprisoner’ssituationtopleadforprisonreformandtojustifytheexperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

PartIWordStudy1.petition(Para.1,line10)noun[countable]1)lawanofficiallettertoalawcourt,askingforalegalcasetobeconsidered上訴書petitionfore.g.Sheisthreateningtofileapetitionfordivorce.2)awrittenrequestsignedbyalotofpeople,askingsomeoneinauthoritytodosomethingorchangesomething請?jiān)笗鴈.g.Theywantedmetosignapetitionagainstexperimentsonanimals.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

Collocation:signapetitiondrawupapetition(=prepareone)organizeapetitionpresent/deliverapetitionapetitioncallingforsomething/demandingsomethingapetitionopposingsomethingcontinuedPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.penitentiary(Para.1,line12)noun[countable]aprison–usedespeciallyinthenamesofprisons監(jiān)獄e.g.theNorthCarolinastatePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.incorrigible(Para.1,line12)adjectivesomeonewhoisincorrigibleisbadinawaythatcannotbechangedorimproved–oftenusedhumorously不可救藥的e.g.Peter,youareanincorrigibleflirt!Derivation:incorrigibly

adverbPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.rehabilitate(Para.2,line6)verb[transitive]tohelpsomeonetoliveahealthy,useful,oractivelifeagainaftertheyhavebeenseriouslyillorinprison使恢復(fù)（正常生活）e.g.aspecialunitforrehabilitatingstrokepatientsDerivation:rehabilitationnoun[uncountable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisWhatexperimentdoesZimbardoandhiscolleaguesconduct?Theyconductanexperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsandprisoners.PartIIComprehensionCheckPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisWhatisthepurposeofthisexperiment?Theywanttounderstandwhatitmeanspsychologicallytobeaprisoneroraprisonguard.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.Whoaretheparticipantsandwhatrolesaretheyassignedintheexperiment?The24participantsareselectedrandomlyfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocityandtheywererandomlyassignedrolesofguardsandprisonersinasimulatedprison.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.Whereandwhenistheexperimentconducted?AtStanfordUniversityin1971.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.Howdoestheexperimentgo?Theexperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis6.Whydotheexperimentersdecidetoendtheexperimentearlierthanplanned?Becausetheeffectsofprison(abusingandbeingabused)onthosebeingexperimentedarefrightening.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis7.Whataretheresultsoftheexperiment?Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehavior.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis8.CheckoutthemeaningsofthefollowingtermsandpointthemoutonebyoneinZimbardo’sprisonexperiment.Tendiscusswhetherhisexperimentwasstrictlyuptotherequirementofa“trueexperiment.”Hypothesis:thechangeofenvironment(includingchangedroles)affectsone’sbehavior(studentsareputintoamockprisonandassignedoppositeroleswhicharealldifferentfromtheirnormalenvironmentandroleofbeingastudentorcitizen)PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisCause:prisonandassignednewroles(changedenvironment)Effect:rationalpeoplewithhumanitywereturnedtoabusersandvictimsIndependentvariable:theparticipantsashumanbeings(thesamehumanbeings)Stimulus:changeofenvironment/roles)Dependentvariable:behaviorcontinuedPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisTheexperimentonthepowerandinfluenceofrolesassignedtoordinaryindividualsisbasicallyvalidandconvincing,andsimilarexperimentsalsoprovethatmostpeople’sbehaviorareinfluencedbythesocialenvironment,particularlythenewrolestheyareassigned.Unfortunately,theexperimentcannotbeconfirmedduetotheethicalconcern(theharmcausedbytheexperimentontheparticipants).Andalso,sincetheparticipantsofasocialexperimentarehumans,theresultmightnotbeexactlythesame(unlikethenaturalscienceexperimentwhichcanberepeatedwithprecisionandsameresult).continuedPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIIWordStudy1.homogeneous(Para.3,line13)adjective

consistingofpeopleorthingsthatareallofthesametype同類的e.g.ahomogeneoussociety

Derivation:homogeneouslyadverbPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.dimension(Para.3,line13)noun[countable]apartofasituationoraqualityinvolvedinit

特點(diǎn)dimensionofe.g.themoraldimensionofworldpolitics

addanew/anextra/anotheretcdimension(tosomething)e.g.Hiscoachinghasaddedanotherdimensiontomygame.political/social/economicetc.dimensione.g.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthehistoricaldimensiontotheseissues.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2)[usuallyplural]thelength,height,width,depth,ordiameterofsomething尺寸e.g.

arectanglewiththedimensions5cmx2cm3)adirectioninspacethatisatanangleof90degreestotwootherdirections維度e.g.

