高考英語英漢翻譯中的銜接與連貫問題研究課件

Cohesion&CoherenceCohesionJakobson(1960)Halliday&Hassan(1976)

Baker(1992)“Theconceptofcohesionisasemanticone;itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,andthatdefineitasatext.

------CohesioninEnglish

Cohesionisthenetworkoflexical,grammatical,andotherrelationswhichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext.Coherencenotdefinedinrhetorics

comparisonAllpartofatextarecloselyrelatedtomakeitvalid.1.meaningVSstructuralproperties2.implicitVSexplicitCorrelation:cohesion=>coherence?

!notnecessary!notsufficient!helpfulThekingdied.Thequeendiedofgrief.A:CanyougotoEdinburghtomorrow?B:B.E.A.pilotsareonstike.lexical1Grammatical2referenceAsubstitu-tionAellipsisAconjuc-tionAreferencedefiniton

Aparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.---Hallidayreferencetypes

●personalreference

①personalpronoun

②

possessivepronoun

eg.Heshruggedhisshoulders,shockhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，兩眼看天，一句話不說。(E-C:)referencetypes(2）

demostrativereference(proximity）

①demostrativepronoun

(this/these,that/those)②

adverbsoftime(now/then)adverbsofplace(there/here)

③definitearticle(the)reference

★

frequencythat這eg.Tobeornottobe:thatisaquestion.生存還是毀滅，這是個問題。

eg.That'sthedifferencebetweenus.

這就是你我之間的區(qū)別。Quiz

JackboughtaFord,andhedrivesiteveryday.Eachdayhas24hours,andthat'sthelaw.Itisapitythatlawsarebadlyviolatedhere.Theviolenceinrecentnewsistooterrible.Cohesionorcoherence.Why？substitutiondefinitiontypes

(1)nominal(one,ones,thesame)eg.Lookatthesunset.Ineversawoneredder.

瞧那晚霞，我沒見過比這更紅的了。

Awordinthetextisreplacedwithapro-form.

substitutiontypes

(2)verbal(do/does/did)eg.Heimaginesthatpeopledon'tlikehim,buttheydo.他以為人們不喜歡他，但他們是喜歡他的。substitutiontypes

(3)clausal(so,not)eg.A:Doyouthinkheistooserious?B:Yes,Ithinkso

--你看他是不是太過認(rèn)真了？--是的，我也這么覺得。eg.Isthereanychance?I'mafraidnot.

還有機會？恐怕是沒有了。3.Ellipsis

Ellipsisorellipticalconstructionreferstotheomission,fromaclause,ofoneormorewordsthatareneverthelessunderstoodinthecontextoftheremainingelements.

Likesubstitution,ellipsisisarelationwithinthetext，andinmostinstancestheomitteditemsarepresentintheprecedingtext.Norminalellipsisa.Shakespeare'scharactersarereallyalive,soaremostofJaneAusten's.

莎士比亞戲劇中的人物都是活生生的，簡·奧斯汀小說中的有些人物也是。b.“我看見后面跟來了幾條大魚?！薄扒?又來了三條?！薄癐seeseveralbigfishesfollowing.”“Look!Thereareanotherthree.”VerbalellipsisWedon’tretreat.Weneverhave(retreated),andneverwill(retreat).

我們不退縮，過去沒有，將來也不會。Clausalellipsis

a.“HaveyoumadeupyourmindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation?”“sure!”(I’vemadeupmymindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation.)

“你決定畢業(yè)后要去西藏工作嗎?”“當(dāng)然I”(我決定了畢業(yè)后去西藏工作。)b.Workwith,andnotagainst，nature.要順應(yīng)自然，不要對抗自然.

c.Amaniscalledselfish,notforpursuinghisowngood，butforneglectinghisneighbor's.說一個人自私自利，并非說他圖私利，而是說他漠視他人的利益.(英語并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略，漢語譯文中可使用詞匯重復(fù)來實現(xiàn)銜接。)Clausalellipsis

漢譯英時，有時需要根據(jù)英語的行文習(xí)慣將省略的部分補齊，以使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)完整、銜接自然。d.她們輕輕劃著船，船兩邊的水嘩，嘩，嘩。順手從水里撈上一顆菱角來，菱角還很嫩很小，乳白色。順手又丟到水里去。那顆菱角就又安安穩(wěn)穩(wěn)浮在水面上生長去了。Theypaddledeasilyalongwhilewatergurgledoneachsideoftheboat.Oneofthem

scoopedupawater-chestnut，stilltinyandmilklywhite.Shethrewitbackintotheriver.Thewater-chestnutfloatedplacidlythere,whereitwouldgrow.4.Conjunction

Conjunctioncohesionreferstotheuseofcertainwordsorphrase,usuallyatthebeginningofasentence,withtheeffectofclassifyingthesemanticorlogicalrelationshipoftheinformationthatfollowswiththeinformationthathascomebefore.Cohesiveconjunctionsthushavea‘semanticsignposting’function.Thesemanticorlogicconnectionmaybeimplicitbetweentheforegoingandfollowing,buttheuseoftheconjunctionmakestheconnectionmoreexplicit.Additive（添加/遞進）asubstanceaddedtoanotherinrelativelysmallamountstoeffectadesiredchangeinpropertiesand,andalso,nor,and…nor,or,orelseFurthermore,inaddition,besides,alternatively,incidentally,bythewayThatis,Imean,inotherwords,forinstance/forexample,thusLikewise,similarity,inthesamewaya.Proficiencyinanythingrequiresagreatdealofdeterminationandself-discipline.Inaddition,aperson'sabilitytocopewithfrustrationisalsoanimportantfactorinone’slifecareer.

