第一部分語法知識第十六章簡單句

第十六章 簡單句一、考點解讀本章要求考生掌握句子主要成分、簡單句五種基本句型與五種簡單句的基本用法。陳述句與反意疑問句為歷年高職高考?？嫉闹R之一,主要考查形式有語法選擇題和完成句子題。二、知識結構(一)句子成分句子成分主要有:主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語與狀語。He(主)is(謂)smart(表).We

learn

oral(定)English(賓)in

the

park(狀).句型例句主語+謂語(不及物動詞)(+狀語)Everybody

laughed.主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語

(+狀語)I

like

English

(verymuch).主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語+賓語補足語We

call

her

Ann.主語+謂語(及物動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語My

mother

gave

me(間賓)a

gift(直賓).主語+(連)系動詞+表語He

is

honest.(二)簡單句的五種基本句型【知識點評】注意及物動詞(vt.)與不及物動詞(vi.)的區(qū)別,及物動詞后面必須跟賓語,如buy,raise,say等。不及物動詞后面不跟賓語,如go,work,look等。直接賓語表示動作的承受者,一般是物。間接賓語表示動作是對誰或為誰做的,一般是人。常見連系動詞有be,seem,look,feel,sound,smell,taste,keep,remain(保持),appear(似乎)等。狀語一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式和程度等?！纠}詳析】(

)例1.The

woman

showed

me

the

way.B.主+謂+賓+狀D.主+謂+間賓+直賓A.狀+主+謂+賓C.主+系+表+狀【答案】D【解析】thewoman為主語,showed為謂語,me為間接賓語,the

way為直接賓語?！倦S堂精練】( )1.Mike

put

the

books

into

the

box.A.狀+主+謂+賓C.主+系+表+狀B.主+謂+間賓+直賓

D.主+謂+賓+狀【答案】D(三)句子種類陳述句帶有謂語動詞be,助動詞(do,does,did,have,has,had)或情態(tài)動詞的肯定句,變?yōu)榉穸ň鋺谥^語動詞后加not。He

is

not

watching

TV

now.She

doesn’t

like

playing

basketball.注意:帶有否定詞如no,hardly,never,seldom,scarcely的肯定句為否定句意義。They

have

no

money.I

seldom

get

up

late.疑問句(1)一般疑問句帶有謂語動詞be,助動詞(do,does,did,have,has,had)或情態(tài)動詞的陳述句,變成一般疑問句時將其提到句首。Did

she

ask

him

a

question?Has

he

left

school?特殊疑問句由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導的句子為特殊疑問句。①疑問代詞有:who(主語),whom(賓語),whose,what,which。Who

is

talking

with

you?Whom

are

you

talking

with?②疑問副詞有:when,where,why,how。Why

were

you

late

for

school?How

much

orange

juice

do

you

like?選擇疑問句①帶or的選擇疑問句:Are

you

a

doctor

or

a

nurse?②帶which的選擇疑問句:Which

one

do

you

prefer,tea

or

coffee?(4)反意疑問句反意疑問句為附加在陳述句之后,對前面表示的事實或觀點提出疑問的句子?；驹瓌t:若陳述句是肯定句,附加疑問句為:be動詞/助動詞/have/情態(tài)動詞+not+主語。若陳述句是否定句,附加疑問句為:be動詞/助動詞/have/情態(tài)動詞+主語。They

