pwc-5G驅(qū)動(dòng)的智能制造 5G in manufacturing

5Ginmanufacturing

Howthenewwirelessstandardcanaccelerateautomation

Executivesummary

MostofthetechnologiesonwhichtheFourthIndustrialRevolution(4IR)dependsareinplace—atleastintheory.Advancedroboticsand3Dprinting,artificialintelligence(AI)andmachinelearning,sophisticatedsensorsandtheInternetofThings(IoT),cloudcomputing,virtualandaugmentedreality,advanceddataanalytics—mostmanufacturingcompaniesunderstandthevalueofthesetechnologieswhethertheyareinthesupplychain,inproductionprocessesorincorporatedintotheproductsandservicessoldtocustomers.Butfewmanufacturershavemadethebigbetsnecessarytoimplementthesetechnologiesthroughouttheiroperations.

Accordingtoa

2019study

byPwCandtheManufacturingInstitute,morethanhalfofmanufacturersareeitherjustbeginningtoexperimentwithemergingtechnologiesorhaven’tevenstarted.Nowcomes5G,thesuper-fast,super-flexiblewirelesscommunicationstechnologythatisalreadybeingimplementedinneighbourhoodsaroundtheworld.Itpromiseshighlyreliable,near-instantaneousdataconnectivity—acriticalpartofthevisionofsmartfactories,connectedsupplychainsandIoT-enabledproducts.

5Gmaynotbethemissingpiecethatwillgeneratetheimmediategainsinproductivityinherentinthepromiseof4IR.Butnomanufacturercanignoreitspotentialinrealisingmanyofthetechnologiesandprocessescomingtothefactoryinthenearfuture.

PwC5Ginmanufacturing

Imaginingsmartmanufacturing

Themodernfactoryisalreadyahighlycomplexenvironment.Thepromise—ifnotthefullreality—of4IRhaspushedorganisationstodigitisevirtuallyeveryaspectofmanufacturing.Advancedmachinesandrobotsareequippedwithawidearrayofsensorsconnectedtohigh-poweredanalyticsenginesinthecloudthatassessperformance,manageproductionschedules,maintainsuppliesandorchestratealltheactivitiesonthefactoryfloor.

Nowimaginethatfactorytransformedbytheimplementationof5Gnetworking.Thesignificantlygreaterspeedsof5G—upto10Gbps,farfasterthanwi-fi—anditsnear-zerolatencyshouldalleviateconcernsaboutthespeedandreliabilityofearlierwirelessprotocols.Byeliminatingtheneedforwiredconnectivity,5Gwillsupplementthehigh-speedmanufacturingenvironmentwithafargreaterdegreeofflexibility.Andthesheerrichnessofthe5G-enabledfactory,whichwillhavethecapacitytomaintainconnectionsamongfarmoresensorsthaneitherwiredorpreviouswirelessfacilities,offersthepotentialtoconnectjustaboutanything(seeExhibit1).

Exhibit1.5G’stechnologyspecsfarsurpassthoseofotherwirelessprotocols

Real-timehigh-capacity,

low-latencyapplications

Feature

Description

Wi-Fi6

4G

5G

Latency

Delaybetweenthesenderandreceiverofthe

20milliseconds

30–50ms

1–10ms

data—thelowerthelatency,themore‘real

(ms)

time’theexperienceoftheevent

Reliability/availability

Howefficientthenetworkisintransporting

99.99%

99.99%

99.99%

databetweenthesourceanddestination

withoutpacketloss

Throughput

Theoreticalmaximumamountofdatamoved

9.6Gbps

300Mbps–

10Gbps

fromoneplacetoanotherinagivenperiod

1Gbps

Speed(projectdriven)

Expectedpracticalspeedsperuserordevice

1Gbps

20–50

Upto

Mbps

1Gbps

Connectiondensity

Numberofconnecteddevicesperunitarea

8perpart

12perpart

100perpart

Energy

Comparativepowerconsumptionlevels

Medium

High

Medium

Source:PwC

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Whatwill5Genable?Processeswiththegreatestpotentialforproductivitygainsinclude:

Productionoptimisation.Capturingreal-timedataonmachines,inventoryandproductionwillletcompaniesanalyseproductionpatternsinfargreaterdetail.Withthisinformationinhand,theycanidentifythepropersequencingoffactoryactivitiesandmaximiseflow,helpingsmoothproductioncyclesandreducewaste.