要精通任何事情都需要極大的決心加自律精神。此外，一個人應(yīng)對挫折的能力也是影響他一生事業(yè)的一個重要因素。b.無錫南臨太湖，西金惠山，這兩處都是當(dāng)?shù)氐闹饕麆?。另外，古老的京杭大運河和京滬鐵路也途經(jīng)這里。WuxiisborderedbyTaihuLakeonthesouth,andHuishanHillinthewest.Theyarethemajorscenicspotsthere.Inaddtion,theancientGrandCanalfromBeijingtoHangzhouwasdugtorunthroughthecity,aswastheBeijing-ShanghaiRailway.Adversative（轉(zhuǎn)折）expressingantithesis,opposition,oradversecircumstance

yet,though,only,but,however,nevertheless,despitethis,Infact,actually,asmatteroffact,ontheotherhand,atthesametime,instead,rather,onthecontrary,atleast,(rather,Imean)Inanycase,ineithercase,whicheverwayitis,anyhow,atanyrate,howeveritisa.Anditwouldseemalso,onahastyview，thattheattainmentasmuchaspossiblewastheonegoalofman'scontentiouslife.Andyet,asregardthespirit,thisisbutasemblance.

乍一看，在這個你爭我斗的人生里，人活著的唯一目的仿佛真是獲取利益，多多益善，可是從精神方面解讀人生，此種觀點卻只觸及皮相。

b.“我跟我內(nèi)人很喜歡你在舍間長住，效成也舍不得你去；可是我扣留住你，不讓你回家做孝順兒子，親家、親家母要上門來‘探親相罵’了—”((錢鐘書《圍城》)

Mywifeand1wouldliketohaveyoustaywithusforalongtime，and

Hsiao-ch’engwillhatetoseeyougo,butif1keepyouwithusanddon'tletyougobackhomeandfullfillyourfilialduties,yourparentswillcomeoverandcurseus.

Causal（因果）

whatconnectsoneprocess(thecause)withanotherprocessorstate(theeffect).Aneffectcaninturnbeacauseof,orcausalfactorfor,manyothereffects,whichalllieinitsfuture.

So,then,hence,therefore,consequently,becauseofthis,forthisreason,onaccountof,inconsequence,forthispurpose,withthisinmindFor,because,onthisbasis,arisingoutofthis,tothisend,Inthatcase,insuchanevent,thatbeingso,underthecircumstances,otherwise,Inthisrespect,inthisregard,withthisreferencetothis,asidefromthis,a.You’renotRobinsonCrusoe.You'renotalone，sodon’tbesodamned

selfish.

你又不是流落孤島、與廿隔絕的香濱遜，不要事事只為自己打算。

b.學(xué)無止境，一生的時間都嫌太短，所以古人皓首窮經(jīng)，頭發(fā)白了還是在繼續(xù)研究，不過在這樣的研究中確是有濃厚的興趣。

Artislong,lifeisshort.Thatiswhysomeofourancientscontinuedtostudyevenwhentheywerehoary-headed.Theywere，ofcourse，motivatedbyanenormousinterestintheirstudies.

temporal(時序)Then,next,afterthat,atthesametime,previously,beforethat,finally,atlast,first…then,atfirst…intheend,Atonce,soon,afteratime,nexttime,untilthen,atthismoment,Finallyinconclusion,first…next,…finally,Uptonow,hitherto,atthispoint,here,fromnow,henceforward,tosumup,inshort,briefly,toreturntothepoint,insummary,inbrief,toresumea.Ikeptouttillapproximatelynineo’clock,andthenIcameback.

9點來鐘以前，我一直在外面，后來才回來。

如果是同時發(fā)生，當(dāng)然就需要“同時”、~while一類的標(biāo)記。如:

b.我上大學(xué)去了，那時我的朋友全都找到了收入不錯的工作。

Iwenttocollege.Meanwhile，allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjob.

5ExplicitandImplicit

ThedifferencebetweenEnglishandChineseinconjunctionisthatEnglishtendstobeexplicitandChineseprefersimplicitconnection.Therefore,properconversionshouldbemadeaccordingtothecontextandinaccordancewiththehabitofthetargetlanguage.a.JustastheIndustrialRevolutiontookoveranimmenserangeoftasks

frommen'smusclesandenormouslyexpandedproductivity,sothemicro-computerisrap