日內(nèi)瓦安全部門治理中心-加納武裝部隊(duì)報(bào)告2020（英文）-2021.4正文版

GhanaArmedForcesMOWIPREPORT2020RESULTSOFTHEMEASURINGOPPORTUNITIESFORWOMENINPEACEOPERATIONS(MOWIP)ASSESSMENTNorwegianMinistryofForeignA?airsGhanaArmedForcesMOWIPREPORT20203AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,wewouldliketothanktheGhanaArmedForces(GAF)fortheirsupportthroughoutthisassessment.Theircommitmentandwillingnesstoallowfrankre?ectionsonthestrengthsandweaknessesofcurrentinstitutionalpracticesisatestamenttohowtheystriveforexcellencethroughcontinuousimprovement,includingintheareaofgenderequality.Secondly,wewouldliketoexpressourappreciationforthecollaborationoftheKo?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentre(KAIPTC).KAIPTC’sWomen,PeaceandSecurityInstitute(WPSI)facilitatedthedatacollectionfortheGhanaArmedForcesandworkedcloselywithDCAFandtheresearchteamatCornellUniversityindevelopingthisreport.Inparticular,writingthisreportwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheexpertise,hardwork,andcourageoftheKAIPTCElsieInitiativeassessmentteamcomprisingJoanaOsei-Tutu,Fii?Edu-A?ul,NailaSalihu,FrankOsei-Okyere,AdelaideEkuaOtoo,IreneFiebor,SarahOkumo,andFestusAkoto.Theirpatienceandfeedbackforthispilotmethodology,aswellastheiradviceonhowtoadaptthemethodologytothenationalcontext,havebeencriticaltoproducingqualityanalysisandrelevant,realisticrecommendations.WealsogreatlyappreciatethesupportoftheGhanaArmedForcesElsieWorkingGroup(GAF-EWG).ThisworkinggroupwascreatedbytheGAFtofacilitateworkontheElsieInitiativebilateralpartnershipagreementbetweentheGovernmentsofGhanaandCanada.TheGAF-EWGiscomposedofrepresentativesfromtheGAF,theMinistryofDefence,theMinistryofForeignA?airs,andKAIPTC-WPSI.AspecialdebtofgratitudeisextendedtoCol.AnitaAsmah,Col.WilliamNortey,Col.WilliamAbotsi,andWgCdrEkowAnamanThisreportwascompiledbySabrinaKarimandLauraHuberfromCornellUniversityalongwithHeatherHuhtanen,andSolèneBrabant,IngridMunch,andCallumWatsonfromDCAFandFii?Edu-A?ul,AdelaideOtoo,andJoanaOsei-TutufromKAIPTC.AnnBlomberg,DanieldeTorres,LéaLehouck,andLorraineSerranofromDCAFalsoplayedakeyroleinrealisingtheproject.ThisresearchwasfundedbyGlobalA?airsCanadaandtheNorwegianMinistryofForeignA?airs.GraphicdesignbyRodrigoAmorimandStephaniePierce-Conway.DisclaimerTheviewsexpressedinthisreportarethoseoftheauthorsfromCornellUniversityandDCAFbasedonthebestavailableinformationtheyhave.Itdoesnotnecessarilyre?ecttheviewsofGlobalA?airsCanada,theNorwegianMinistryofForeignA?airs,theKo?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentre,ortheGhanaArmedForces.4ContentsExecutiveSummary888TopgoodpracticesthatcanbescaledupandreplicatedelsewhereTopbarrierstowomen’smeaningfulparticipationinUNpeaceoperationsIntroduction101011RationaleGhanaArmedForces:Pro?leandnationalcharacteristicsGhana’scontributiontopeaceoperations11Methodology1414151617OverviewoftheMOWIPassessmentmethodologyKAIPTC:ThenationalresearchpartnerinstitutionImplementingtheMOWIPintheGhanaArmedForcesMOWIPAssessmentReportReviewandValidationThetenissueareasshapingwomen’sparticipationinpeaceoperationsintheGhanaArmedForcesIssuearea1:EligiblePool2021Issuearea2:DeploymentCriteria29333642454851Issuearea3:DeploymentSelectionIssuearea4:HouseholdConstraintsIssuearea5:PeaceOperationsInfrastructureIssuearea6:PeaceOperationsExperiencesIssuearea7:CareerValueIssuearea8:Top-downLeadershipIssuearea9:Genderroles56606567IssueArea10:SocialExclusionGapsBetweenPerceptionsofPersonnelandKeyDecision-makersContextualizingtheResultsConclusions:RecommendationstoleverageopportunitiesandovercomebarriersSummary697071TopRecommendationstoOvercometheIdenti?edBarriersSpeci?cRecommendations-InfrastructureandEquipmentAdditionalsuggestions818182AreasforFurtherResearch5LISTOFABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMSAFISMAAMISOMAUAfrican-ledInternationalSupportMissiontoMaliAfricanUnionMissioninSomaliaAfricanUnionDCAFDCAF-GenevaCentreforSecuritySectorGovernanceUnitedNationsDepartmentforPeaceOperationsEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesMissioninC?ted’IvoireEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesMissionintheGambiaEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesMissioninLiberiaEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesCease-?reMonitoringGroupinLiberiaandSierraLeoneEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesGhanaArmedForcesDPOECOMICIECOMIGECOMILECOMOGECOWASGAFGAF-EWGFFFGhanaArmedForces–ElsieWorkingGroupFact-FindingForm(Seesection3onmethodology)Ko?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentreUnitedNationsMissionfortheReferenduminWesternSaharaUnitedNationsMultidimensionalIntegratedStabilizationMissionintheCentralAfricanRepublicUnitedNationsMultidimensionalIntegratedStabilizationMissioninMaliUnitedNationsStabilizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongoMeasuringOpportunitiesforWomeninPeaceOperationsmethodologyNationalActionPlanKAIPTCMINURSOMINUSCAMINUSMAMONUSCOMOWIPNAPORBATPSOOrderofBa?lePeaceSupportOperationSEASexualExploitationandAbuseSGBVSexualandGender-BasedViolenceSOPStandardOperatingProceduresTPCCsTroop-andPolice-ContributingCountriesUNUnitedNationsUNAMIDUNDOFUNFICYPUNIFILUNISFAUNMHAUNMISSUNOWASUNSCRWPSAfricanUnion-UNHybridOperationinDarfurUnitedNationsDisengagementObserverForceUnitedNationsPeacekeepingForceinCyprusUnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanonUnitedNationsInterimSecurityForceforAbyeiUnitedNationsMissiontosupporttheHudaydahAgreementUnitedNationsMissioninSouthSudanUnitedNationsO?ceforWestAfricaandtheSahelUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolutionWomen,PeaceandSecurityWPSIWomenPeaceandSecurityInstitute601ExecutiveSummaryExecutiveSummaryTheMeasuringOpportunitiesforWomeninPeaceOperations(MOWIP)assessmentfortheGhanaArmedForces(GAF)(2020)examinestheGAF’sabilitytodeploywomento,andensuretheirmeaningfulparticipationin,UnitedNations(UN)peaceoperationsthroughtenissueareas.Itusesthreedatacollectiontools,afact-?ndingform(FFF),keydecision-makerinterviews,andasurvey.Thenationalassessmentpartner,theKo?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentre(KAIPTC)undertookthedatacollectionforthisprojectfromSeptember2019toFebruary2020.Topgoodpracticesthatcanbescaledupandreplicatedelsewhere?GAFwomenandmenreportbeingwellpreparedforpeaceoperations;?Cross-trainingforwomenandmeninpeaceoperations;?TheGAFdeliverspre-deploymenttrainingandKAIPTCprovidesspecializedtrainingforsomemilitaryobserversandsta?o?cersaspreparationfordeployment;?VacationsandholidaysduringUNdeploymentsaresubsidizedforformedtroops;?PeaceoperationsarehighlyesteemedinGhanaTopbarrierstowomen’smeaningfulparticipationinUNpeaceoperations?Eligiblepool(issuearea1)?Genderroles(issuearea9,andCross-Cu?ing)?Socialexclusion(issuearea10,andCross-Cu?ing)802IntroductionIntroductionRationaleInselectingpilotcountriesforthisresearch,DCAFsoughttoidentifyageographicallydiversesetofmajortroopandpolice-contributingcountries(TPCCs)thathavedemonstratedtheircommit-menttodeployingmorewomeninpeaceoperations.AsofMarch2020,Ghanawasthe9thbiggestTPCC,andthethirdlargestTPCCinAfricaa?erEthiopiaandRwandawith2,782personneldeployed.ItwasalsotheTPCCthatdeployedthehighestproportionofwomen(averaging15%)1outofthetop10TPCCs.MostofGhana’sdeploy-Ghanaisthereforeseenasanmentsinvolvemilitarypersonnel,13.5%ofwhicharewomen.2established,commi?edTPCCwithagoodtrackrecordondeployingArmedForcespersonnelandincreasingly,uniformedwomen.TheGAFthushasthepotentialtofurtherimprovethemeaning-fulparticipationofitswomenpersonnelby:?EnsuringthattheNEEDSofuniformedwomenwhowishtodeploy,andwhoarecurrentlydeployedarebeingmet.?Ensuringthatuniformedwomenhavedejure(law/policy)anddefacto(institutionalsocio-culturalpractices)equalACCESStotherights,bene?ts,andresourcesallocatedforthepre-deploymentprocess,deploymentopportunities,andpost-deploymenttransitions.?EnsuringthatuniformedwomencanPARTICIPATEequitablyindecision-making,planning,implementation,andevaluationofallpeaceoperation-relatedactivitiesbyensuringthatquali?edwomenareassignedtoallrolesinpeaceoperations.?AllocatingRESOURCESatthenationalandorganizationalleveltocreateequitableworkenvironmentsforuniformedwomen.?EnsuringthatuniformedwomenhaveameasurableIMPACTonhowpeaceoperationsareconducted.Asanin?uentialandwell-respectedTPCC,GhanacanalsoshareexistinggoodpracticeswithotherTPCCsregionallyandbeyond.Figure1:TotalnumberoffemalemilitarypersonneldeployedforGhana3002502001501/sites/default/?les/02_country_ranking_23_0.pdf/sites/default/?les/03_country_and_mission_23_0.pdf102Figure2:ProportionoffemalemilitarypersonneldeployedforGhana.1375.1250.1125.1000.0875.0750.0625.0500GhanaArmedForces:Pro?leandnationalcharacteristicsThe1992constitutionoftheRepublicofGhanadesignatestheGhanaArmedForces(GAF)asavolunteerforceoperatingundertheauthorityoftheMinistryofDefenceofGhana.TheGAFiscomposedofthreedecentralizedservices,theArmy,theNavy,andtheAirForce,andeachserviceisfurtherdecentralizedintovariouscommands.AsofDecember2018,theGhanaArmedForceshadanapproximatestrengthof15,000.TheArmynumberedapproximately10,000personnelgroupedunderthree(3)Commands.EachCommandhasapproximatelythreeba?alionsincludingCombatSupportUnitssuchasSignals,Armour,Engineers,andArtillery.Additionally,thereisaSupportServicesBrigadethatiscomprisedofMedical,Band,ElectricalandMechanicalEngineers,Catering,SuppliesandTransport,BaseSuppliesDepot,andOrdnanceDepot.TheArmyalsohasaTrainingCommandthatencompassesallthevariousschools(Recruits,Armour,Artillery,Ordnance,etc.).TheNavynumbersapproximately2700personnelandhastwoCommands(WesternandEastern)andtheAirForceincludesapproximately2300personnelgroupedintothreeAirBases.In2019theGAFcelebratedtheinclusionofwomeninthemilitary.Since1959,anumberofpolicyframeworkshavebeenadoptedatthenationalleveltopromotetheroleandinclusionofwomen.ThishasenabledtheGAFtokeepupwithglobalcommitmentspertainingtotheWomen,PeaceandSecurity(WPS)agenda.TheArmedForcesActandRegulations,theGhanaNationalGenderPolicy(2015),andtheGhanaNationalActionPlanontheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilres-olution(UNSCR)1325aresomeofthenationalpolicydocumentsthatserveasafoundationfortheGAFtopromotetheinclusionofwomen.Forinstance,theGAFhasarecruitmentquotathatreserves15%ofpositionsforwomen.InMarch2016,the?rstwomanintheGAFwaspromotedtotherankofBrigadierGeneral.PresentlytwowomenholdtherankofBrigadierGeneralintheGAF.Ghana’scontributiontopeaceoperationsWithinGhana,theGAFsupportstheGhanaPoliceServiceoninternalsecurityoperations,espe-ciallywithincon?icthotspots.Externally,sincetheir?rstparticipationintheUNOperationintheCongo(ONUC)inthe1960s,GAFhas?eldedpersonnelforvariousinternationalandregionalpeaceoperationsledbytheUnitedNations,theAfricanUnion,andtheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS).Currently,theGAFcontributespersonnel(contingents,experts,andsta?)tothefollowingUNoperationsandmissions:UNMissionfortheReferenduminWesternSahara(MINURSO),theUNMultidimensionalIntegratedStabilizationMissionintheCentralAfricanRepublic(MINUSCA),theUNMultidimensionalIntegratedStabilizationMissioninMali(MINUSMA),theUNStabilizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(MONUSCO),11theAfricanUnion-UNHybridOperationinDarfur(UNAMID),theUNDisengagementObserverForce(UNDOF),theUNPeacekeepingForceinCyprus(UNFICYP),theUNInterimForceinLebanon(UNIFIL),theUNInterimSecurityForceforAbyei(UNISFA),theUNMissiontosupporttheHudaydahAgreement(UNMHA),theUNMissioninSouthSudan(UNMISS),theUNO?ceforWestAfricaandtheSahel(UNOWAS),andtheUNSupportO?ceinSomalia.3Overtheyears,Ghana’sincreasedparticipationinpeaceoperations,coupledwiththeintroductionandgrowthinthenumberofwomenintheArmedForces,hasledtomoreuniformedwomenbeingdeployed.However,thereisnospeci?cpolicyortargetregardingthenumber,roles,andtypesofoperationswomenpersonnelaredeployedinto.Thedeploymentofwomenandtherolesavailabletothemonpeaceoperationsistoalargeextentdependentonthemandateofeachoperationandtheavailabilityofquali?edfemalepersonnel.Nevertheless,theGAFisoneoffewnationalArmedForcestoconsistentlyachievea14-15percentdeploymentofwomeninformedtroopsintointer-nationalpeaceoperations,and20-23%forsta?o?cersandmilitaryobserverssince2017.UNandregionalpeacemissionsasacountrypriorityPresently,Ghanaprioritizesinternalnationalsecuritya?erwhichregionalsecurityandUNpeaceoperationsfollow.GhanahasparticipatedinanumberofregionalpeaceoperationsincludingtheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesCease-?reMonitoringGroup(ECOMOG)inLiberiaandSierraLeone,ECOWASMissioninLiberia(ECOMIL),theECOWASMissioninC?teD’Ivoire(ECOMICI),UNAMIDinDarfur,theECOWASMissionintheGambia(ECOMIG),theAfricanUnionMissioninSomalia(AMISOM),andtheAfrican-ledInternationalSupportMissiontoMali(AFISMA).Keydecision-makersreportedthatGhanaisproudofitspeaceoperationcontributionsandviewsthesecontributionsassourcesofinternationalprestige,regionalstability,andtrainingandprofessionalizationfortheGAF.ConditionsforwhichpersonnelwouldwithdrawfrompeaceoperationsPeaceoperationparticipationbytheGAFislikelytobescaleddownorterminatediftroopsarerequireddomestically.Therearenoreplacementtroopsduringtimesofemergency.Ghanadoesnotdrawdownthenumberoftroopsduringanelectionyear.Decision-makingaboutUNdeploymentsDecisionsaboutdeploymentaremadeattheNationalSecurityCouncilandtheCabinetlevel.TheyarebasedonGhana’sForeignPolicyobjectives.Otherconsiderationsincludetroops’availability,assessmentofmilitaryequipmentrequirements,andthecountry’sinternalsecuritysituation.Ghana’sdeploymentisalsodependentonitspledgestotheUnitedNationsPeacekeepingCapabilitiesReadinessSystemaswellastheUN’sGenericStatementofUnitRequirements(SUR).Moreimportantly,personnelarenominatedto?llthestructureprovidedintheSUR(StructureprovidedinAnnexAoftheUNSUR).ThisbecomestheOrderofBa?le(ORBAT)fortheunittobedeployed.3/sites/default/?les/03_country_and_mission_25.pdf1203MethodologyMethodologyOverviewoftheMOWIPassessmentmethodologyTheMOWIPmethodologyisauniquetooltoASSESSANDIMPROVEWOMEN’SMEANINGFULPARTICIPATIONINPEACEOPERATIONS.Itprovidesasystematicandcomprehensiveframeworkforidentifyingbothasecurityinstitution’sexistinggoodpracticesandpossibleimprovementsineachoftenissueareasidenti?edascentraltowomen’smeaningfulparticipation.Manyoftheserelevantfactorsarenotlimitedtothespeci?ccontextofwomen’sparticipationinUNdeploy-ments.Rather,theyre?ectthepolicies,practices,andexperiencesofwomenandmeninthesecurityinstitutionmorebroadly.WhiletheMOWIPmethodologyhasaspeci?cfocusonUNpeaceoperations,thegoodpracticesandpossibleimprovementsitidenti?esareimportantlylinkedtothesecurityinstitutioninamuchwidersense.Becausepeacekeepingisanichewithinalargersecurityinstitution,howwelltheinstitutionispositionedtoadvancegenderequalityandinclusionoverallhasadirectrelationshipwiththespeci?cunitordepartmentthatmanagespeacesupportdeployments.Thetenissueareasdiscussedbelowincludeallthefactorsthatshapethenumbersandnatureofwomen’sparticipationinpeaceoperationsfrominitialrecruitmentintotheGAFtodeploymentonamission.Thesefactorscanbepositive(goodpracticesattheinstitutionallevelthatcontributetowomen’smeaningfulparticipation)ornegative(barrierstowomen’smeaningfulparticipationattheinstitutionallevel).Foreachissuearea,theMOWIPmethodologyuncoverswhetherandtowhatextentitconstitutesabarrieroranopportunity.Itsmainobjectivesareto:?Provideacomprehensivesetofissueareaswithinagivensecurityinstitutionthatcouldbeimprovedtoincreasewomen’smeaningfulparticipationinUNpeaceoperations;?Identifythegoodpracticeswithinthesecurityinstitutionthatcanbeleveraged,scaledup,and/ordisseminatedmorebroadly;?Applyasetoftoolsandacomprehensivelistofindicatorstomeasuretheimportanceofeachissueareaforincreasingwomen’smeaningfulparticipationinthesecurityinstitution;?Determinethedi?erentialimpactofeachissueareainthesecurityinstitution.TheMOWIPmethodologycomprisesthreecomponents.TheFACT-FINDINGFORM(FFF)containsapproximately200questionsdesignedtocollectqualitativeandquantitativedatafromo?-cialsourcesaboutdeploymenttoUNpeaceoperationsfromthecountryandinstitutionbeingassessed.ItwascompletedbytheGhanaArmedForceswithguidanceandsupportfromKAIPTC,DCAF,andCornellUniversity.Oncethe?rstdra?ofthefact-?ndingformwascompleted,theremainingdatagapswere?lledthrough11INTERVIEWSWITHKEYDECISION-MAKERSfromwithintheinstitutionaswellasrele-vantministries.Thethirdcomponentofthemethodologyisanhour-longSURVEY.TheGhanasampleincluded384totalpersonnel,ofwhich44%werewomen.Moreover,65%ofthesamplehavedeployedtoamission.Ofthetotalwomeninthesample,39%havedeployed.Ofthetotalpersonnelinthesample,51%werefromtheArmy,27%werefromtheAirForce,and22%werefromtheNavy.24%ofthesamplewerecommissionedo?cers.Thehighestarmyranksurveyedwasatthelevelofabrigadiergeneralandthelowestwasatthearmyprivateclass3level.Thehighest-rankingairforceo?cersurveyedwasatthewingcommanderlevelandthelowestwasattheaircra?s-manlevel.Thehighest-rankednavyo?cersurveyedwasatthelieutenantlevelandthelowestrankwasaseaman.TherewasrepresentationacrossallregionsinGhanaaswellasacrossallthe14di?erentethnicgroups.Theaveragelengththepersonnelhavebeeninthemilitaryforis10years.TheaverageagewhentheyjoinedtheArmedForcesis23.About95%ofthesampleareChristian.OtherreligionsincludedIslam(4%ofthesample)andTraditionalism(lessthan1%ofthesample).Lessthan1%ofthesamplesaidthattheyarenotreligious.ThenationalassessmentteamcollectedthedatawiththesupportofDCAFandCornellUniversity.TheCornellteamthenprocessedandanalysedthesurveydata,focusingonstatisticallysigni?cantdi?erencesbetweenwomenandmen,anddeployedandnon-deployedpersonnel.Eachissueareaisrankedbasedonacolourcoding.Redindicatestheissueareasthatconstitutethemostsigni?-cantbarriersandgreenindicatesareasofopportunity.Issueareasarepresentedforrecruitmentanddeploymentingeneral()andspeci?callyforwomen().ThesurveydataiscomparedtothedatafromtheFFFtolookforinconsistenciesbetweeninstitutionalreformsandpoliciesandArmedForcespersonnel’sactualexperiencesandperceptions.Theresultsoftheanalysishavebeenpresentedandve?edduringthevalidationprocesswiththesecurityinstitution.TheMOWIPmethodology,therefore,producesrobustandevidence-based?ndingsdrawingonperspectivesfromwithintheinstitution,theknowledgeacquiredbytheassessmentteamaswellasfromnationalandinternationalexpertswhohaveanacademicbackgroundingenderandpeaceoperations.Itcanbeusedtoprovidetransformative,evidence-basedrecommendationsthate?ectivelytargettherootcausesthatpreventuniformedpersonnel,particularlywomen,fromdeployingtopeaceoperations.UsingacommonmethodologyacrossmanyTPCCsalsoallowsfortheidenti?cationofuniversalbarriersthatneedtobeaddressedattheUNlevel;andhighlightsgoodpracticesthatcanbesharedandadaptedtoothercontexts.KAIPTC:ThenationalresearchpartnerinstitutionTheKo?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentre(KAIPTC)wasestablishedin1998andcommissionedin2004bytheGovernmentofGhanawiththemandatetotrainmilitary,police,andcivilianpersonnelformultidimensionalpeacekeepingandPeaceSupportOperations(PSOs)inAfrica.TheCentredeliverstrainingcoursesinformedbyresearchtoequiptheaforementionedpersonnelwiththerequisiteskillsandcompetenciestorespondtocomplexpeaceandsecuritychallengesinWestAfricaandontheAfricancontinent,inlinewiththestandardsofAfricanPeaceandSecurityArchitecture(APSA),andthecapacityneedsofECOWAS,theAU,andtheUN.Overtheyears,KAIPTChasemergedasamajorregionalandcontinentalpeaceandsecurityactor.KAIPTCisanECOWAS-mandatedRegionalTrainingCentreofExcellence(TCE)withinthecontextoftheECOWASandAfricanPeaceandSecurityArchitecture.TheCentrehastrainedmorethan14,000national,regional,andinternationalmilitary,police,andcivilianpersonneloverthepastdecade.In2010,KAIPTCestablishedtheWomenPeaceandSecurityInstitute(WPSI).WPSIisaknowledgecentrefortheexpansionoftechnicalcapacity,training,policyresearch,andanalysisonWomen,PeaceandSecurityinordertobe?erinformthebroadersecurityagendainAfrica.Inotherwords,WPSIworkstosupportthefullimplementationoftheProtocoltotheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeoples’RightsontheRightsofWomen(MaputoProtocol),UNSCR1325,anditsfollow-upresolutionsonWomenPeaceandSecuritythroughadvocacy,researchandtraininginthecontextofAfricaandbeyond.4TheresearchteamfortheMOWIPassessmentwasdrawnfromthreedepartmentsoftheCentre,namelyWPSI,theFacultyofAcademicA?airsandResearch,andtheTrainingEvaluationandDevelopmentUnitoftheCentre.Thecombinationofsta?fromtheaforementioneddepartmentsprovidedthediversityofskillsandexperienceinresearch,gender,anddataanalysiswhichwerecoretothesuccessofthedatacollectionprocess.4KAIPTC(2018).StrategicPlan(2019-2023),Ko?AnnanInternationalPeacekeepingTrainingCentre.15ImplementingtheMOWIPintheGhanaArmedForcesTheMOWIPassessmentfortheGAFwasconductedbetweenSeptember2019andFebruary2020.TheestablishmentofaGAFElsieWorkingGroup(GAF-EWG)waskeytoprepareandimplementtheassessment,togetthepermissionsnecessarytorunthedi?erentcomponentsoftheassess-mentandtocollectthenecessarydataandinformation.TheresearchteamtravelledthelengthandbreadthofGhana,coveringsixregions,namely,theAshanti,Bono,theGreaterAccra,theNorthern,theVolta,andtheWesternRegionsofthecountrytorunthesurvey.Theassessmentcoveredpersonnelfromthelowestrank,havinglessthanayearofserviceintheGAF,tothehighest-rankingpersonneloftheGAF.ThishighlightsthebroadsupportfromtheGAFforthisinitiative.Inordertoproceedwiththeimplementationofthesurvey,respondentsweredrawnfromthesevengarrisonsoftheGAFinAccra,Ho,Kumasi,Sunyani,Tamale,Sekondi-Takoradi,andTema.Thepercentageofrespondentsforeachgarrison,aswellasthecombinationofo?cersandsoldiers,andthegenderaggregationofrespondentswasdeterminedbytheKAIPTCassessmentteam,inconsultationwiththeGAF-EWG.Thepurposivesamplingtechniquewasadoptedtoensurethattheoutcomeofthesurveyistoalargeextent,re?ectiveofthegeneralpopulationoftheGAF,andnotskewedtothetwolargestgarrisonsinAccraandSekondi-Takoradi.Additionally,thenumberofpersonnelinterviewedfromeachofthethreeservicesofGAFisalsorepresentativeoftheoverallproportionofpersonnelineachservice.TheassessmentteamtookcaretoensurethatthesurveywaslocalizedandadaptedtotheGhanaiancontext.Thoughitwasinitiallyplannedtoachieveequityinrank,genderandpeace-keepingexperienceofsurveyrespondentsineachgarrison,itbecameevidentinthe?eldthatthiswouldnotbepossible,andthemethodologywastailoredaccordingly.Thecategoriesofpersonnelsampledateachgarrisonhadtobeadaptedtotherealitiesanduniquenessofpersonnelavailable.Inrunningthesurvey,theassessmentteamalsoo?enhadtoresorttorephrasingsomeofthequestionstoensurethatrespondentsfullyunderstoodthem.Similarly,onsomeoccasions,portionsofthesurveyandevensometimestheentiresurveywereadministeredinlocallanguages.ThiswasnotnecessarilybecausetherespondentswerenotliterateintheEnglishlanguage,rather,duetothelengthynatureofthesurveyandsensitivityofsomeofthequestions,itwasimport-antthatrespondentscommunicatedinalanguagetheyfeelateasewithandcouldfullyexpressthemselveswithli?leornoe?ort.Theroleoftheenumerators?uentinseveralofthelanguagesspokenacrossGhanawaskeyinthisrespect.Thekeydecision-makerinterviewswereconductedamongkeyandseniormembersoftheGAF.TheGAF-EWGsupportedtheKAIPTCassessmentteaminidentifyingrelevantpersonstointerview.Theseinterviewso?eredadeeperinsightintohowdecisionsondeploymentandthestructureofpersonstobenominatedanddeployedaremade.The?nalaspectoftheMOWIPassessmentinvolvedthecompletionoftheFFFbytheGAF.TheGAF-EWGfacilitatedthisprocesswhichinvolvedthecategorizationofquestionsfortherelevantdepartmentsofGAF.WhilesomedepartmentsofGAFwereinitiallylimitedintheirabilitytorespondduetoGAFrestrictionsonshar