人教版（2023）選擇性必修第一冊(cè)Unit 1 People of Achievement Reading and Thinking 同步練習(xí)題（含答案）

第第頁人教版（2023）選擇性必修第一冊(cè)Unit1PeopleofAchievementReadingandThinking同步練習(xí)題（含答案）UNIT1Part1ReadingandThinking練習(xí)題

基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)

Ⅰ.單詞拼寫

1.Exerciseisa(/krul/)factorinkeepinghealthy.

2.Amancanbedestroyedbutnot(打敗).

3.Furtherinformationcanbe(獲得)fromourheadoffice.

4.Thescientistshavefoundsix(有區(qū)別的)colorsofthiskindofcat,whichisanewbreakthrough.

Ⅱ.單句語法填空

1.Johnpaused,(apparent)lostinthought.

2.WereturninSeptemberforthestartofthenew(academy)year.

3.Here'ssome(boil)water.Haveadrinkwheneveryou'rethirsty.

4.Afteran(analyse)ofthespecies,theresearchteamconfirmeditasanewspecies.

5.Buildingtransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)isvital

thecountry'seconomicdevelopment.

6.Whatmakesthewriteruniqueisnotonlyhisgreatworksbutalsohis

(commit)towhatheloves.

7.Ourmotherinsistsonus(eat)healthyfood.

8.Theeffectivenessofthismedicine(evaluate)bythesescientiststheotherday.

9.Firstofall,I'mverygratefultomyteacher,MrsChopra,

trustedmeandofferedmethechancetomakeaspeechhere.

Ⅲ.完成句子

1.在過去的一年中,我們都忙著準(zhǔn)備高考,這場(chǎng)考試對(duì)于大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生而言都至關(guān)重要。(vital,非限制性定語從句)

Overthepastyear,wehavebeenbusypreparingfortheNationalCollegeEntranceExamination,

mostChinesestudents.

2.如果你的夢(mèng)想是成為佼佼者并登上領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái),你最好完全致力于你的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(commit)

Ifyourdreamistobethebestandreachthewinner'splatform,youhadbetter

yoursport.

3.科學(xué)營將于下個(gè)月舉行,目的是鼓勵(lì)更多的學(xué)生投身科學(xué)研究。(objective)

Thesciencecampwillbeheldnextmonth

morestudentstothrowthemselvesintoresearch.

4.人們普遍認(rèn)為水資源對(duì)我們來說極其重要。(acknowledge)

waterresourcesareofvitalimportancetous.(2022全國甲寫作)

5.我的朋友堅(jiān)持要開車送我去那兒,我在這寒冷的日子里感到了溫暖。(一句多譯)

①M(fèi)yfriendmethere,andIfeltwarmthinthecoldday.(insiston)

②Myfriend

methere,andIfeltwarmthinthecoldday.(insistthat...)(讀后續(xù)寫—友情)

能力提升

Ⅰ.課文語法填空

TuYouyouisuniversallyacknowledgedasascientistofgreat1(achieve).BorninNingbo,China,TuYouyougraduatedfromPekingUniversityMedicalSchoolin1955.In1967,shewaschosenintoaresearchteam2wasformedbytheChinesegovernmentwiththeaimofdiscoveringanewtreatment3malaria.Sheandherteammatesexaminedover2,000oldmedicaltexts,4(evaluate)280,000plantsfortheirmedicalproperties,andtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstmalaria.Asa5(commit)andpatientscientist,sheneveracknowledgeddefeatwhateverdifficultyshemet.Afterfailingtodrawoutusefulextractby6(boil)thesweetwormwood,shebeganeven7(careful)thinkingandresearchwork.Shedrew8conclusionthatboilingthesweetwormwooddestroyed9(it)medicalproperties.Sosheusedalowertemperature10(draw)outtheextractandfinallyshesucceeded.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

8.9.10.

Ⅱ.閱讀理解

A

Throughouthistory,environmentalistshavehadagreatinfluencenotonlyonnaturalspaces,butalsoonourindividuallives.Herearefourinfluentialones.

·JohnMuir(1838~1914)

HislifelongloveforhikingbeganwhenhehikedtotheGulfofMexicoin1867.Muirspentmuchofhisadultlifewanderingin—andfightingtopreserve—thewildernessoftheWest,especiallyCalifornia.HistirelesseffortsledtothecreationofYosemiteNationalPark,SequoiaNationalPark,andmillionsofotherconservationareas.

