國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)-雙語教案-附術(shù)語中英文對譯介紹

第頁國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)教案Chapter1BriefIntroductiontoInternationalTrade國際貿(mào)易簡介1.1Reasonsforinternationaltrade1.1.1ResourcesReasons(1)Naturalresources.(2)Favorableclimateconditionsandterrain.(3)Skilledworkersandcapitalresources.(4)Favorablegeographiclocationandtransportationcosts.1.1.2EconomicReasons(1)Comparativeadvantage(2)Strongdomesticdemand(3)Innovationorstyle1.1.3PoliticalReasons1.2ProblemsConcerningInternationalTrade1.2.1CulturalProblems(1)Language.(2)Customsandmanners.1.2.2MonetaryConversions1.2.3TradeBarriersIndividualcountriesputcontrolsontradeforthefollowingthreereasons:(1)Tocorrectabalance-of-paymentsdeficit.(2)Forreasonsofnationalsecurity.(3)Toprotecttheirownindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.Althoughtariffshavebeenloweredsubstantiallybyinternationalagreements,countriescontinuetouseotherdevicestolimitimportsortoincreaseexports.Someoftheseare:(1)requiringimportlicensesthatpermitonlyspecificvolumesorvaluesimports;(2)settingquotasthatlimitthetotalvalueorvolumeofaproducttobeimported;(3)limitinggovernmentpurchasestofirmswithinthecountry;(4)applyingstandardsforsafety,consumerprotection,orotherreasons,whichforeignproductsmaynotbeabletomeet;(5)makingspecialpaymentscalledexportsubsidiestoencouragelocalexporterstoincreaseforeignsales;(6)targeting——anewtermmeaningtheimpositionofapackageofmeasurestogivecertainlocalindustriesacompetitiveadvantageinexportmarkets.Itmightincludeexportsubsidies,technicalassistance,subsidiesforresearchanddevelopment,andfinancialassistance;(7)requiringlicensestoobtainforeigncurrenciesbythosewhowanttobuygoodsfromabroad——thuslimitingthequantityofimportstheycanbuy;(8)reducingthevalueofanation’scurrencyinrelationtothatoftherestoftheworldsothatitsexportedgoodscostlessinothercountriesanditsimportscostmore;(9)imposingconditionsonforeignproductssuchasrequiringthattheirgoodscontainacertainamountoflocallyproducedproducts;(10)restrictingtradeinbanking,insurance,andotherserviceprofessions.練習(xí)一：導(dǎo)論思考題：1國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)課程的主要任務(wù)和研究對象是什么？本課程包括哪些主要內(nèi)容？2及國內(nèi)貿(mào)易相比進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易有何特點(diǎn)？3國際貿(mào)易中影響較大的慣例、條約有哪些？其主要內(nèi)容是什么？有何特點(diǎn)？4根據(jù)我國民法典規(guī)定，合同應(yīng)包括哪些主要內(nèi)容？5進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易一般要經(jīng)過哪幾個(gè)步驟？在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中，出口商/進(jìn)口商的主要工作是什么？Chapter5.TradeTermsandExportPricingPartI.Outline本章要點(diǎn)5.1TradeTermsandInternationalTradePractices貿(mào)易術(shù)語及國際貿(mào)易慣例5.213TradeTermsinINCOTERMS2000《2000通則》中的13中貿(mào)易術(shù)語5.3SelectionofTradeTerms貿(mào)易術(shù)語的選用5.4ExportPricing出口定價(jià)5.1TradeTermsandInternationalTradePractices貿(mào)易術(shù)語及國際貿(mào)易慣例5.1.1國際貨物買賣適用的法律及慣例1、交易雙方當(dāng)事人所在國的國內(nèi)法2、國家對外締結(jié)或參加的有關(guān)國際貿(mào)易、國際運(yùn)輸、商標(biāo)、專利、仲裁等方面的條約和協(xié)定。3、公認(rèn)的國際貿(mào)易慣例5.1.2國際貿(mào)易慣例的性質(zhì)及作用1、國際貿(mào)易慣例的含義2、國際貿(mào)易慣例的形成及發(fā)展國際貿(mào)易慣例的形成應(yīng)具備以下幾個(gè)條件：（1）它是經(jīng)過長期反復(fù)實(shí)踐而形成的，內(nèi)容比較明確和具有規(guī)范性，是各國人民在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中多次重復(fù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為。