Themodularfactory.5G’spotentialdensity,speed,widebandwidthandlowlatencywillenableconsiderableflexibility.Toolsandrobotscanberepurposedquickly,improvingefficiencyandcreatinganenvironmentinwhichmasscustomisationandmanufacturingondemandwillbepossible.

Enterpriseconnectivity.5Gwillenabletheintegrationoffactoryinfrastructure,operationaltechnologyandresourceswithenterpriseITsystems,enablingfurtheroptimisationandremotecontroloffactoryprocesses.

Human–machineinterface.Thespeedanddensityof5Gwillfreestafffromfixedcomputerterminals,providingthemeanstoequipthemwithmobiledataandvisualisationsolutions,suchastabletsandaugmentedrealitygear,enablingvisualinteractionwithmachinesandproducts.

Supplychainintegration.Astransparencyintothesupplychainincreases,having5Gnetworkingintegratedintofactorytoolswillenablefast,automaticreplenishmentofpartsandsupplies,minimisingdelaysandboostingefficiency.

Preventivemaintenance.Denserarraysofsensorswillallowcompaniestomonitorthestatusofequipmentfarmoreclosely.Thisinturnwillenablethemtoconductscheduledmaintenancewhenneeded,predicttheneedforunscheduledmaintenancebeforeproblemsariseandenhanceremotediagnosticsperformedbysuppliersofcomplexequipment.

Safety.Thewiderangeofsensorsavailableand5G’snear-instantaneousresponsetimewillcreateaconsiderablysafermanufacturingenvironment,withfewerpeopleneededonthefloorandmoreresponsiveemergencyshut-offsignals.

ConsidertheexperienceofaGermanmanufacturerofmetal-bladeddisksforjetengines.Thelongandcomplexprocessofmakingthediskswascausinganerrorrateofupto25%,andafaultydiskcouldn’tbeidentifieduntilaftermanufacturingwasfinished.Byinstallingsensorscapableofdetectingpotentialfaultsinrealtimeandconnectingthemthrougha5Gnetwork,themanufacturerwasabletostopthemachinesbeforethemanufacturingfaultactuallyoccurred.Theresult:asignificantdeclineintheerrorrateandasavingsofseveralthousandeurosintheaverageproductioncostofeachdisk.

Thesheerrichnessofthe5G-enabledfactory,whichwillhavethecapacitytomaintainconnectionsamongfarmoresensorsthaneitherwiredorpreviouswirelessfacilities,offersthepotentialtoconnectjustaboutanything.

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Assessing

thechallenges

Ascompellingasitistoimaginethefactoryofthefuture,achievingitisnoeasytask.Itishelpfultodividethechallengesof5G-enabledautomationintotwogeneralareas:thetechnologicalandthefinancial.

Technologicalchallenges

Thesheercomplexityofautomationtechnologyisamajorlimitingfactor.ArecentPwCsurveyofmanufacturersshowsthatthemajorityofindustrialcompanieshaveyettoimplementmanyofthetechnologiesassociatedwith4IR(seeExhibit2,nextpage).

Moreover,eventhosecompaniesthathavemadeprogressinimplementingthesenewtechnologiesremainconcernedaboutconvertingtheirplantstoafullywirelessenvironment.Manufacturershavelongdependedonclosed,hardwiredfactorysystems,inwhichneitherreliabilitynorsecuritywasasignificantconcern.Butafullywirelessenvironmentbringsbothoftheseconcernstothefore.Although5Gpromiseshighlevels

ofreliability,thefactoryfloorisanotoriouslydifficult,noisyenvironmentforanywirelesssystem.Andnowirelesssystemthat’sdependentonopenconnectivitytothecloudcanbe100%secure.Itispossibletoimplement5Gasanentirelyclosedsystem,butthatwouldlikelymeanlosingthespeedandflexibilitygainedbymaintainingcriticalcomputingprocessesinthecloud.

