畢業(yè)論文之Word怎樣添加電阻單位歐姆

2023/9/6Howmuchdoagreementsmatterforservicestrade?AnirudhShingalSeniorResearchFellow,WTIanirudh.shingal@WTOPublicForum2010,GenevaSeptember15-17,2010TheNationalCentresofCompetenceinResearch(CCR)arearesearchinstrumentoftheSwissNationalScienceFoundation(SNSF)

論文外文翻譯

論文外文翻譯

2023/9/61WorldTradeInstituteBerneMotivation49ofthe55PTAsnotifiedtotheWTObefore2000weregoodsagreementsInthelastdecade,150PTAshavebeennotifiedofwhichnearlyhalfcovertradeinservicesObviousquestion–Howeffectivearetheseagreementsinfosteringservicestrade?2023/9/62WorldTradeInstituteBerneSub-textWhatisthe(services)tradeeffectofaPTAdelineatedbytype(goodsvservices)andform(North-NorthvNorth-South,symmetricvasymmetric)?Isthereanincrementaltradeeffectfromaservicesaccordifa“goodsonly”agreementisalreadyinplace?2023/9/63WorldTradeInstituteBerneWhymightweexpectapositivetradeeffect?Barrierstoservicestradeareoftenprohibitiveandnotrevenuegenerating,sofewercostsoftradediversionAlatradeingoods,benefitsfrompossibilitiesforincreasedcompetition,exploitationofeconomiesofscaleandinducementofknowledgespilloversHowever,“thesequenceofliberalizationmattersmoreinservicestradethaninthecaseofgoodstrade”becauselocation-specificsunkcostsofproductionareimportant,soeventemporaryprivilegedaccessforaninferiorsuppliercantranslateintoalong-termmarketadvantage(Mattoo&Fink,pp3)2023/9/64WorldTradeInstituteBerneGravitymodelmoreapplicabletoservicestrade? - physicalproximity(thinkMode4) - roleofdistance(Mode1vMode4) - servicesdifferentiatedbyqualityandlocation maygiverisetomonopolisticcompetition [drivingforcebehindIIT(thinkN-Ntrade); Helpman’s(1987)econometricspecificationof theNTTsimilartothegravityspecification]

Exploratorytool:Thegravitymodel2023/9/65WorldTradeInstituteBerneHowever,empiricalgravityliteratureisinconclusiveonthe…Tradeeffecte.g.insignificantinGrunfeld&Moxnes(2003);significantinothersEffectofdistancee.g.moreimportantforservicestradeinKimura&Lee(2004);lessimportantinLejour&Verheijden(2004)&Lennon(2006);andinsignificantinWalsh(2006)Effectofcommonlanguagee.g.insignificantinKimura&Lee(2004);significantinLennon(2006)&Walsh(2006)2023/9/66WorldTradeInstituteBerneSowhat’snewaboutthispaper?EmpiricalmodelisintuitivelygroundedUsesadvancedestimationtechniquesExplorestheimpactofgoodstradeonservicestradeDelineatestradeeffectintothatemanatingfromservicesand“goodsonly”agreementsDisaggregatesPTA-traderelationshipbyeconomicstatusofpartnercountriesandreciprocityofcommitmentsAccountsforheterogeneityintradingpartnersinmodelestimationEndogenizesthetradeeffectofPTAsinmodelestimation2023/9/67WorldTradeInstituteBerneSector,modeofdeliveryanddeterminantsoftrade2023/9/68WorldTradeInstituteBerneModelspecification svsxijt=αij+β1gdpit+β2gdpjt+β3gdsxijt+β4DPCGDPijt+β5hkit+β6hkjt+β7teledenit+β8teledenjt+β9distij+β10ENGij+β11resti+β12restj+β13PTA_SVSijt+εijtLowercasesvariablesareinlogtermsUppercasevariablesaredummyvariablesEconomicdata