·RachelCarson(1907~1964)

BorninruralPennsylvania,RachelCarsonwentontostudybiologyatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.AfterworkingfortheUSFishandWildlifeService,CarsonpublishedTheSeaAroundUsandotherbooks.Hermostfamouswork,however,was1962'sSilentSpring,inwhichshedescribedtheharmfulenvironmentaleffectsofpesticides(殺蟲劑).AfterCarson'sobservationswereprovencorrect,pesticideslikeDDTwerebanned.

·WangariMaathai(1940~2023)

WangariMaathaiwasfromKenya.AfterstudyingbiologyintheUS,shereturnedtoherhomecountrytobeginacareerinenvironmentalactivism.MaathaifoundedtheGreenBeltMovement,which,bytheearly21stcentury,hadalreadyplantedsome30milliontrees,providedjobs,andsecuredfirewoodforruralcommunities.In2023,shewasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizewhilecontinuingtofightfortheplanet.

·DavidBrower(1912~2000)

DavidBrowerwasassociatedwithwildernesspreservation.HebecametheSierraClub'sfirstexecutivedirectorin1952,andthen,overthenext17years,theclubmembershipgrewfrom2,000to77,000.Itwonmanyenvironmentalvictoriesunderhisleadership.Afterleavingtheclub,hewentontofoundotherenvironmentalgroupslikeFriendsoftheEarth,andtheEarthIslandInstitute.

1.Whichofthefourenvironmentalistsisawriter

A.JohnMuir.B.RachelCarson.C.WangariMaathai.D.DavidBrower.

2.WhatdidWangariMaathaidoasanenvironmentalist

A.Sheencouragedgreenfarming.B.Shefundedruralcommunities.

C.Sheadvocatedgrowingtrees.D.Sheattemptedtoprotectwildanimals.

3.WhattitleisthemostsuitableoneforDavid

A.Anenvironmentalactivist.B.Agreatsocialeventplanner.

C.Acitypreservationist.D.Anenvironmentalscientist.

B

ThreescientistswhostudiedhowcellssenseandadapttooxygenlevelshavebeenawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.WilliamG.KaelinJroftheDanaFarberCancerInstituteandHarvardUniversity,SirPeterJ.RatcliffeofOxfordUniversityandtheFrancisCrickInstitute,andGreggL.SemenzaofJohnsHopkinsUniversitywerejointlyawardedtheprize.

“Themeaningfuldiscoveriesbythisyear'sNobelwinnersshowedlife'smostadaptiveprocesses,”RandallJohnson,amemberoftheNobelAssemblyatSweden'sKarolinskaInstitute,said.“Thethreephysiciansfoundthemolecularswitch(分子開關(guān))thatregulateshowourcellsadaptwhenoxygenlevelsdrop.”

“Cellsandtissuesareconstantlyexperiencingchangesinoxygenavailability,”Johnsonsaid.“Asanembryo(胚胎)growsanddevelops,andasmuscleswork,theoxygenavailablechangesasthetissuesthemselveschange.Cellsneedawaytoadjusttotheamountofoxygentheyhave,whilestilldoingtheirimportantjobs.”

Thecommitteesaidthatthediscoveriesarevitalforphysiologyandcouldexploitnewstrategiestofightanemia,cancerandmanyotherdiseases.

KaelinwasborninNewYorkandreceivedhisdoctorateinmedicinefromDukeUniversity.HedidhisspecialisttrainingininternalmedicineandoncologyattheJohnsHopkinsHospital,Baltimore,andattheDanaFarberCancerInstitute,Boston.

RatcliffewasborninLancashire,theUnitedKingdom,andstudiedmedicineatGonvilleandCaiusCollegeatCambridgeUniversityanddidhisspecialisttraininginnephrologyatOxford.HeisthedirectorofclinicalresearchattheFrancisCrickInstituteinLondonandamemberoftheLudwigInstituteforCancerResearch.

SemenzawasborninNewYork.HeobtainedaB.A.inbiologyfromHarvardandhisM.D.fromtheUniversityofPennsylvania.HedidhisspecialisttraininginpediatricsatDukeUniversity.HeisthedirectoroftheVascularResearchProgramattheJohnsHopkinsInstituteforCellEngineering.

4.Whatcanweknowaboutthethreescientists

A.Theystudieddifferentfields.B.Theysharedoneprize.

C.Theyresearchedheartdisease.D.Theyfoundthefunctionofembryos.

5.WhatdidJohnsonthinkofthediscoveries

A.Important.B.Meaningless.