（2）需要經(jīng)過有關(guān)國家民事方面的承認(rèn)，并有國家的強(qiáng)制力保證它的實(shí)現(xiàn)，有賴于國際認(rèn)可。（3）及現(xiàn)行法律沒有沖突，不違背公共秩序和良好風(fēng)俗，不違反國家利益，一般來講也是現(xiàn)行法律中所沒有規(guī)定的。3、國際貿(mào)易慣例的性質(zhì)及作用5.1.3主要的國際貿(mào)易公約及慣例1、在買賣合同方面（1）1980年《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》；（2）英國《1893年貨物買賣法案》。2、在貿(mào)易術(shù)語方面（1）國際商會《2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》；（2）國際法協(xié)會《1932年華沙－牛津規(guī)則》；（3）美國全國對外貿(mào)易協(xié)會《1941年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》。3、在結(jié)算方面（1）《國際匯票及本票國際公約》；（2）國際商會《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》，1993年修訂，國際商會500號出版物；（3）國際商會《托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》，1995年修訂，國際商會522號出版物。4、在運(yùn)輸方面（1）1924年《統(tǒng)一提單的若干法律規(guī)則的國際公約》（海牙規(guī)則）；（2）1968年《修訂統(tǒng)一提單的若干法律規(guī)則的國際公約的議定書》（維斯比規(guī)則）；（3）1978年《聯(lián)合國海上貨物運(yùn)輸公約》（漢堡規(guī)則）；（4）1975年國際商會《聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸單證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》；（5）《國際航空運(yùn)輸協(xié)定》；（6）《國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)協(xié)定》（國際貨協(xié)）；（7）《國際鐵路貨物運(yùn)輸公約》（國際貨約）；（8）《聯(lián)合國國際貨物多式聯(lián)運(yùn)公約》。5、在運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)方面（1）英國倫敦保險(xiǎn)協(xié)會《協(xié)會貨物保險(xiǎn)條款》；（2）國際海事委員會《1974年約克－安特衛(wèi)普規(guī)則》。6、在仲裁方面（1）1976年《聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會仲裁規(guī)則》；（2）1958年聯(lián)合國《承認(rèn)和執(zhí)行外國仲裁決定的公約》。7、在專利及工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)方面（1）1967年《保護(hù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)巴黎公約》；（2）1967年《商標(biāo)注冊馬德里協(xié)定》；（3）1967年《商標(biāo)注冊條約》；（4）1973年《成立世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織公約》。5.1.4有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際貿(mào)易慣例1、貿(mào)易術(shù)語的含義及其產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展2、貿(mào)易術(shù)語的作用（1）簡化交易手續(xù)，縮短洽商時(shí)間，節(jié)約費(fèi)用開支。（2）有利于交易雙方進(jìn)行比價(jià)和加強(qiáng)成本核算。（3）有利于妥善解決貿(mào)易爭端。3、有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際貿(mào)易慣例（1）《1932年華沙－牛津規(guī)則》（Warsaw-OxfordRules1932）（2）《1941年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修訂本》（RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinition1941）（3）《2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》（INCOTERMS2000）5.213TradeTermsinINCOTERMS2000《2000通則》中的13種貿(mào)易術(shù)語國際電碼交貨地點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移界限出口報(bào)關(guān)國際運(yùn)輸貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)進(jìn)口報(bào)關(guān)適用的運(yùn)輸方式EXW商品產(chǎn)地、所在地貨交買方處置時(shí)起買方買方買方買方任何方式FCA出口國內(nèi)地、港口貨交承運(yùn)人處置時(shí)起賣方買方買方買方任何方式FAS裝運(yùn)港口貨交船邊后賣方買方買方買方水上運(yùn)輸FOB裝運(yùn)港口貨物越過裝運(yùn)港船舷賣方買方買方買方水上運(yùn)輸CFR裝運(yùn)港口貨物越過裝運(yùn)港船舷賣方賣方買方買方水上運(yùn)輸CIF裝運(yùn)港口貨物越過裝運(yùn)港船舷賣方賣方賣方買方水上運(yùn)輸CPT出口國內(nèi)地、港口貨交承運(yùn)人處置時(shí)起賣方賣方買方買方任何方式CIP出口國內(nèi)地、港口貨交承運(yùn)人處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方買方任何方式DAF兩國邊境指定地點(diǎn)貨交買方處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方買方任何方式DES目的港口目的港船上貨物交買方處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方買方水上運(yùn)輸DEQ目的港口目的港碼頭貨物交買方處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方買方水上運(yùn)輸DDU進(jìn)口國內(nèi)在指定目