were

playing

football

at

this

time

yesterday,weren’t

they?She

doesn’t

want

to

leave

her

hometown,doesshe?He

has

never

been

abroad,has

he?You

can

finish

the

work

on

time,can’t

you?*祈使句附加疑問句由let’s引導的祈使句,附加疑問句用shall

we。Let’s

go

shopping,shall

we?由let

us

引導的祈使句,附加疑問句用willyou。Let

us

visit

your

house,will

you?*其他祈使句肯定祈使句表請求,附加疑問句用will

you。Give

me

the

book,will

you?肯定祈使句表邀請、勸誘,附加疑問句用won’t

you。Have

some

fruit,won’t

you?否定祈使句附加疑問句用will

you。Don’t

be

late

for

school

again,will

you?作情態(tài)動詞附加疑問句例句作實義動詞附加疑問句例句need陳述句為肯定用

needn’tHe

need

set

offnow,needn’t

he?陳述句為肯定附加疑問句為助動詞否定形式。陳述句為否定附加疑問句為助動詞肯定形式。He

needs

to

setoffnow,doesn’the?陳述句為否定用needHe

needn’t

setoff

now,need

he?He

doesn’tneed

to

set

offnow,does

he?dare陳述句為肯定用daren’tShe

dare

speakloudly

in

thepublic,daren’tshe?She

dares

tospeak

loudly

inthepublic,doesn’tshe?陳述句為否定用dareShe

daren’tspeak

loudly

inthe

public,dareshe?She

doesn’tdare

to

speakloudly

in

thepublic,does

she?*陳述句帶有need

和dare的反意疑問句*陳述句帶有must的反意疑問句,附加疑問句根據(jù)must后面的謂語采用相應的形式。He

must

be

at

home,isn’t

he?You

must

have

read

this

book

before,haven’t

you?He

must

have

seen

her

yesterday,didn’t

he?*陳述句帶有usedto

或ought

to肯定形式的反意疑問句,附加疑問句的謂語可用兩種形式:used

to:usedn’t/didn’t+主語;ought

to:oughtn’t/shouldn’t+主語。

You

used

to

smoke,usedn’t/didn’t

you?He

ought

to

follow

her

advice,oughtn’t/shouldn’t

he?*陳述句帶有seldom,never,hardly,few,little,nobody,nothing,nowhere等否定意義的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用肯定形式。There

is

nobody

in

the

classroom,is

there?You

have

never

been

to

Beijing,have

you?*由there

be引導的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用there。There

are

six

people

in

the

house,aren’t

there?*復合從句的反意疑問句陳述句為帶有that的賓語從句,附加疑問句與主句一致。

She

says

that

Tom

is

an

honest

boy,doesn’t

she?

陳述句是復合句且主句主語不是第一人稱時,附加疑問句與主句一致。He

believes

what

you

have

said,doesn’t

he?

當主句為I

think(believe,suppose,expect,imagine,guess)+賓語從句時,附加疑問句與從句一致。I

think

he

is

right,isn’t

he?

【知識點評】由let’s引導的反意疑問句,包括聽話人在內(nèi)。由letus引導的反意疑問句,不包括聽話人在內(nèi)。need與dare作為實義動詞,應注意人稱和數(shù)的變化。陳述句帶有used

not

to

或ought

not

to的反意疑問句,附加疑問句的謂語可用兩種形式:used

not

to:used/did+主語;ought

not

to:ought/should+主語。主句為Idon’tthink(believe,suppose)+賓語從句時,附加疑問句應用肯定形式,如:I

don’t

think

he

will

goto

work

in

Shanghai,will

he?【例題詳析】(

)例2.You

needn’t

hand

in

your

compositionB.do

youD.don’t

younow,

?A.need

youC.needn’t

you【答案】A【解析】本題考查的是need作為情態(tài)動詞在反意疑問句中的用法,陳述句用needn’t表否定,附加疑問句應用need+主語,即need

you?！倦S堂精練】( )2.She

dares

to

make

a

speech

in

theB.does

sheD.daren’t

shepublic,

?A.dare

sheC.doesn’t

she【答案】C3.祈使句祈使句用來表示請求、命令、邀請、勸告等,一般將主語省略。(1)肯定祈使句Open

your

books,please!(2)否定祈使句Don’t

be

so

careless

again!4.感嘆句感嘆句用來表示高興、懇求、贊嘆、驚奇等情緒。what引導What+a/an+名詞What

a

pity!What+a/an+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語What

a

polite

boy

he

is!how引導How+主語+謂語How

the

wind

blows!How+形容詞/副詞How

heavy

(the

rain

is)!How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語How

fast

he

runs!【知識點評】由what引導的感嘆句,名詞為不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)名詞時,應將a/an省略。注意區(qū)分由how引導的感嘆句中的名詞成分,如:Howinteresting

a

book

it

is!此句中的book作為a后所接名詞。How

interesting

the

book

is!此句中的book則作為主語?！纠}詳析】(

)例3.

water

it

is!A.What

clear B.How

a

clearC.How

clear D.What

a

good【答案】A【解析】本題考查的是“What+a/an+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語”結構的感嘆句,water為不可數(shù)名詞,前面不用加冠詞?！倦S堂精練】(

)3.