Adiagramrepresentsthingsinonlytwodimensions.continuedPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisCollocations:add/give/bringanewetcdimensiontosomethingtakeonanew/extraetcdimension(=developinawaythatisnewordifferent)anextra/added/additional/furtherdimensionasocial/political/culturaldimensionamoral/ethicaldimensionaspiritualdimensionthehumandimensionaninternationaldimensioncontinuedPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.simulated(Para.4,line2)adj.notreal,butmadetolook,feeletc.likearealthing,situation,orfeeling

模仿的，模擬的；仿制的；假（裝）的e.g.

Themovie’ssimulatedtropicalstormuseduphugequantitiesofwater.Derivation:simulationnounsimulatornounPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.undo(Para.6,line6)verb[transitive]toopensomethingthatistied,fastened,orwrapped打開e.g.Iundidthepackagecarefully.2)totrytoremovethebadeffectsofsomethingyouhavedone消除e.g.Wecannotundothedamageofalifetimeinonly30days.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.despicable(Para.6,line10)adjectiveextremelybadorimmoral十分令人厭惡的e.g.It’sdespicablethewayhetreatsthosekids.adespicableactofterrorism

adespicablecrimePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis6.servile(Para.6,line11)adjectiveveryeagertoobeysomeonebecauseyouwanttopleasethem諂媚的e.g.aservileattitudeTheyleadadoublelife,onthesurfacepassive,evenservile,

butinsidetheysuffer.Derivation:servility

noun[uncountable]PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis7.acute(Para.7,line2)adjective1)PROBLEManacuteproblemisveryserious嚴(yán)重的

e.g.Thehousingshortageismoreacutethanfirstthought.2)FEELINGanacutefeelingisverystrong劇烈的

e.g.acutepain3)ILLNESSanacuteillnessordiseasequicklybecomesveryseriousOPPchronic急性的

e.g.acutearthritisPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4)SENSESacutesensessuchashearing,taste,touchetcareverygoodandsensitive靈敏的e.g.Youngchildrenhaveaparticularlyacutesenseofsmell.5)INTELLIGENTquicktonoticeandunderstandthings敏銳的e.g.anacuteanalysisofMiddleEasternpolitics6)MATHEMATICSanacuteangleislessthan90°銳角的Derivation:acutenessnoun[uncountable]continuedPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis8.traumatic(Para.7,line2)adjectiveatraumaticexperienceissoshockingandupsettingthatitaffectsyouforalongtime痛苦難忘的e.g.