的地貨交買方處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方買方任何方式DDP進(jìn)口國內(nèi)在指定目的地貨交買方處置時(shí)起賣方賣方賣方賣方任何方式5.3SelectionofTradeTerms貿(mào)易術(shù)語的選用1、應(yīng)注意各組貿(mào)易術(shù)語的特點(diǎn)2、考慮運(yùn)輸條件3、考慮貨源情況4、考慮運(yùn)費(fèi)因素5、考慮運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)6、考慮辦理進(jìn)出口貨物結(jié)關(guān)手續(xù)有無困難5.4ExportPricing出口商品價(jià)格5.4.1componentsofpriceterms合同中的價(jià)格條款合同中商品單價(jià)一般包括四個(gè)部分，即：計(jì)價(jià)貨幣；單價(jià)；計(jì)量單位；貿(mào)易術(shù)語例如：“100美元/打CIF倫敦”$100perdozenCIFLondontypeofcurrency;priceperunit;measurementunit;tradeterms5.4.2MoneyofAccount計(jì)價(jià)貨幣的選擇5.4.3CommissionandDiscount傭金和折扣的運(yùn)用5.4.4ExportPricing出口定價(jià)PartII.SupplementaryReadingTheThreePopularTradeTermsTradePracticesandInterpretationsAboveall,itisdeemednecessaryforustoconcentrateonthethreepopulardeliverytermsFOB,CFR,andCIFforpracticalreasons,andnotworthwhiletodelveintoeveryoneoftherestofthedeliveryterms,owingtotheirrelativelylimitedapplicationinourimportandexporttrade.Asaforeigntradeworkerthereiseveryreasonforyoutobeknowledgeableontheusualtradepracticesanddifferentinterpretationsofthesedeliveryterms.Inthefirstplace,youmaysurprisinglycomeacrossdifferentinterpretationsofthedeliverytermswhennegotiatingabusinesscontractorsettingadisputewithforeigncounterparts,grantingthattherearemoresimilaritiesthandissimilaritiesinthisrespect.Theyareminordifferencesbyandlarge.Whenyouhaveathoroughgraspofthissubject,youwillbeinabetterpositiontodriveabargainwiththemandsafeguardyourinterestsagainstanypossiblesnags.Secondly,theinterpretationofthedeliverytermsandtheinternationalpracticeareratherconventionaland,inasense,deeprooted,havingrecognitionbybothbuyersandsellersforalongtime.Ifyoucanapplythemdexterouslytoyouradvantage,itisconductivetothepromotionofforeigntrade.Thirdly,whenanytradedisputesarise,youmaybeabletoinvoketheappropriatetradepracticetocopeunswervinglywithdifferentandevenintricateproblemsandsettlethedisputes.Whenyouaresureofyourapproachandtactics,youcantaketheinitiativeinbargainingwithbusinessadversariesandavoidembarrassment.Allthispointstothenecessityofacquiringcorrectunderstandingoftheseinterpretations.FOB…PortofShipmentA.Thesellermust:(1)Supplythegoodsinconformitywiththecontractofsale,togetherwithsuchevidenceofconformityasmayberequiredbythecontract.(2)Deliverthegoodsonboardthevesselnamedbythebuyer,atthenamedportofshipment,inthemannercustomaryattheport,atthedateorwithintheperiodstipulated,andnotifythebuyer,withoutdelay,thatthegoodshavebeendeliveredonboard.(3)Athisownriskandexpenseobtainanyexportlicenseorothergovernmentalauthorizationnecessaryfortheexportofthegoods.(4)SubjecttotheprovisionsofarticlesB.3andB.4below,bearallcostsandrisksofthegoodsuntilsuchtimeastheyshallhaveeffectivelypassedtheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment,includinganytaxes,feesorchargesleviedbecauseofexportation,aswellasthecostsofanyformalitieswhichheshalltofulfillinordertoloadthegoodsonboard.(5)Provideathisownexpensethecustomarypackingofthegoods,unlessitisthecustomofthetradetoshipthegoodsunpacked.(6)Paythecostsofanycheckingoperations(suchascheckingquality,measuring,weighing,counting)whichshallbenecessaryforthepurposeofdeliveringthegoods.