C.Interesting.D.Disappointing.

6.Whatdothelastthreeparagraphsmainlytalkabout

A.Thethreescientists'achievements.

B.Theinfluenceofthediscoveries.

C.Theexamplesetbythethreescientists.

D.Theintroductionofthethreescientists.

Ⅲ.七選五

Maybeyou'reayoungscientistwantingtomakeaninfluenceontheworld,oramoreseasonedveteranofscientificstudywhoiscuriousabouthowtogetbetteratyourjob.Eitherway,thereareseveralkeystepstodevelopyourabilitytomakepositivecontributionstotheworld.

Experimentwithnewideas.Animportantpartofscientificdiscoveryistheresultofhardworkandluck.Luckhasfrequentlyplayedalargeroleinscientificdiscovery.1Youneverknowwhenexperimentationandluckwillcollide(碰撞)tocreateanimportantdiscovery.

Beopentofailure.Youmaythinkascientistshouldbesmart,skilledinmathematics,andprecise.2Beingascientistis90%failureand10%success.

Takechargeofyourideas.Challengeyourselftocomeupwithoneidearelatedtoyourprojectaday.3Asascientistinacompetitivefield,youneedtocreateyourownopportunitiesbyowningyourideasandworkinghardtodevelopthemfurther.

Practiceyourwritingskills.4Trytodoalittlewritingeveryday,andputyourideasorthoughtsdownonthepagesoyougetintothehabitofrecordingyourideas,whichcouldlaterendupinapublishedpaperorinalectureaboutyourlatestscientifictheory.

5Thoughhardworkisnecessaryforyoutobeagoodscientist,it'simportanttostrikeabalancebetweenprofessionalworkandpersonaldowntime.Don'tletyourselfgetburntout.

A.Keepabalancebetweenhardworkandrest.

B.So,don'tbeafraidtoplayaroundwithnewideas.

C.Youwilldobetterworkifyouworkwithsomeoneelse.

D.Createawritingprocessthatsuitsyouandsticktoit.

E.Youshouldbeopentothesolutionsmadebyothersinthefield.

F.Thoughsomeofthemwillbebad,manycouldleadtoanewexperimentortheory.

G.However,animportantqualityagoodscientistshouldhaveisawillingnesstofail.

1.2.3.4.5.

Part1ReadingandThinking

參考答案

基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)

Ⅰ.1.crucial2.defeated3.obtained4.distinct

Ⅱ.1.apparently考查副詞。設(shè)空處修飾其后的形容詞短語lostinthought,應(yīng)用副詞作狀語,故填apparently。

2.academic考查形容詞。設(shè)空處修飾其后的名詞year,所以此處應(yīng)用形容詞,故填academic。thenewacademicyear意為“新學(xué)年”。

3.boiled考查過去分詞。句意:這是一些燒開的水。你渴的時(shí)候可以喝。boiledwater意為“燒開的水,白開水”,故填boiled。

易錯(cuò)歸因

此處有同學(xué)會(huì)填boiling,但boilingwater意為“正在沸騰的水”,這不符合本題的語境,故不能填boiling。

4.analysis考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的不定冠詞an和空后的介詞of可知設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞;analyse的名詞形式是analysis,意為“分析”。故填analysis。句意:經(jīng)過對(duì)該物種的分析,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)確認(rèn)該物種為新物種。

5.to/for考查介詞。bevitalto/for為固定搭配,意為“對(duì)……至關(guān)重要”,故填to或for。句意:交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)對(duì)于該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。

6.commitment考查名詞。由設(shè)空處前面的his和后面的to可知此處應(yīng)填名詞commitment,onescommitmenttosth.表示“某人對(duì)某事物的投入”。句意:令這位作家獨(dú)一無二的不僅是他偉大的作品,還有他對(duì)所熱愛事情的投入。

7.eating考查動(dòng)名詞。句意:我們的母親堅(jiān)持要我們吃健康的食物。insistonsb.doingsth.為固定搭配,意為“堅(jiān)決要求某人做某事”。故填eating。

8.wasevaluated考查時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。分析句子成分可知,設(shè)空處作謂語,由句中的時(shí)間狀語theotherday可知此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí),此處指“這種藥的有效性在幾天前被這些科學(xué)家評(píng)估過了”,Theeffectiveness和evaluate之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且主語是第三人稱單數(shù),故填wasevaluated。