fine

the

weather

is!D.How

aA.What

a

B.What

C.How【答案】B5.存在句存在句結構為:Therebe+名詞+時間或地點狀語,遵循就近原則。There

is

a

desk

and

three

chairs

in

the

room.There

are

three

chairs

and

a

desk

in

the

room.三、強化訓練(一)語法選擇( )1.Andy

grew

angry.A.主+謂+賓+狀C.主+系+表B.主+謂+狀D.狀+主+謂【答案】C【解析】Andy為主語,grew為grow的過去式,為連系動詞,angry為表語。(

)2.—

is

your

uncle?—He

is

a

doctor.A.Who

B.Which

C.Where

D.What【答案】D【解析】由答句可知該題詢問的是職業(yè),所以選what,結構為what+be+主語。(

)3.—

did

your

brother

lend

the

bike

to?—Lily.A.Who

B.Whose

C.Whom

D.How【答案】C【解析】lend...to...為借出,問句主語為yourbrother,答句中的Lily作為lend的賓語,應使用賓格whom。(

)4.—

shirt

is

it?—It’s

Tom’s.B.WhatD.WhichA.WhoseC.Whom【答案】A【解析】由答句Tom’s可知問句問的是shirt是誰的,故應用whose。( )5.The

film

that

we

saw

yesterday

was

veryB.weren’t

weD.didn’t

weboring,

?A.was

itC.wasn’t

it【答案】C【解析】陳述句帶有was肯定形式的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用其否定形式,即wasn’t。( )6.Ann

can

speak

English

very

fluently,

?B.doesn’t

sheD.does

sheA.can’t

sheC.can

she【答案】A【解析】陳述句帶有can肯定形式的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用其否定形式,即can’t。(

)7.He’s

already

reached

the

destination,

?A.is

heC.hasn’t

heB.has

heD.isn’t

he【答案】C【解析】He’s為Hehas的縮略形式,陳述句帶有has肯定形式的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用其否定形式,即hasn’t。( )8.Let

us

go

to

the

zoo

tomorrow

morning,

?A.will

youC.shall

weB.don’t

youD.do

we【答案】A【解析】由letus引導的祈使句的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用will

you。( )9.The

girl

dare

not

go

out

at

night

alone,

?A.doesn’t

sheC.daren’t

sheB.does

sheD.dare

she【答案】D【解析】由darenot...可知dare作為情態(tài)動詞。陳述句帶有情態(tài)動詞dare否定形式的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用其肯定形式,即dare。(

)10.You

seldom

get

up

late

at

weekends,

?B.do

youD.aren’t

youA.don’t

youC.are

you【答案】B【解析】陳述句帶有seldom表否定意義的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用肯定形式。此句帶有實義動詞,且主語為

you,故附加疑問句應用助動詞do。(

)11.There

is

something

wrong

with

thisB.is

thereD.isn’t

theremachine,

?A.isn’t

itC.is

it【答案】D【解析】由there

be引導的反意疑問句,附加疑問句亦應用

there。陳述句為肯定形式,附加疑問句應用否定形式。( )12.Open

the

window

to

let

the

fresh

air

comeB.don’t

youD.won’t

youin,

?A.will

youC.do

you【答案】A【解析】陳述句為肯定祈使句表請求的反意疑問句,附加疑問句應用will

you。(

)13.Tom

said

that

you

would

go

hiking

onB.wouldn’t

youD.did

heSunday

morning,

?A.would

youC.didn’t

he【答案】C【解析】陳述句為帶有that賓語從句的反意疑問句,附加疑問句與主句一致。該陳述句主語為Tom,謂語為實義動詞過去式的肯定形式,故附加疑問句應用助動詞過去式的否定形式,即didn’t。( )14.I

don’t

believe

he

is

right,

?B.do

ID.isn’t

heA.is

heC.don’t

I【答案】A【解析】陳述句為Idon’tthink+賓語從句的反意疑問句,附加疑問句與從句一致,并用肯定形式。該句從句主語為he,謂語為is,故應用is

he。(

)15.

lovely

birthday

gifts!A.What

a

B.What C.What

an

D.How【答案】B【解析】該題考查“What+a/an+形容詞+名詞”結構的感嘆句,由于gifts為復數(shù),故無需加a。(二)完成句子根據(jù)漢語提示,完成下列句子。

!(那個男孩真聰明啊!)【答案】How

clever

that

boy

is【解析】考查“How+形容詞+主語+謂語”結構的感嘆句,the

bo