講義課件參考final note

GIARIZE….IfGIARIZE….Ifyouhaveanyquestionsrelatedwiththenotesoranyotherissues,pleasecontactwithmedirectly:step1:acontractneeds6elements:offer,acceptance,consideration,capacity,legality,andintentiontocreateacontract.EG:acceptance:weretherulesofacceptancefollowedstep2:considerwhetherthecontracthasbeenbreached.QuestionmaybenatureofbreachEG:fundamentalbreachbreachthecontractfromrootagreement./anticipatorybreachpredictanddetermineapartywouldnotperformwhenthetimearrives./expressrepudiationIfpartialperformancecanonlyrescindifrepudiationgoestorootofcontractStep3:ifbreach,considerwhetherthereisanywaytocorrectthecontract;orwhetherthepartyinbreachisstillentitledtoanyformofcompensation.EG:doctrineofsubstantialperformance,：Cannotterminateacontractifithasbeensubstantiallyperformed.quantummeruit:areasonablepricefortheservicehasbeendone.,takingstepstomakealegalcontract.Step4:Iftheproblemcan’tbecorrected,seekingwhataretheremediesowedtotheinjuredparty.EG:specificperformance,damages,injunctions.Alsodutytomitigateloss:TheobligationofaninjuredpartytoreducethelosswhichcausedbyabreachofcontractEGfindanewbuyer,findanewsellStatuteofFrauds:contractsarerequiredwithawrittenformat.1.land,long-termcontractshastobeinawrittenform.2.ifthetermsofthestatutearenotmet;thecontractisnotvoidable,justunenablebythecourtsthemisrepresentationrefersafalsestatementinducesaintoacontractandthestatementmaybeeitherinnocentorfraudulent.Usually,theinnocentmisrepresentationismadebysomeonewhohadreasonablebelievingthatthisfalsestatementwastrue.Ontheotherhand,threefeaturestodeterminethefraudulentmisrepresentation,1st:thepartywhomadethestatementisawarethestatementisfalse.2nd:thepurposeofthepartywhomadethestatementisinducingtheotherpartyenterintoacontract.3rd:theotherpartywhoentersthecontractsuffersaloss.Step1:distinguishisthetortisanintentionaltortorunintentionalIntentionaltort:checktheelementsofthetortEG:ifthetortisslander,wasthereintenttomaliciously,()ordeliberay(故意)injurea’sreputationWheneverthecasehavebeeninvolvedin andtryingtocatchone ,youmightdistinguishisassault(thethreatof )orbattery(physical ).situationfromfalseimprisonment,alsoit’stheactionself-defence,usemore thannecessary?3.Alsoifhappenedafterarequiresthinkabouttrespass,ifduetorefuseleaving,theownerhaverightstoejectStep2:ifthetortisintentionalseekinganyexceptionsordefencesEG:resipsaloquiturorabsoluteprivilege.ifnodefenceseekinganytortremediestoeintiffcanclaimVoluntaryAssumptionofRisk–Voluntaryassumptionoftheriskofinjury.2.誹謗defamation,youhavetothinkthecaseisbelongstoeitherlibelorslanderaction,thenthinkaboutit’sthecasecontainanymaliciousthedefencesshouldeitherabsoluteprivilege:statementcanbemadeunderallcircumstancesorqualifiedprivilege:presumptionofgoodfaith,thestatementwasmadeunderaproperlyexercised.ActofGod–Unanticipatedeventthatpreventstheperformanceofacontractorcausesdamagestoproperty.I.e.Causearebeyondone’scontrol.E.g.lightningcausefireinA’shouseandspreadtoB’shouse.IfBsueA,AcanuseactofGodtodefend.Waiver–Anexpressimpliedrenunciation(放棄書)ofarightorclaim.UsuallymustbewrittenandcovertheinjurycontemtedbythepartiesatthetimeRelease–Promisenottosueorpressaclaim,oradischargeofaformanyfurtherresponsibilitytoactStatuteofLimitations–Legislationsetsforthtimeperiodswithinonemustbringanaction.Mostprovincesitis2yearsfromthedatetheinjuryoccurredDoctrineofLaches–Anequitabledoctrineofthecourtwhichprovidesthatnoreliefwillbegrantedwhenadelaysbringinganactionforanunreasonablelongperiodof9.ResIpsaloquitur,lawfornegligence,whichmeansthethingspeaksforitself.Whenweapplythisrule,theintiffhasshowtothecourttwopoints.Firstpointisthecauseoftheinjurymustbeinanexclusivecareandcontrolofthedefendantatthetimetotheinjury.Secondpoint,thecircumstancessurroundingmustbeunusualintermsthattheyconstituteeventsthatdonotoccuroftenifthedefendanthasenoughpropercare.Afterintiffshowthetwopointstothecourt,theburdenofproofwillshifttothedefendantwhohastoshownonegligence.Step3:ifthetortisunintentionalmeansthisisnegligence1:seeking:isthereadutyofcareandwhatisthestandard(reasonable2:hasthedutyofcarebeenbreached?3:dosethebreachofdutycauseanyinjury? wasanegligencebcozAhadadutyofcare)dutyofcareisdefinedas“responsibletoothersdon’tgethurtduetonegligenceForeseeablityisanelementoftortliability,whichisdeterminedbyaskingdefendantquestionswithpredictedviews.Foreseeabilityisasensethatpredictedthedamagebeforeithappens.Reasonablemanisamythical