Finally,5Gpresents(asdoestheentiresuiteoftechnologiesthatmakeup4IR)anotheriterationofalong-standingproblemformanufacturers:howcantheybesurethatthesenewtechnologieswon’tbesupersededbysomethingevenbetterinthenextfewyears?Notechnologyisfullyfuture-proof,ofcourse,butasingularvirtueofthedigitisedfactoryisthatthecriticalunderlyingsoftwareonwhichthefactorydependscanbeupdatedregularly,assuagingconcernsthatentiresystemswillquicklybecomeobsolete.Indeed,factoriesmaysoonbegovernedentirelybyfullyintegrated,software-basedplatforms,withfeaturesthatcanbequicklyimplementedandmodifiedasneedschange.

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Exhibit2.CorecapabilitiesthatindustrialsupplychaincompaniesareimprovingthroughAI,machinelearningordeeplearning

43%

41%

41%

33%

27%

23%

24%

24%

17%

15%

15%

13%

12%

3%

0%

Supplychain

Cost-to-serve

Supplychain

End-to-end

Smartlogistics

transparency

optimisation

segmentation

supplychainplanning

Question:ForwhichcapabilitiesareyouapplyingAI,machinelearningordeeplearning?

Digitalnovices

Base:1,601companies.

Allcompanies

Source:

PwC’sStrategy&GlobalDigitalOperationsStudy2020

Digitalchampions

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Financialchallenges

Unsurprisingly,themostcriticalfactorinwhetherornottoimplement5G,oranyofthetechnologiesassociatedwith4IR,isoftenthecost.Putbluntly,willacompany’sinvestmentin5Gnetworkingcreatesufficientvalueforthemanufacturertomoveforward?

Thedecisiontoimplement5Gonthefactoryfloorwilldependonthreerelatedfactors.

Cost.Theabsolutecostofany5Gimplementationwilldependonthesizeofthefactoryandthescopeofthetask.Thisincludesnotonlythe5Gnetworkingcapabilityitself,butalsotheextentofthearrayofsensorstobenetworkedandthecorrespondingcomplexityofintegratingtechnologiesintothebasearchitecture.

Efficiency.Asignificantportionofthefinancialbenefitsof5Gwillcomefromtheanticipatedgainsinefficiency.PwCrecentlysurveyedexecutivesinavarietyofindustriestoassesstheirexpectationsfortheeffectsof4IRontheiroperationalefficiency.(Thesurveywasconductedin2018,butthefindingsarejustasvalidtoday.)Theoveralleffect,theybelieved,willbesignificant(seeExhibit3).

Productivity.Ourstudiesshowthatproductivityinmanymanufacturingsectorsremainsconsiderablybelowthemean.Boostingfactoryoutputiskeytothepromiseof4IR,and5Gwillbecriticaltothateffort.Whenintegratedintosmartfactorysolutions,5G’sfarfasterspeeds,lowerlatencyandgreaterbandwidthshould,intheory,enablecompaniestoincreasetheirfactories’throughput,byminimisingthedowntimerequiredformaintenanceandbyenablingfasterchangestotheproductionline.Andgreaterintegrationwithsupplychainswillreducedelaysinreplenishingpartsinventories.

Thequestioniswhetherthegainsinproductivityandefficiencywillsignificantlyoffsetthecostofimplementingandmaintainingthe5G-enabledfactory.Theanswer,webelieve,dependslargelyonhowcompaniesperceivethetradeoffs,andultimatelythebusinessvaluetheycanexpecttogainfromtheeffort.

Exhibit3.Expectedcostreductionsperyearthrough4IR

Aerospace,defenceandsecurity

3.7%

Automotive

3.9%

Chemicals

3.9%

Electronics

3.7%

Engineeringandconstruction

3.4%

Forest,paperandpackaging

4.2%

Industrialmanufacturing

3.6%

Metals

3.2%

Transportationandlogistics

3.2%

Source:PwC’sStrategy&GlobalDigitalOperationsStudy2018

7PwC5Ginmanufacturing

The5G

valueproposition

Likemorefullydevelopedtechnologiesassociatedwith4IR,5Gpresentsmanufacturerswithachallenge.Theyunderstanditstechnicalsuperiorityover4G,wi-fiandotherwirelessprotocols.Andtheyconcedeitsabilitytotransformtheirbusiness,boostingefficiencyandproductivityandgivingthemacompetitiveadvantageoverrivals.

Butquestionsinvariablyarise:WhatwillimplementationmeanfortheircurrentITsystems,inwhichthey’veinvestedmillions?Howdifficultanddisruptivewillitbetoimplement5G,andhowshouldtheygoaboutit?Andthemostimportantquestionofall:willtheimplementationof5Gprovideenoughbusinessvaluetojustifytheeffort?