Hisson’sdeathwasthemosttraumaticeventinStan’slife.Derivation:traumatically

adverbPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis9.parole(Para.7,line3)1)verb[transitive]toallowsomeonetoleaveprisonontheconditionthattheypromisetobehavewell假釋e.g.Calley,whohadbeensentencedtolifeimprisonment,waseventuallyparoledafterhavingservedonlythreeyears.2)noun[uncountable]permissionforsomeonetoleaveprison,ontheconditionthattheypromisetobehavewell假釋onparolee.g.Hewasreleasedonparoleafterservingtwoyears.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis10.forfeit(Para.7,line4)1)verb[transitive]tolosearight,position,possessionetcorhaveittakenawayfromyoubecauseyouhavebrokenalaworrule喪失（權(quán)利）e.g.Bybeingabsentfromthetrial,heforfeitedtherighttoappeal.2)noun[countable]somethingthatistakenawayfromyouorsomethingthatyouhavetopay,becauseyouhavebrokenaruleormadeamistake罰金e.g.Iftheplatefallstheplayermustpayaforfeit.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis11.incentive(Para.7,line9)noun[countable,uncountable]somethingthatencouragesyoutoworkharder,startanewactivityetc激勵(lì)create/provide/givesomebodyanincentivee.g.Awardsprovideanincentiveforyoungpeopletoimprovetheirskills.economic/financial/taxetcincentivese.g.Doctorsareencouragedthroughfinancialincentivestoworkinpoorareas.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis12.tyrannical(Para.8,line1)adjectivebehavinginacruelandunfairwaytowardssomeoneyouhavepowerover專制的e.g.Lewiswasatyrannicalbosswhofrightenedandhumiliatedhisemployees.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIISentenceAnalysisParaphrasethesentence1.Thiseloquentpleaforprisonreform…cametomesecretlyinaletterfromaprisonerwhocannotbeidentifiedbecauseheisstillinastatecorrectionalinstitution.(Para.3)Thispowerfulappealforprisonreformwassenttomeinasecretletterfromaprisoner.Hecannotrevealhisnamebecauseofstillbeingrehabilitated.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisParaphrasethesentence2.Theguardsweremadeawareofthepotentialseriousnessanddangerofthesituationandtheirownvulnerability.(Para.4)Theguardswereinformedofthepotentialseriousnessanddangerofthesituationaswellastheirownweaknesses(duringtheexperiment).PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisParaphrasethesentence3.Inlessthanaweektheexperienceofimprisonmentundid(temporarily)alifetimeoflearning;humanvaluesweresuspended,self-conceptswerechallenged,andtheugliest,mostbase,pathologicalsideofhumannaturesurfaced.(Para.6)Inlessthanaweek,theexperienceofimprisonmentdissolvedallgoodthingsthatthey’velearnedinalifetime,includinghumanvaluesandself-conceptswhiletheugliestandmostbasicsicksideofhumannaturecameintothesurface.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartIIIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.Whatlessonscanbedrawnfromtheexperiment?Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,etc.Manypeople,perhapsthemajority,canbemadetodoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologicallycompellingsituations–regardlessoftheirmorals,ethics,values,attitudes,beliefs,orpersonalconvictions.2.AccordingtoZimbardo,“Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallyunvalidatedconstructs.Thuswecreatedanillusionoffreedombyattributingmoreinternalcontroltoourselves,totheindividual,thanactuallyexists.”(Para.11)Evaluatehisstatementbasedonthegivenexperimentanddiscusstowhatextenthisargumentisvalid.Zimbardo’sstatementorconclusionisbasedonhisonlyexperimentabouthumansandtheirenvironmentandcannotberepeatedduetoethicalreasons.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisItisreasonabletoarguethatmostpeopleareinfluencedbythe(changeof)environmentandadapttoitquickly,whichmeanspersonal“freedom”isconditioned.However,thereareexceptions,andthisstatementcannotexplainthebehaviorofthoseheroeswhosticktotheirprinciplesunderanycircumstancesandwouldratherdiethansurrendertoenemyorpower.continuedPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.InPara.12,Zimbardoargues,“Eachofuscarriesaroundinourheadsafavorableself-imageinwhichweareessentiallyjust,fair,humane,andunderstanding.”Andthisalsoappliestomostpeople’sbehaviorwhendonatingtocharities.Searchformoreinformationaboutthefunctionandnatureofcharityanddiscusswhytherearepeoplewhodonatetime,moneyande?ortdespitealternativeargumentsabouttheselfishnessofhumannature.BesidesthereasonZimbardomentions(psychologicalfactorofself-imageforthedonors),thereareatleasttwomorereasons.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisOneisreligiousreason–mostpeopleintheWestareChristianswhobelieveintheteachingsofJesusChristandfeeladutytohelpthepoor(intheformofmaterial,money,ortime).TheotherisrelatedtotheaffluenceoftheWestwherethemajorityofpeoplebecomewell-offenoughtogiveawayafractionoftheirwealthormoneytomaintainsocialstability.(There’realsootherreasonssuchastaxdeductioninsomecountriestoencouragedonation.)continuedPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis

PartIIIWordStudy1.contingency(Para.11,line2)noun[countable]aneventorsituationthatmighthappeninthefuture,especiallyonethatcouldcauseproblems可能發(fā)生的事；意外e.g.

Firmsneedtoincludeacontingencyfundwithinthebudget.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.deviant(Para.11,line8)adjectivedifferent,inabadway,fromwhatisconsiderednormal怪異的e.g.

ResistancetocontrolmakesNickyaproblem,adeviant,atroublemaker.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.inflict

(Para.12,line3)verb

[transitive]tomakesomeonesuffersomethingunpleasant使遭受（痛苦）inflictsomethingon/uponsomebodye.g.