(7)Provideathisownexpensethecustomarycleandocumentinproofofdeliveryofthegoodsalongsidethenamedvessel.(8)Providethebuyer,atthelatter’srequestandexpense(seeB.6),withthecertificateoforigin.(9)Renderthebuyer,atthelatter’srequest,riskandexpense,everyassistanceinobtainingabillofladingandanydocuments,otherthanthatmentionedinthepreviousarticle,issuedinthecountryofshipmentand/oroforiginandwhichthebuyermayrequirefortheimportationofthegoodsintothecountryofdestination(and,wherenecessary,fortheirpassageintransitthroughanothercountry).B.Thebuyermust:(1)Athisownexpense,charteravesselorreservethenecessaryspaceonboardavesselandgivethesellerduenoticeofthename,loadingberthofanddeliverydatestothevessel.(2)Bearallcostsandrisksofthegoodsfromthetimewhentheyshallhaveeffectivelypassedtheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment,andpaythepriceasprovidedinthecontract.(3)Bearanyadditionalcostsincurredbecausethevesselnamedbyhimshallhavefailedtoarriveonthestipulateddateorbytheendoftheperiodspecified,orshallbeunabletotakethegoodsorshallcloseforcargoearlierthanthestipulateddateortheendoftheperiodspecifiedandalltherisksofthegoodsfromthedateofexpirationoftheperiodstipulated,provided,however,thatthegoodsshallhavebeendulyappropriatedtothecontract,thatistosay,clearlysetasideorotherwiseidentifiedasthecontractgoods.(4)Shouldhefailtonamethevesselintimeor,ifheshallhavereservedtohimselfaperiodwithinwhichtotakedeliveryofthegoodsand/ortherighttochoosetheportofshipment,shouldhefailtogivedetailedinstructionsintime,bearanyadditionalcostsincurredbecauseofsuchfailure,andalltherisksofthegoodsfromthedateofexpirationoftheperiodstipulatedfordelivery,provided,however,thatthegoodsshallhavebeendulyappropriatedtothecontract,thatistosay,clearlysetasideorotherwiseidentifiedasthecontractgoods.(5)PayanycostsandchargesforobtainingabillofladingifincurredunderarticleA.9above.(6)PayallcostsandchargesincurredinobtainingthedocumentmentionedinarticlesA.8andA.9above,includingthecostsofcertificatesoforiginandconsulardocuments.VariantofFOBTermsTheinterpretationofFOBtermsvariesaccordingtolocalitywherethegoodsareloaded,inrespectofincidenceofloadingexpense.Thegeneralideaisthatthesellershallbearalltheexpenses,responsibilityandrisksbeforehisgoodsareloadedonboardaship.Whatismeanby“thegoodsareloadedonboardaship”Itisopentovariedinterpretations.Thisconceptisconstruedinsomecountriesasthegoodshavingeffectivelypassedtheship’srail,andinsomeothercountriesasthegoodshavingbeenplacedonboardofaship,orhavingbeenputintotheship’shold.Thesethreestagesofloadingworkareactuallylinkedandencompassedinoneoperation.Whichoneofthethreeinterpretationsisadopteddeterminesthewayinwhichtheexpenses,responsibilityandrisksaredividedbetweenbuyerandseller.Itisamatterofconcerntotheforeigntradeworkersespeciallywhentheyarenegotiatingabigbusinessdeal,say,5,000,000m/tofwheat,coal,mineraloreandthelike.Theamountofloadingexpensescanbeastaggeringsumofmoney.Itmustbemadeclearatwhichpointoftimeinthecourseofloadingoperationtherisksshallpassfromsellertobuyer,anduptowhichpointoftimethebuyershallbegintobeartheloadingexpenses.Forinstance,atsomeEuropeanports,thesellershallpayalltheexpensesuntilthegoodsareputintotheship’sholdandstowedproperlyaccordingtoitsusualpractice(orcustom)oftheport;butatsomeotherports,thesellershallpaytheloadingexpensesexceptstowingexpenses.Furthermore,thereissuchacustom(orpractice)ofacertainportthattheseller’sobligationistosendthegoodstothewharfgodown(shed)only;atsomeotherports,theentireloadingexpenseistobedividedequallybetweenbuyerandseller.Inviewofthesevariants,asaforeigntradeworkerheoughttobecarefulabouttheapplicationoftheFOBtermsandmaydowelltochooseoneofthefollowingFOBvariantstosuithisneed.