9.who考查非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。設(shè)空處無提示詞,且前面有逗號(hào),逗號(hào)前面是完整的一句話,trustedmeandofferedmethechancetomakeaspeechhere中缺少主語,故推測(cè)設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,結(jié)合語境可知,“信任我并給我在這里發(fā)表演講的機(jī)會(huì)”的人是MrsChopra,所以該非限制性定語從句的先行詞即為MrsChopra,故此處應(yīng)用引導(dǎo)詞who。句意:首先,我非常感謝我的老師,MrsChopra,她信任我并給我在這里發(fā)表演講的機(jī)會(huì)。

Ⅲ.1.whichisvitalfor/to2.betotallycommittedto

3.withtheobjectiveofencouraging;scientific4.Itiswidely/universallyacknowledgedthat5.①insistedondriving②insistedthatheshoulddrive

能力提升

Ⅰ.1.achievements考查名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)。設(shè)空處作of的賓語且根據(jù)空前的形容詞great可知設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞,achieve的名詞形式為achievement;此處指屠呦呦被普遍認(rèn)為是一個(gè)有偉大成就的科學(xué)家,設(shè)空處表示“成就”;achievement表示“成就”時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,空前沒有冠詞等限定詞,應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填achievements。

2.that/which考查關(guān)系代詞。設(shè)空處前為名詞短語aresearchteam,2wasformedbytheChinesegovernment中缺少主語,故推測(cè)設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞為aresearchteam,指物,故用關(guān)系代詞that或which。

3.for考查介詞。atreatmentfor...意為“治療……的方法”,anewtreatmentformalaria意為“一種治療瘧疾的新方法”,故填for。

4.evaluated考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。設(shè)空處和句中的examined、tested作并列謂語,應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí),故填evaluated。

5.committed考查形容詞。設(shè)空處與patient并列作定語修飾名詞scientist,應(yīng)用形容詞。此處表示“盡心盡力的”,故填committed。

6.boiling考查動(dòng)名詞。by為介詞,后接名詞、動(dòng)名詞,提示詞為動(dòng)詞,故用動(dòng)名詞。bydoingsth.意為“通過做某事”。

7.morecareful考查形容詞的比較級(jí)。此處指她開始了更加仔細(xì)的思考和研究工作,含有比較的意思,且前面有even修飾,應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)。故填morecareful。

8.a考查冠詞。drawaconclusionthat...得出一個(gè)……的結(jié)論。故填a。

9.its考查形容詞性物主代詞。此處指破壞了它的藥用性能,設(shè)空處修飾空后的名詞properties,應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。

10.todraw考查動(dòng)詞不定式。usesth.todosth.使用某物做某事。故填todraw。

Ⅱ.A

◎語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了四位為人類的環(huán)境改善做出貢獻(xiàn)的環(huán)保人士,他們不僅影響了自然空間,也對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生了影響。

1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)RachelCarson(1907~1964)部分中的“CarsonpublishedTheSeaAroundUsandotherbooks”可知,RachelCarson是一位作家,故選B。

2.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)WangariMaathai(1940~2023)部分中的“MaathaifoundedtheGreenBeltMovement...plantedsome30milliontrees”可知,作為環(huán)境學(xué)家,WangariMaathai倡導(dǎo)種樹。故選C。

3.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)DavidBrower(1912~2000)部分中的“HebecametheSierraClubsfirstexecutivedirectorin1952...Itwonmanyenvironmentalvictoriesunderhisleadership...hewentontofoundotherenvironmentalgroups...”可知,DavidBrower為了環(huán)境保護(hù)在不懈地努力著,成立了各種環(huán)保團(tuán)體,因此最適合DavidBrower的稱號(hào)是環(huán)?；顒?dòng)家。故選A。

易錯(cuò)歸因

本題易錯(cuò)選B項(xiàng)?？吹阶詈笠欢沃械膃xecutivedirector、underhisleadership和found這些表達(dá)很容易就和B項(xiàng)中的planner掛鉤,但B項(xiàng)中的socialevent(社交活動(dòng))與David成立的各種環(huán)保團(tuán)體卻相差甚遠(yuǎn),沒有任何交集。

【高頻詞匯】1.haveaninfluenceon對(duì)……有影響

2.influentialadj.有影響力的3.preservevt.保護(hù);保存n.保護(hù)區(qū)preservationn.保護(hù);保存4.conservationn.保護(hù)5.banvt.禁止;取締n.禁令6.beassociatedwith與……有關(guān)7.advocatev.提倡;擁護(hù)n.擁護(hù)者

【熟詞生義】securev.獲得;取得;實(shí)現(xiàn);保護(hù)

【差距詞匯】executivedirectorn.執(zhí)行董事

長難句

原句MaathaifoundedtheGreenBeltMovement,which,bytheearly21stcentury,hadalreadyplantedsome30milliontrees,providedjobs,andsecuredfirewoodforruralcommunities.