Itisverydifficulttoanswerthislastquestionusingastandard,case-by-casecalculationofreturnoninvestment.Fewmanufacturingcompaniesarelikelytoimplement5Gifleadersthinkintermsofitseffectonindividualmachines,orevenfactories.Instead,companiesneedtotakealonger,morestrategicviewoftheproblems5Gcansolveandtheoverallproductivitygainsthatwillresult.Forleaderswhothinkthisway,valueisn’tcalculatedonamachine-by-machinebasis,butratherintermsofoverallstrategy:whatdoesthisnewtechnologymeanforourproductivityorgrowthstrategy,orourplanstoreduceorexpandthefactoryfootprint?

Thereare,ofcourse,forward-lookingcompaniesthathavebegunimplementing5G,inconjunctionwithother4IRtechnologies.Thesecompanieshaven’tnecessarilyresolvedthequestionofvalue.Instead,theytendtohaveagreaterinherentculturalandstrategiccommitmenttoinnovation,andtheybelievethattheirinnovationeffortswilleventuallyleadtogrowth,eveniftheycan’tyetreducethatcalculationtoaspreadsheet.

Butsuchcompaniesdon’timplementnewtechnologiesblindly.Thesecompaniesapproachtheinnovationchallengewithconsiderablediscipline—typicallymaintainingsubstantialcontroloverthetestingandscalingupofnewtechnologiesandthusimprovingtheoddsthatthechoicestheymakewilleventuallydelivervalue.

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Theroleofthetelecomserviceprovider

Nomatterhowculturallyinclinedtheyaretowardsexperimentingwithandscalingupnewtechnologies,mostcompanieswillfindthatthecomplexdemandsofa5Gimplementationwillrequirecollaborationwithtelecomserviceproviders.Thoseentitieshavetheexperienceandwide-anglelensneededtoenablethefullnetworkingecosystemthedigitalfactoryrequires.Thisiswheretelecomcompaniescanmostprofitablyplayinthe4IRmarket.

Indoingso,theymustmakesuretoavoidtheriskofbecomingmerelythepipesthroughwhichthedatageneratedandcapturedinthe5Gnetworkflowstocustomers.Thismeansdeliveringthemostbusinessvaluetotheirmanufacturingcustomersandensuringthattheireffortsarealignedwiththemanufacturer’sbusinessstrategy.Tothatend,telecomcompaniescannolongersimplyoffermanufacturersthe5Gnetwork

5Gand4IRinapost-COVID-19world

5Gwillplayaninstrumentalrolewithintheindustrialmanufacturingsectorinacceleratingtheimplementationandimpactof4IRtechnologies—anditislikelythattheCOVID-19pandemicwillonlyhighlightthevaluetobegainedthroughgreaterautomationandsmarter,moreresilientsupplychains.Theuniqueadvantagesof5G-enabled4IRinfurtherautomatingthefactoryfloorandincorporatingnewservicesintoallkindsofproductswillmakeitamust-haveinthepost-COVID-19era.

Thepandemicisprimarilyapublichealthcareproblem,butonewithimmenseimmediateimplicationsforbusinessesandforeconomic,fiscalandmonetarypolicy.Thehealththreatscoulddisappearwithinmonths—orpersistforyears.Thisvirusisbothacceleratingpowerfulexistingtrends(suchasautomationandinequality)andslammingthebrakesontrendsthathad,untilveryrecently,possessedtremendousmomentum(suchasglobalisation).Byrecognisingthechallengesconfrontingtheworld,internalisingthelessonsofthepandemicanddeployingthetoolsandtechnologiesathand,wecanchartanew,moreadaptivecourse.PwChasorganisedthemostdisruptivetrendsthatcompaniesfaceintoan

ADAPT

framework.

Thefiveforcesthatcomprisetheframeworkare:asymmetry(increasingwealthdisparity);disruption(changeswroughtbytechnology);age(demographicshifts);polarisation(increasednationalismandpopulism)andtrust(decliningconfidenceininstitutions).

However,deployingthesetechnologiesinwhatlookstobeachallengingeconomicenvironmentwillrequireadifferentmindset—onethatfullytakesintoaccountthekeyroleoftechnologyinunlockingvalue.Companiescanfocusonseveralkeyadvantagestogetthemostoutof5Ginvestmentsand4IRtechnologiesinachallengingeconomy.