(1)FOBLinerTermsItmeansthatalltheloadingandunloadingexpensesaretobebornebythepartywhopaysthefreight,ie.thechartererofthecarryingvessel.UnderFOBterms,thesellersshallnotpayloadingexpenses,thechartererbeingthebuyer.(2)FOBStowedItdenotesthatthesellerpaystheloadingexpensesincludingstowingexpenses.(3)FOBTrimmedThistermsignifiesthatthesellerpaysalltheloadingexpensesincludingtrimmingexpense(whichactuallyalsoincludingstowingexpense).(4)FOBUnderTackleThistermonlyrequiresthesellertosendandplacethegoodsonthewharfwithinthereachoftheship’stackle.RemarksWhendealingwithcustomersfromCanada,theUnitedStatesandLatinAmericancountries,wemustusecaution,inasmuchastheyareusedtoadopting“RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinition1941”,whichprovidesforsixkindsofFOBterms,onlyoneofwhichisidenticalwithFOBtermsasunderIncoterms2000.Forinstance,ifyouuseFOBNewYorkforyourimports,itwillbeaseriousmistakebecauseinsuchacasethesellerswilldeliverthegoodstothecityofNewYorkonly.YoumustspecifyFOBvesselNewYork,inwhichcasethesellersshallloadthecargoonboardaship.Anotherpointwhichconcernstheinterestsofbothsellerandbuyeristhetimingofthearrivalofthecarryingshipwhichthebuyercharters,attheportofshipment.Ifthearrivaliswellinadvanceofthestipulateddateofshipment,thebuyermaywellbeplacedinanawkwardpositionasthegoodsmaynotbereadyforshipment,thenwhoisgoingtopaytheshipownerfortheidletime,ie.thedemurrage.Converselyifitisfarbehindthestipulatedtime,thewarehousingexpensesthusincurredshouldbebornebythebuyerwhoisresponsibleforcharteringtheship.Occasionally,thebuyermayentrustthesellerwithcharteringbusiness,howeverincasehefailstocharterashipasrequiredowingtosomeunforeseencircumstances,thesellerisnotliableforanyexpensesarisingtherefrom.Inanutshell,aforeigntradeworkermustbearinmindwhoseresponsibilityitis,thebuyer’sortheseller’s,tomakevariousarrangementsunderdifferentdeliveryterms,andwhatisthecorrectcontentoftheresponsibility.Intheendhewillnotbepuzzledwhenconfrontedwithanydifficultiesinhisexportandimportbusiness.CIF…PortofDestinationA.TheSellermust:(1)Supplythegoodsinconformitywiththecontractofsale,togetherwithsuchevidenceofconformityasmayberequiredbythecontract.(2)Contractonusualtermsathisownexpensesforthecarriageofthegoodstotheagreedportofdestinationbytheusualroute,inaseagoingvessel(notbeingasailingvessel)ofthetypenormallyusedforthetransportofgoodsofthecontractdescription,andpayfreightchargesandanychargesforunloadingattheportofdischargewhichmaybeleviedbyregularshippinglinesatthetimeandportofshipment.(3)Athisownriskandexpenseobtainanyexportlicenseorothergovernmentalauthorizationnecessaryfortheexportofthegoods.(4)Loadthegoodsathisownexpenseonboardthevesselattheportofshipmentandatthedateorwithintheperiodfixedor,ifneitherdatenortimehasbeenstipulated,withinareasonabletime,andnotifythebuyer,withoutdelay,thatthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthevessel.(5)Procure,athisowncostandinatransferableform,apolicyofmarineinsuranceagainsttherisksofcarriageinvolvedinthecontract.TheinsuranceshallbecontractedwithunderwritersorinsurancecompaniesofgoodsreputeonFPAterms,andshallcovertheCIFpriceplustenpercent.Theinsuranceshallbeprovidedinthecurrencyofthecontract,ifprocurable.Unlessotherwiseagreed,therisksofcarriageshallnotincludespecialrisksthatarecoveredinspecifictradesoragainstwhichthebuyermaywishindividualprotection.Amongthespecialrisksthatshouldbeconsideredandagreeduponbetweensellerandbuyeraretheft,pilferage,leakage,breakage,chipping,sweat,contactwithothercargoesandotherspeculiartoanyparticulartrade.Whenrequiredbythebuyer,thesellershallprovide,atthebuyersexpense,warriskinsuranceinthecurrencyofthecontract,ifprocurable.(6)SubjecttotheprovisionsofarticleB.4below,bearallrisksofthegoodsuntilsuchtimeastheyshallhaveeffectivelypassedtheship’srailattheportofshipment.(7)Athisownexpensefurnishtothebuyerwithoutdelayacleannegotiablebillofladingfortheagreedportofdestination,aswellastheinvoiceofthegoodsshippedandtheinsurancepolicyor,should,theinsurancepolicynotbeavailableatthetimethedocumentsaretendered,acertificateofinsuranceissuedundertheauthorityoftheunderwritersandconveyingtothebearerthesamerightsasifhewereinpossessionofthepolicyandreproducingtheessentialprovisionsthereof.Thebillofladingmustcoverthecontractgoods,bedatedwithintheperiodagreedforshipment,andprovidebyendorsementorotherwisefordeliverytotheorderofthebuyerorbuyer’sagreedrepresentative.Suchbillofladingmustbeafullsetof“onboard”or“shipped”billsoflading,ora“receivedforshipment”billofladingdulyendorsedbytheshippingcompanytotheeffectthatthegoodsareonboard,suchendorsementtobedatedwithintheperiodagreedforshipment.Ifthebillofladingcontainsareferencetothecharterparty,thesellermustalsoprovideacopyofthislatterdocument.Note:Acleanbillofladingisonewhichbearsnosuperimposedclausesexpresslydeclaringadefectiveconditionofthegoodsorpackaging.Thefollowingclausesdonotconvertacleanintoanuncleanbilloflading:(a)Clauseswhichdonotexpresslystatethatthegoodsorpackagingareunsatisfactory,eg.“second-handcases”,“useddrums”,etc.(b)Clauseswhichemphasizethecarrier’snon-liabilityforrisksarisingthroughthenatureofthegoodsorthepackaging;(c)Clauseswhichdisclaimonthepartofthecarrierknowledgeofcontents,weight,measurement,quality,ortechnicalspecificationofthegoods.(8)Provideathisownexpensethecustomarypackingofthegoods,unlessitisthecustomofthetradetoshipthegoodsunpacked.(9)Paythecostsofanycheckingoperations(suchascheckingquality,measuring,weighing,counting)whichshallbenecessaryforthepurposeofloadingthegoods.(10)Payanyduesandtaxesincurredinrespectofthegoodsuptothetimeoftheirloading,includinganytaxes,feesorchargesleviedbecauseofexportation,aswellasthecostsofanyformalitieswhichheshallhavetofulfillinordertoloadthegoodsonboard.(11)Providethebuyer,atthelatter’srequestandexpense(seeB.5),withthecertificateoforiginandtheconsularinvoice.