asastandardreasonable whoisraisedbythecourt.Topresumethereasonable ,thereasonable wasexpectedtohavenormalinligenceandwouldexercisereasonablecareaswellastakingreasonableprecautionstoavoidinjuring.Thecourtusuallyusesthereasonablemantomeasurehowthethingsshouldbedoneandthenagainsttheactionsofnegligentinthesamesituation.Step4:ifthereisanegligence,whatarethedefences;ormaybecontributorynegligence(共同過失)defendantmightonlyhavepartiallyresponsiblebecausetheinjuiresalsocausedbyintff’scarelessnesStep5:whatistheremediestortremedies:compensatorydamages:moneydamages.nominaldamages(legalfeeforcourtcosttointiff),exemrydamagesDefinekeyterms:EGnuisance;fraudulentmisrepresentation;AgencyStep1:identifywhoisprincipal,agent,thethiredStep2:establishagencyrelationship,identifywhethertheagentwasactingwithinthescopeofhisduties.Liability:disclosedagencyprincipleisliable(iftort,bothprincipleandagentliable),Undisclosedagency:apparentauthority,butagentisliable.Fictitiousagencyagentisliable;breachofwarrantyofauthority(toguaranteetheauthoritytocontractonbehalfofaprinciple,principleisliablesinceagencyentitle)Fiduciarydutyofagents:allagentshaveafiduciarydutyforprincipals’interests,soiftheybreachtheduty,principalhastherightnotpayfortheagentaswellassuethemforthedamages.(agent所有小動作可以考慮成Breachduty)Step3:ifagentbreachwarrantofauthority,whatistheconsequences;howitaffectthirdpartiesStep4:ifaprincipalwanttoratify(批準)acontractnegotiatedbyanagent,howtheytodoit.partnership1step:whatthefactscansupportthereisapartnershipinexistence.Step2:howcanyouestablishthatitexistsbynatureandcharacteristicsofpartnershipStep3:ifthepartnershipisexists,considerwhetherthepartnerswereactingonpartnershipbusinessorprivay.Step4:whatliabilityattachestopartnersandpartnershipsStep5:whenwillpartnershipbeboundbytheactsofapartnerStep6:howcanapartnershipbefinished.Whenthecasetalkaboutpartnershipandresponsibility,youshouldthinkisthecaserelatedco-ownershiporpartnership.Ifanyonedissolutionthepartnershipwithoutnotice,theonestillhastheresponsibilityforcreditors.Iftheanyoneisbankrupt,therestpartnershouldfollowtheratioofcapitalofthemtoseparatehisorherdebtspayments.Inanypartnerdead,hisestatewouldbeliable.2.Ifitishardtodefinewhetherpartnershiporco-ownership,thinkabouttheknowledgeoftherelevantpeople,alsochecktheinitialapproach,mightbebytalking,todeterminethenatureoftherelationship.Todeterminetypesofrelationship.Ifthecaseinvolvedage,thinkabouttheageproblem,canawhoareunder17beapartner?Sometimesifthereisabasis,weneedtothinkabouttheintentionoftheparitiesAlso,partnershipissharingtheprofitsaswellaslosses,sotakelookthispoint.環(huán)境污染GIARIZE….Ifyouhaveanyquestionsrelatedwiththenotesoranyotherissues,pleasecontactwithmedirectly ORiftheenvironmentdamagehappened,theonlydefenceisduetheremediesAtcommonlawareusuallyaninjunctionandmoneydamages3.Ifpurchaseaindustrialbetterhaveanenvironmentalauditbeforethepurchaseinordertoavoidanypotentialenvironmentalhazards4.Ifthedamagetopropertyorenvironment,onlythelandownercansuethe whocommitsthetort,thepublicatlarge,evenaffected,butmightonlytakelegalaction.5.如果污染影響到人,thepplcantakeactionatcommonlawintortforthenuisance(討厭人的)andseekdamages.Ifthepollutionissomehowserious,the hasobligationtoinformernmentandfindawaytocleanupthepollutionimmediay.6.underhazardousproductsact,dangerousgoodmustbelabelwithawarningandfirstaidremedy,etc.insuchkindofcase,youmightthinkabouttheselleraswell,itsthereenoughwarningofhazardinusewasgiven.7BothFederalandProvincialEnvironmentalProtectionlegislationrequiresallcompanieshavetoresponsiblefortheenvironment.theonlydefenceisduediligence,whichmeansthedirectorsdidthebesttoensurecompliancewiththelaw.Mortgagee:IfmortgageebeginsforeclosureMortgagorisMortgagormaycanpayallarrearsanda