Greaterautomation.Theadventof5Ghasusheredinmanymoreoptionsforbusinessesthatwanttoautomatetheiroperations,boostproductivityandincreaseagility.Optimally,everyaspectof4IRshouldbeemployed:robotics,predictivemaintenance,advancedanalytics,artificialintelligenceandroboticprocessautomation.

IncreasedM&Aactivity.Businessesplanningstrategicacquisitionstoboosttheir4IRcapabilitiesmayfindthatthecomingslowdownwillleadtolowervaluationsonacquisitiontargets.

Smartersupplychains.USCEOsconcernedabouttradeconflictsarechangingtheirsupplychainandsourcingstrategies.4IRtechnologiescombinedwith5Gnetworkingwillenablecompaniesnotjusttoshiftorshortensupplychainsbuttomakethemsmarterandfaster.Considerwhat’spossiblewithconnectedinformationfromtheIoT,real-timesharedblockchainledgerrecordsandAI-poweredanalytics:amoreagileandtransparentglobalfootprintandswiftercustomisation,innovationandresponsetimes.

Higherrevenuesandcustomerloyalty.Businessesareincreasinglyusing5Gservicestodevelopnew4IR-drivenproductsandservices—andembed4IRtechnologiesintolegacyanalogueofferings—tocreatenewrevenuestreams.

9PwC5Ginmanufacturing

capacityandconnectivityhardwaretheyneed.Instead,theymustdevelopandofferfullsolutionsandservicesacrosstheoperator’sentirefactoryfootprint,whilemanagingthecostsofprovidingthenecessaryinfrastructureandprovisioningrequirements,especiallyforfactorieslocatedfarfrompopulationcentres.

Suchsolutionsmustbeworkedoutincollaborationwiththemanufacturer,ensuringthatthebusinessinterestsofeacharekeptinmind.DeutscheTelekom,forexample,isworkingwithmanufacturingpartnersona5Gtrialtoequiproboticvehicleswith3Dcamerasinordertointegratedynamicrouteplanning,withtheanalyticstakingplaceinthecloud.Thanksto5G,thevehiclecanuploadthe3Dimagestothecloudatarateof1Gbpstohelpthevehicleavoidobstaclesinitspath.

Telecomoperatorsshouldalsoconsiderpartneringwithotherserviceprovidersthatalreadyhaveconsiderableexperienceinfactorymanagementandautomation.ThevirtueofthisB2B2Crelationshipliesinthesynergiesgeneratedbycombiningthecapabilitiesofeachplayer—expertisein5Gnetworking,ontheonehand,andanunderstandingofandexperiencewithmanagingfactoryoperations,ontheother(see“5Gintherealworld,”nextpage).

Regardlessofwhichapproachtelecomoperatorstakeinprovidingmanufacturersthe5Gservicestheyneed,theseoperators,liketheirmanufacturercustomers,mustdevelopastronginnovationmindsetandthewillingnesstoexperimentiftheyaretodevelopend-to-endsolutionstothechallengeof5Gimplementation.Doingsoistheonlywaytoovercomethereluctanceonthepartofmanufacturerstotakeonthechallenge,andmeetitprofitably.

Thefivekeystepstoaneffectivepandemicresponse

ThescopeoftheproblemsfromCOVID-19mayseemdaunting,particularlyforindustrialmanufacturerswithintegratedglobalsupplychainsandcomplexoperatingenvironments.Butthat’snoexcuseforinaction.Forgovernments,businessesandinstitutions,theessentialelementsofahigh-levelresponsearequitesimilar.

Repair.First,stakeholdersneedtofixtheeconomicdamageofthecrisis.Governmentsmustaddressincreasednationaldebt,areducedtaxbase,andhighershort-termspending.Businesseswillneedtoaddressvastlyweakerbalancesheets,steeprevenuedeclinesand,inmanycases,weakenedsupplychainsandstressedordepletedemployeebases.