(12)Renderthebuyer,atthelatter’srequest,riskandexpense,everyassistanceinobtaininganydocumentsotherthanthosementionedinthepreviousarticle,issuedinthecountryofshipmentand/oroforiginandwhichthebuyermayrequirefortheimportationofthegoodsintothecountryofdestination(and,wherenecessary,fortheirpassageintransitthroughanothercountry).B.Thebuyermust:(1)Acceptthedocumentswhentenderedbytheseller,iftheyareinconformitywiththecontractofsale,andpaythepriceasprovidedinthecontract.(2)Receivethegoodsattheagreedportofdestinationandbear,withtheexceptionofthefreightandmarineinsurance,allcostsandchargesincurredinrespectofthegoodsinthecourseoftheirtransitbyseauntiltheirarrivalattheportofdestination,aswellasunloadingcosts,includinglighterageandwharfagecharges,unlesssuchcostsandchargesshallhavebeenincludedinthefreightorcollectedbythesteamshipcompanyatthetimefreightwaspaid.Ifwarinsuranceisprovided,itshallbeattheexpenseofthebuyer(see.A.5).Note:Ifthegoodsaresold“CIFLanded”,unloadingcosts,includinglighterageandwharfagechargesarebornebytheSeller.(3)Bearallrisksofthegoodsfromthetimewhentheyshallhaveeffectivelypassedtheship’srailattheportofshipment.(4)Incasehemayhavereservedtohimselfaperiodwithinwhichtohavethegoodsshippedand/ortherighttochoosetheportofdestination,andhefailstogiveinstructionsintime,beartheadditionalcoststherebyincurredandallrisksofthegoodsfromthedateoftheexpirationoftheperiodfixedforshipment,providedalwaysthatthegoodsshallhavebeendulyappropriatedtothecontract,thatistosay,clearlysetasideorotherwiseidentifiedasthecontractgoods.(5)Paythecostsandchargesincurredinobtainingthecertificateoforiginandconsulardocuments.(6)PayallcostsandchargesincurredinobtainingthedocumentsmentionedinarticleA.12above.(7)Payallcustomsdutiesaswellasanyotherdutiesandtaxespayableatthetimeoforbyreasonoftheimportation.(8)Procureandprovideathisownriskandexpenseanyimportlicenseorpermitorthelikewhichhemayrequirefortheimportationofthegoodsatdestination.SomeIntricateProblems(1)UnderCIFterms,thesellerisobligatedtoarrangeinsuranceandpayinsurancepremium.ItisprovidedforinIncotermsthatthegoodsshouldbecoveredonFPAtermsat110%oftheinvoicevalue.However,sometimes,thebuyersrequestWPAinsuranceinsteadofFPAandoccasionallydemandinclusionofwarrisksorotherspecialrisksininsurancecoverage.TherearetimeswhenthebuyersinsomeAsiancountriesintendtobetterprotecthiscostandprofit,theyrequiretheinsuredvaluetobe150%oranywheremorethan110%oftheinvoicevalue.HowtocopewithsuchasituationInviewofthelimitedprotectionofferedbyFPAterms,itisdeemednecessarythattheCIFbuyer,whenthecontractismade,requiresthesellertogetmoreextensivecover;butitmustbemadeclearinthecontractthattheadditionalexpensesthusincurredshallbeforthebuyer’saccount.(2)UnderCIFterms,itistheseller’sresponsibilitytobookshippingspaceinthecaseofrelativelysmallconsignment,ie.lessthanashipload,ortocharteratrampvesselinthecaseofshiploadcargo,andpaythefreightuptodestination.Ifthebuyerrequeststhesellertoshiphisgoodsonboardofadesignatedvesselofcertaintype,nationality,class,ageetc,howdoeshecopewiththisrequestFromthelegalpointofview,thesellerhastherighttodeclinethebuyer’srequestassuch.Notwithstandingthat,thesellermayaccommodatethebuyer’srequestprovidedthatthisarrangementisentirelyfeasiblefromtheseller’spointofviewanddoesnotaddanythingtohistransportationcost.Thesellermaydowelltoadvisethebuyerofthedateofshipment,ie.tosendshippingadvicetohiminorderforthebuyertomakearrangementsfordischarge.