分析本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句?！皐hich,bytheearly21stcentury,hadalready...ruralcommunities”是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞theGreenBeltMovement;在這個(gè)非限制性定語從句中,and連接并列成分planted、provided和secured。

譯文馬塔伊創(chuàng)立了綠帶運(yùn)動(dòng),到21世紀(jì)初,該運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)種植了約3,000萬棵樹,提供了工作,并為農(nóng)村社區(qū)提供了柴火。

B

◎語篇解讀本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道,主要報(bào)道了三位科學(xué)家因在細(xì)胞對(duì)于氧氣含量的適應(yīng)性方面的研究而獲得了諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

4.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“WilliamG.KaelinJr...werejointlyawardedtheprize.”并根據(jù)其重點(diǎn)信息詞jointly可知三位科學(xué)家共得同一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。故選B。

易錯(cuò)歸因

本題容易錯(cuò)選A項(xiàng),學(xué)生容易受倒數(shù)三段中“didhisspecialisttrainingininternalmedicineandoncologyattheJohnsHopkins...Boston”“didhisspecialisttraininginnephrologyatOxford”“didhisspecialisttraininginpediatricsatDukeUniversity”的影響,認(rèn)為他們研究的是不同的領(lǐng)域,但是這些信息只是說明他們?cè)诖髮W(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的專業(yè)不同,第一段第一句中的“Threescientistswhostudiedhowcellssenseandadapttooxygenlevels”已經(jīng)非常直白地告訴我們?nèi)豢茖W(xué)家研究的是同一個(gè)課題,故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。

5.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“ThemeaningfuldiscoveriesbythisyearsNobelwinnersshowedlifesmostadaptiveprocesses”并根據(jù)重點(diǎn)信息詞meaningful可推斷出Johnson認(rèn)為這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)非常重要,故選A。

6.D主旨大意題。通過分析最后三段,可看到wasbornin,received/obtained...from...,didhisspecialisttrainingin...,isthedirectorof...等重復(fù)的信息,這些信息主要介紹三位科學(xué)家的出生信息、學(xué)術(shù)背景和現(xiàn)在的工作,所以這三段主要在介紹三位科學(xué)家。故選D。

易錯(cuò)歸因

本題容易錯(cuò)選A項(xiàng)。學(xué)生容易將三位科學(xué)家厲害的學(xué)術(shù)背景與他們的成就混淆,但應(yīng)知excellentacademicperformances≠achievements,故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。

【高頻詞匯】1.adaptto適應(yīng)

2.meaningfuladj.有意義的

3.regulatev.調(diào)節(jié)

4.adjustto適應(yīng);習(xí)慣

5.specialistadj.專業(yè)的;專門的n.專家

長難句

原句Thethreephysiciansfoundthemolecularswitchthatregulateshowourcellsadaptwhenoxygenlevelsdrop.

分析該句為主從復(fù)合句。Thethreephysiciansfoundthemolecularswitch為主句,thatregulates...drop為that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾先行詞themolecularswitch,且關(guān)系詞that指代先行詞,在定語從句中作主語,在該定語從句中,regulates后面為how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。

譯文這三位醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)了分子開關(guān),這個(gè)分子開關(guān)能夠在氧氣含量下降時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)我們細(xì)胞的適應(yīng)性。

Ⅲ.◎語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要為想要為世界做出積極貢獻(xiàn)的從事科學(xué)研究工作的人提供了幾個(gè)提高能力的關(guān)鍵方法。

1.B細(xì)節(jié)句。根據(jù)本段主旨句“Experimentwithnewideas.(嘗試新想法)”再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知B項(xiàng)(所以,不要害怕嘗試新的想法)符合本段主旨,B選項(xiàng)中的“newideas”和主旨句中的“newideas”對(duì)應(yīng),是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn),且B項(xiàng)和空上句“Luckhasfrequentlyplayedalargeroleinscientificdiscovery.(運(yùn)氣在科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)中經(jīng)常扮演重要角色)”構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,符合語境。故選B。

2.G過渡句。根據(jù)空上句“Youmaythinkascientistshouldbesmart,skilledinmathematics,andprecise.(你可能認(rèn)為科