Rethink.Bothgovernmentsandbusinessesneedtoreviewtheirresponsetothepandemic,understandbestpractices,andprepareforthenextinevitablecrisis.Companiesmustrethinktheiroperatingmodel,supplychainandbusinessmodel.Countriesneedtoconsiderwhatisessentialtolocaliseforreasonsofsecurity,economyandcrisismanagement.Morebroadly,bothnationsandorganisationsneedtorethinkwhatsuccessmeans,identifyingnewmeasuresofmaterial,socialandenvironmentalprogressthatcanguideourefforts.

Reconfigure.Organizationsmustmakethesystemicrethinkingconcretebyreconfiguringpublicandbusinessinstitutions.Thisrepresentsamuchmorefundamentalredesignoforganisationsthantherepairprocessentails.Thecrisishasputintostrongrelieftheuncomfortabletruththatahostofinstitutionsaroundtheworldaresimplynotreadyforthe21stcentury.It’sessentialthatsystemsincludinghealthcare,legal,educationandtaxationbereconfiguredtobecomemoreefficient,effectiveandresilient.

Report.Inaperiodofgreatuncertainty,peoplewillcallformoretransparentinformationonabroaderrangeofissues.Investors,regulatorsandstakeholderswilldemandmoredisclosureandinformationinrealtimeoneverythingfromcashflowtothehealthofemployees.

Restart.Ahostoforganisations—inboththepublicandprivatesectors—willneedtorestartinachangedworld,becausetheywereeithershutdownowingtogovernmentfiatorforcedtoforfinancialreasons.Theneedtorestartcanhappenatanypointintherepair-rethink-reconfigureprocess.Asuncertaintygrowsaroundtheworld,thisprocessbecomesthenewnormal:thenextcrisiswilloccur,andorganisationsthathavenotlearntthelessonsofthisexperiencewillbebackinrepairmode.

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5Gintherealworld

AnsgarBergmannisprojectmanagerinthetechnologyandinnovationdivisionoftheFrankfurt-basedKionGroup,amajorsupplieroffactoryautomationandcommunicationssystems.Bergmannisresponsiblefordataandmobilenetworking,andleadsvariousresearchprojectsontheissuesofdataanalysisandcommunication.HerecentlyspoketoPwCaboutthechallengeshismanufacturingcustomersfaceastheyconsiderimplementing5Gnetworkingontheirfactoryfloors,andhowhisfirmhopestohelpthemovercomethosechallenges.

PwC:Whatisthelevelofinterestamongyourcustomersregarding5G’spotentialformanufacturers?

Bergmann:Weareseeingincreasinginterestamongmanufacturers,butmanyarestilltakingacareful,wait-and-seeapproach,asthelatestreleaseof5Ghasnotyetbeencompletelyimplemented.Muchalsodependsonthekindandsizeofofthecompany.Companiesthatexpecttobenefitintheirprocesses,alongwithlargetech-orientedcompanies(suchasautomotivemanufacturers),areexpressinggreaterinterestandhavealreadyenteredadialoguewithsupplierslikeus.Buttherearealsocompaniesthatarecurrentlynotstartingany5Gactivities.Clearly,5Gnetworkingmaynotbeforeverybodyyet.

Whatdoyouthinkisholdingcompaniesback?

Weseethreemainfactors.Thefirstisreliabilityandsecurity.Manycompaniescurrentlyhaveapartiallyhardwiredinfrastructure.Confidenceinmobileconnectivity,especially5G,hasyettobeestablished,asthereisalackofexperience.Withtoday’stime-criticalprocesschainsincompanies,alossofconnectivitywouldhaveaseriousimpactonthroughputinfactories.Onlywhenthetechnicalbenefitsandcostadvantagesareobviousandrisksareminimisedwilltheneedformobilenetworkingbeyondwi-fistarttoincrease.

Thesecondproblemisthecoststructure.Althoughthecostsofthenecessaryradiofrequenciesaretransparent,therestillisalackofexperienceregardingthecostsofimplementationandthenecessarycomponentsduetothecurrentlowlevelofcoverage.Inaddition,thereisalsoalackofexperienceregardingthefinaloperationandpossiblefollow-upcostsofsuchsystems.

Thethirdfactorissimplyavailability.Atpresent,therearenorealstandalone,industrial5Ginfrastructuresthathavestoodthetestoftimeandstillnotenoughindustry-compatiblecommunicationcomponentsavailable.Sofar,onlyahandfulofmodulemanufacturershavestartedtoproduce5Gmodulesfortheindustrythatcanbeimplementedinmodems.