(3)UnderCIFterms,thesellershallpaythefreight,butwhoseresponsibilityitistopayunloadingexpensesattheportofdestinationistobedecidedaccordingtothecustomoftheport.Atsomeports,itistheresponsibilityoftheshipownertopayunloadingexpenses;atsomeothersthesellerhastopaytheadditionalexpensesincurredformovingthecargofromshiptowharfgodownandfromgodowntotrucks;butsometimesthesituationisquitedifferent,thoseexpensesshouldbebornebythebuyeralone.Therefore,itisequivocalwhichpartyshallpaytheunloadingexpenseunderCIFtermsthesellerorthebuyer.Forthisreason,thefollowingCIFvariantsareintroducedtoclarifythedoubtfulpoint:(a)CIFLinertermsTheunloadingexpenseswillbefortheaccountofthepartywhopaysthefreight,ie.thesellerunderCIFterms.(b)CIFShip’sHoldThebuyeristopayallunloadingexpenseswhenthegoodsaredischargedfromtheship’sholdtothewharf.TheseCIFvariantsclarifythedivisionofexpensesbetweenbuyerandseller.TheriskspassfromsellertobuyerinthesamemannerasunderCIFterms,ie.atthetimewhenthegoodshaveeffectivelypassedtheship’srail.CFR…PortofDestinationTheonlydifferencebetweenCIFandCFRliesinthefactthatunderCFRtermsthebuyerisresponsibleforthepaymentofinsurancepremiumandofcourse,forarrangingthenecessarycoveragewithaninsurancecompanyinthebuyer’scountrywhereasunderCIFterms,thebuyerisnot.Itdoesnotconcerntheseller,however,thesellermustseetoitthatshippingadviceshallbesentintimesoastoenablethebuyertoproceedwithinsurancearrangement.Incasethesellerfailstosendtheshippingadviceduetooversight,hewillbeheldresponsibleforanylossofordamagetothegoodsasaresultofhisnegligence.AirandRailTransportationThethreetradetermsareprimarilyapplicabletooceantransportation.Inpractice,theyareinappropriateforairandrailtransportation.Forinstance,whengoodsareexportedtoHongkongbyrail,wemaynowquoteCIPHongkong;whengoodsareexportedtoParis,wequoteFCAAirportShanghaiorCIPAirportParis.Underthesecircumstances,passingtheship’sraildosenotmakesense.Whengoodsaredispatchedtotheneighboringcountries,wemayquoteDAFBorderStation(nameofthebordertown)“DeliveredtoFrontier”terms.InnovationsofDeliveryTermsInrecentyears,containerizedtrafficisincreasingataveryfastpace,asexportersbecomemoreawareoftheadvantagesofcontainerization.Insuchcase,thesellerusuallysendsthecontainerizedcargoorgoodspackedincontainertothecontainerfreightstation,wherethecarrierwillissueacombinedtransportbillofladingtotheconsignorandatthattimetherisksandresponsibilitypassfromsellertobuyer;consequentlyitisimpropertoapplyCIF,CFRandFOBtermsinthiscase.TheInternationalChamberofCommerceadoptedthreenewterms,namelyFCA(FreeCarrier),CPT(FreightorCarriagePaidtoNamedDestination)andCIP(FreightorCarriageandInsurancePaidtoNamedDestination);underwhichterms,boththesellerandthebuyerfinditquiteconvenienttohandletransportationofthecontainerizedcargo,asthesellercangetpaymentthroughnegotiationwiththebankathisplaceofbusinessandtherelativeshippingdocumentswillbesenttothebuyerthroughthebanktoenablehimtotakedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination.Insuchcases,theriskspassfromthesellertothebuyeratthepoint(containerfreightstation)whengoodsareplacedintothecustodyofthecarrier,butthetitletothegoodspassesonlywhenthebuyerhaspaidoracceptedthedraftathi