Thestrikesinflictedseriousdamageontheeconomy.Derivation:infliction

noun[uncountable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.provocation

(Para.12,line3)noun[countable,uncountable]anactionoreventthatmakessomeoneangryorupset,orisintendedtodothis挑釁e.g.

Juliehasatendencytoburstintotearsattheslightestprovocation.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis5.underscore

(Para.12,line5)verb[transitive]toemphasizethefactthatsomethingisimportantortrue強(qiáng)調(diào)e.g.Nationaldefenseconstitutesoverone-fourthoftheFederalbudgetandunderscoresthehighcostofmilitarypreparedness.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis6.derive(Para.12,line6)verb1)[transitive]togetsomething,especiallyanadvantageorapleasantfeeling,fromsomething獲得derivesomethingfromsomething

e.g.Medically,wewillderivegreatbenefitfromthistechnique.derivepleasure/enjoymentetce.g.Manystudentsderivedenormoussatisfactionfromthecourse.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2)(alsobederived)[intransitive,transitive]todeveloporcomefromsomethingelsederivefrom源于

e.g.ThiswordisderivedfromLatin.Derivation:derivation

nounPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysiscontinued7.succumb(Para.13,line5)verb[intransitive]tostopopposingsomeoneorsomethingthatisstrongerthanyou,andallowthemtotakecontrol屈服succumbtoe.g.Succumbingtopressurefromthechemicalindustry,GovernorBlakelyamendedtheregulations.2)ifyousuccumbtoanillness,youbecomeveryillordieofit生病e.g.About400,000Americanssuccumbeachyeartosmoking-relatedillnesses.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisParaphrasethesentencePartIIISentenceAnalysisPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis1.Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallyunvalidatedconstructs.(Para.11)Individualbehaviorislargelyinfluencedanddominatedbysocialforcesandenvironmentalfactorsinsteadofbypersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orothercomponentsthatcannotbeprovedbyempiricalevidences.ParaphrasethesentencePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.Thuswecreatedanillusionoffreedombyattributingmoreinternalcontroltoourselves,totheindividual,thanactuallyexists.(Para.11)Thuswecreatedafalsebeliefin(personal)freedombyemphasizingindividuals’internalcontrol(ofthemselvesandoftheenvironment)thatactuallydoesnotexist.TranslatethesentencePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis3.Wethusunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehaviorbecause:(a)theyareoftennon-obviousandsubtle,(b)wecanoftenavoidenteringsituationswherewemightbesocontrolled,(c)welabelas“weak”or“deviant”peopleinthosesituationswhodobehavedi?erentlyfromhowwebelievedwewould.(Para.11)我們之所以低估了實(shí)際情境對我們無處不在的控制能力是因?yàn)椋海╝）它們常常是隱性的和微妙的，（b）我們常常能夠避免陷入可能被情境控制的局面，（c）我們給那些在這種情形下有異于我們自我期許（而不是實(shí)際行為）的那些人的行為貼上“軟弱”和“不正?！钡臉?biāo)簽。ParaphrasethesentencePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis4.However,sincethemajorityofpeopleinthesestudiesdoactinnon-rational,non-obviousways,itfollowsthatthemajorityofobserverswouldalsosuccumbtothesocialpsychologicalforcesinthesituation.(Para.13)However,sincemostparticipantsinthesestudiesdoactinirrationalorunreasonableways,itcanbeconcludedthatthemajorityofobserverswouldalsoyieldtothesocialpsychologicalpressureinthesamesituation.

PartIVWordStudy1.elicit(Para.14,line3)verb[transitive]

tosucceedingettinginformationorareactionfromsomeone,especiallywhenthisisdifficult獲得；引出e.g.Whenherknockelicitednoresponse,sheopenedthedoorandpeepedin.Derivation:elicitation

noun[uncountable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysis2.pathology(Para.14,line3)noun[uncountable]

thestudyofthecausesandeffectsofillnesses

病理學(xué)e.g.Itistruethatwithincreasedyearstheincidenceofmultiplepathologyincreases.Derivation:pathologist

noun[countable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandExplorationDiscussthefollowingquestionsinsmallgroups.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(1)CompareZimbardo’sprisonexperimentwithMilgram’sexperimentonobedience.Discusstheirsimilaritiesanddi?erences.Similarities:thetwoexperimentsareallabouttheeffectofassignedrolesa